Showing papers by "University of Münster published in 1993"
1,205 citations
TL;DR: It is assumed that early identification of SANR's is a clinically useful tool to classify patients at high risk for recurrence of vascular events, and major endpoints of this study were stroke, myocardial infarction or vascular death.
408 citations
TL;DR: The large extracellular space volume fraction of the neonatal brain could significantly dilute ions, metabolites and neuroactive substances released from cells, relative to release in adults, and may be a factor in preventing anoxia, seizure and spreading depression in young animals.
285 citations
TL;DR: The Zn 3d electrons to strongly interact with the O 2p electrons in ZnO and ZnS and are found to be in excellent agreement with experiment for both semiconductors when the d electrons are explicitly taken into account as valence electrons.
Abstract: We report ab initio calculations of the lattice constants and the electronic band structure of the hexagonal wurtzite-structure semiconductors ZnO and ZnS. We employ the local-density approximation and solve the Kohn-Sham equations for nonlocal, separable, and norm-conserving pseudopotentials self-consistently. We use basis sets of localized Gaussian orbitals with s, p, d, and ${\mathit{s}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ symmetry. In particular, we investigate the influence of the Zn 3d electrons on the results for the lattice constants and the band structure. Results of calculations employing both ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{2+}$ and ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{12+}$ ionic pseudopotentials are presented and discussed. For ZnS, both the cubic zinc blende and the hexagonal wurtzite polytype have been studied. The calculated lattice constants are found to be in excellent agreement with experiment for both semiconductors when the d electrons are explicitly taken into account as valence electrons. The agreement of the calculated bands of ZnS with experimental data and with the results of a plane-wave calculation from the literature using about 6.000 plane waves for the cubic crystal is very good except for the absolute energy position of the d bands. For ZnO the calculated bands agree better with angle-resolved photoemission data when the ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{12+}$ pseudopotential is employed. The agreement, however, is still far from satisfactory and the calculated absolute position of the d bands is off, again. The discrepancies seem to be related to correlation effects in the narrow d bands. We find the Zn 3d electrons to strongly interact with the O 2p electrons in ZnO. According to our results, the p-d mixing in ZnO is about twice as large as in ZnS.
233 citations
TL;DR: Experiments indicate that the breakage of the N-glycosidic bond probably occurs during the desorption process due to proton transfer from the phosphodiester groups to the ionizable bases.
Abstract: Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) with infrared laser light of a wavelength of 2.94 microns has been used for the analysis of nucleic acids. Spectra of oligodeoxynucleotides up to 26 nucleotides, oligothymidylic acids up to 100 nucleotides as well as different synthetic RNA oligomers and RNA transcripts up to 104 nucleotides are presented. A main problem in the analysis of oligodeoxynucleotides was found to be related to the loss of bases. The stability of oligothymidylic acids as opposed to oligodeoxynucleotides containing all four bases indicates that the loss of bases is correlated with A, C and G protonation which decreases the stability of the N-glycosidic bond. Experiments indicate that the breakage of the N-glycosidic bond probably occurs during the desorption process due to proton transfer from the phosphodiester groups to the ionizable bases. RNA displayed a significantly higher stability in MALDI-MS due to the presence of a 2'-OH group. Consequently, signals of RNA transcripts with a length of up to 142 nucleotides could be detected by MALDI-MS. Technical details of the method, including the distribution of positive counterions on the phosphodiester backbone, the upper mass limit and mass accuracy are discussed along with a number of potential analytical applications.
229 citations
TL;DR: Data indicate that, in analogy to other S-100-like proteins, MRP8 and MRP14 play a role in Ca(2+)-dependent cytoskeletal-membrane interactions, which suggests that these proteins are involved in highly specific pathways of intracellular signaling in phagocytes.
210 citations
TL;DR: Investigation of the regulation of excitability in cortical networks, as indicated by surface-negative slow cortical potentials (SCPs), is impaired in epileptic patients and to what extent training of SCP self-regulation by means of biofeedback and instrumental learning procedures might affect seizure frequency found significant increases in SCP control.
197 citations
TL;DR: The need for an inexpensive and reproducible technique for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis by fetal cell isolation from maternal blood is identified.
Abstract: PROBLEM: The need for an inexpensive and reproducible technique for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis by fetal cell isolation from maternal blood.
METHOD: For enrichment of fetal cells we used a combination of triple density gradient and magnetic sorting (MACS) of (anti-CD71) transferrin receptor antibody labeled cells followed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with chromosome-specific DNA probes for detection of fetal aneuploidies. We identified 15 cases of fetal trisomy (five cases with a trisomy 18 and ten cases with a trisomy 21) with subsequent chromosome-specific FISH.
RESULTS: We found in all of the aneuploid pregnancies that the percentage of cells with three hybridization signals did not overlap with those of normal controls independent from gestational ages and previous invasive procedures.
CONCLUSIONS: Our new approach for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis has proven to be reliable in this first series.
196 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new method for phase-stepping grating profilometry of complex objects is proposed and verified by experiments, where both the discrete phase distribution and the modulation depth distribution are calculated.
183 citations
TL;DR: In this article, 21 new RbSr mineral and biotite-whole rock isochrons are presented for intrusive rock complexes of the Palaeozoic Kola Alkaline Province in the CIS and Finland.
181 citations
TL;DR: Ca2+-release is discussed to be involved in the physiological process of ‘high energy quenching’ and shown to control redox processes at the lumen- and stroma-side of PS II.
Abstract: pH-dependent inactivation of Photosystem (PS) II and related quenching of chlorophyll-a-fluorescence have been investigated in isolated thylakoids and PS II-particles and related to calcium release at the donor side of PS II The capacity of oxygen evolution (measured under light saturation) decreases when the ΔpH is high and the pH in the thylakoid lumen decreases below 55 Oxygen evolution recovers upon uncoupling The pH-response of inactivation can be described by a 1 H(+)-transition with an apparent pK-value of about 47 The yield of variable fluorescence decreases in parallel to the inactivation of oxygen evolution pH-dependent quenching requires light and can be inhibited by DCMU In PS II-particles, inactivation is accompanied by a reversible release of Ca(2+)-ions (one Ca(2+) released per 200 Chl) In isolated thylakoids, where a ΔpH was created by ATP-hydrolysis, both inactivation of oxygen evolution (and related fluorescence quenching) by internal acidification and the recovery of that inactivation can be suppressed by calcium-channel blockers In the presence of the Ca(2+)-ionophore A23187, recovery of Chl-fluorescence (after relaxation of the ΔpH) is stimulated by external Ca(2+) and retarded by EGTA As shown previously (Krieger and Weis 1993), inactivation of oxygen evolution at low pH is accompanied by an upward shift of the midpoint redox-potential, Em, of QA Here, we show that in isolated PS II particles the pH-dependent redox-shift (about 160 mV, as measured from redox titration of Chl-fluorescence) is suppressed by Ca(2+)-channel blockers and DCMU When a redox potential of -80 to -120mV was established in a suspension of isolated thylakoids, the primary quinone acceptor, QA, was largely reduced in presence of a ΔpH (created by ATP-hydrolysis) but oxidized in presence of an uncoupler Ca(2+)-binding at the lumen side seems to control redox processes at the lumen- and stroma-side of PS II We discuss Ca(2+)-release to be involved in the physiological process of 'high energy quenching'
TL;DR: In this paper, selected benzoic acid derivatives and related substances were used as additives to 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acids (2,5 DHB) and the performance of the mixtures in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry was investigated.
Abstract: Selected benzoic acid derivatives and related substances were used as additives to 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5 DHB) and the performance of the mixtures in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry was investigated. Using benzoic acid derivatives substituted at position 2 and /or 5 or related substances as a co-matrix in the 1-10% range with 2,5 DHB results in improved ion yields and signal-to-noise ratio of analyte molecules, especially for the high-mass range. The enhanced performance is prominent for 2-hydroxy-5 methoxybenzoic acid and exists for both proteins and oligosaccharides. It is suggested that the improvement is caused by a disorder in the 2,5 DHB crystal lattice allowing «softer» desorption. Charge transfer from matrix ions to additive molecules at the expense of analyte ionization gives a simple explanation for the deteriorating effects of some tested additives
TL;DR: Morphologic changes detectable using HRUS help distinguish benign from malignant lymph nodes and showed that tumor infiltration results in rounded nodal shape, loss of hilar echogenicity and cortical widening, whereas reactive disease tends to preserve nodal architecture.
Abstract: RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES.The authors assess the value of combining high-resolution ultrasonography (HRUS) findings in a scoring scale for distinguishing malignant from reactive lymphadenopathy and explain the pathologic causes of altered nodal sonographic architecture.MATERIALS AND METHODS.Sixty-one
TL;DR: In this article, a two-dimensional array of 42 temporary magnetometer stations was run in Scandinavia, supplementary to the permanent observatories and concentrated in the northern part of the region.
Abstract: As a contribution to the International Magnetospheric Study (IMS, 1976–1979) a two-dimensional array of 42 temporary magnetometer stations was run in Scandinavia, supplementary to the permanent observatories and concentrated in the northern part of the region. This effort aimed at the time-dependent (periods above about 100 s) determination of the two-dimensional structure of substorm-related magnetic fields at the Earth's surface with highest reasonable spatial resolution (about 100 km, corresponding to the height of the ionosphere) near the footpoints of field-aligned electric currents that couple the disturbed magnetosphere to the ionosphere at auroral latitudes. It has been of particular advantage for cooperative studies that not only simultaneous data were available from all-sky cameras, riometers, balloons, rockets, and satellites, but also from the STARE radar facility yielding colocated two-dimensional ionospheric electric field distributions. In many cases it therefore was possible to infer the three-dimensional regional structure of substorm-related ionospheric current systems. The first part of this review outlines the basic relationships and methods that have been used or have been developed for such studies. The second short part presents typical equivalent current patterns observed by the magnetometer array in the course of substorms. Finally we review main results of studies that have been based on the magnetometer array observations and on additional data, omitting studies on geomagnetic pulsations. These studies contributed to a clarification of the nature of auroral electrojets including the Harang discontinuity and of ionospheric current systems related to auroral features such as the break-up at midnight, the westward traveling surge, eastward drifting omega bands, and spirals.
TL;DR: Populationsstichproben nordwestdeutscher Kaukasier wurden with the beiden Short tandem repeat (STR) systems SE 33 and TC 11 and positive and reproducible results for both STRs could be obtained from 50 pg template DNA.
Abstract: Population studies on Caucasians from northwest Germany were carried out using the short tandem repeat (STR) systems SE 33 (Locus: ACTBP2) and TC 11 (Locus: 11p15.5). After electrophoresis in PAG 26 alleles could be identified for SE 33 in a sample size of 180 unrelated individuals and 6 alleles were found for TC 11 in 110 individuals. The combined mean exclusion chance for both systems was 0.96 and the discrimination index 0.999. No significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium could be demonstrated. In a small sample of families (SE 33 −n = 21; TC 11 −n = 30) no new mutations could be found. Positive and reproducible results for both STRs could be obtained from 50 pg template DNA.
TL;DR: After elicitation of cell cultures or infection of chickpea plants with Ascochyta rabiei, both system were found to have hydrolase patterns which were qualitatively and quantitatively comparable.
Abstract: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cell-suspension cultures were used to isolate one beta-1,3-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.29) and two chitinases (EC 3.2.1.14). The beta-1,3-glucanase (M(r) = 36 kDa) and one of the chitinases (M(r) = 32 kDa) belong to class I hydrolases with basic isoelectric points (10.5 and 8.5, respectively) and were located intracellularly. The basic chitinase (BC) was also found in the culture medium. The second chitinase (M(r) = 28 kDa), with an acidic isoelectric point of 5.7, showed homology to N-terminal sequences of class III chitinases and represented the main protein accumulating in the culture medium. Polyclonal antibodies raised against the basic beta-1,3-glucanase (BG) and the acidic chitinase (AC) were shown to be monospecific. The anti-AC antiserum failed to recognize the BC on immune blots, confirming the structural diversity between class I and class III chitinases. Neither chitinase exhibited lysozyme activity. All hydrolases were endo in action on appropriate substrates. The BC inhibited the hyphal growth of several test fungi, whereas the AC failed to show any inhibitory activity. Expression of BG activity appeared to be regulated by auxin in the cell culture and in the intact plant. In contrast, the expression of neither chitinase was apparently influenced by auxin, indicating a differential hormonal regulation of beta-1,3-glucanase and chitinase activities in chickpea. After elicitation of cell cultures or infection of chickpea plants with Ascochyta rabiei, both system were found to have hydrolase patterns which were qualitatively and quantitatively comparable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
TL;DR: In this article, the beneficial effect of some inorganic electrolyte additives like CO2, N2O, CO, CO-complexes and polysulfides Sx2− on self-discharge and cycling behavior of metallic lithium electrodes as well as of carbon-lithium intercalation electrodes is demonstrated in propylene carbonate (PC) electrolytes.
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TL;DR: The structure and functions of two non-related proteoglycan families are discussed in this article, which represent a group of extracellular matrix macromolecules characterized by core proteins with leucine-rich repeat motifs.
Abstract: In this review the structure and functions of two non-related proteoglycan families are discussed. One family represents a group of extracellular matrix macromolecules characterized by core proteins with leucine-rich repeat motifs. Within this family special attention is given to those members which carry chondroitin or dermatan sulfate glycosaminoglycan chains. The second family is characterized by repeat sequences of serine and glycine. Their members are products of a single core protein gene and are characteristic constituents of secretory vesicles in cells of the haematopoietic lineage.
TL;DR: MR imaging can be used to assess morphologic alteration, tissue abnormalities, and global as well as regional dysfunction of the right ventricle in patients with ARVD and may become a useful clinical tool for diagnosing and grading ARVD.
Abstract: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular disease (ARVD) is increasingly found in young adults with ventricular arrhythmias and is characterized by ventricular tachycardia originating within the right ventricle and regional or diffuse abnormalities in the contraction of the right ventricle. Until now, the gold standard for the detection of global and regional abnormalities of the right ventricular wall has been angiography combined with biopsy. The purpose of the current study was to compare MR imaging with angiography for assessing the location and extent of morphologic and functional abnormalities in patients with ARVD.Electrocardiographically gated spin-echo and cine gradient-echo MR imaging of the heart was performed in 36 consecutive patients with biopsy-proved ARVD. Patients were prospectively separated into two groups according to the results of invasive electrophysiologic tests (18 with inducible ventricular tachycardia during invasive electrophysiologic studies [ARVD 1] and 18 without inducible ventricula...
TL;DR: Most of the individual secondary endpoints demonstrated a much better response to the active treatment without reaching the significance level in the intergroup comparisons for the single time-points.
TL;DR: The results show that in crime cases where the perpetrator has been scratched by the victim, sufficient material can be obtained from under the fingernails for DNA typing if removal of the particles is carried out with sufficient care.
Abstract: In 3 series paired volunteers were asked to gently scratch each other with the fingernails to produce superficial abrasions only of the stratum corneum. In a 4th series scratch marks were produced in the skin of cadavers but additionally including the deeper epidermal layers. Debris was removed using a thorough technique in series 1 and 2 and a careful technique in series 3. After DNA extraction, the debris was typed using the STR systems HUMACTBP2 (SE33), HUMTH01 (TC11) and HUMVWFA31 (VWA). In the material obtained from series 1 (i.e. scratching with no prior cleaning of the nails) and series 2 (i.e. cleaning of the nails prior to the experiment) the debris was removed with a sharp instrument and only the DNA pattern of the person who carried out the scratching could be detected. In the 3rd series extraneous material was removed very carefully from under the fingernails to avoid contamination with DNA from the nails. In 71% of these cases DNA patterns of the person who had been scratched or mixed DNA patterns of both persons could be detected. In the experiments with postmortem skin the DNA pattern of the cadaver could be detected in all cases. These results show that in crime cases where the perpetrator has been scratched by the victim, sufficient material can be obtained from under the fingernails for DNA typing if removal of the particles is carried out with sufficient care.
TL;DR: Data provide first evidence that UVA enhances IL-6 synthesis and secretion in fibroblasts and may contribute to the actinic damage of the dermis.
TL;DR: Optimal adsorption geometries and respective surface band structures for monolayers of group-IV to group-VII adatoms on semi-infinite Si(001) substrates have been calculated from first principles using a self-consistent total-energy scheme based on the local-density approximation.
Abstract: Optimal adsorption geometries and respective surface band structures for monolayers of group-IV to group-VII adatoms on semi-infinite Si(001) substrates have been calculated from first principles using a self-consistent total-energy scheme. The calculations are based on the local-density approximation and employ nonlocal, norm-conserving pseudopotentials together with Gaussian orbital basis sets. The semi-infinite geometry of the substrate is properly taken into account by employing our scattering theoretical method together with one-particle Green's functions. Chemical trends in the adsorption of Si, As, S, Se, and Cl monolayers on Si(001) are discussed. Our calculational scheme treats all these adlayers on equal footing. The clean Si(001)-(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) surface shows an asymmetric dimer reconstruction which is 0.14 eV per dimer lower in energy than the respective optimal symmetric dimer configuration. An As adlayer gives rise to symmetric As dimer chains at the chemisorbed surface which run orthogonal to the former Si dimer chains at the clean surface. The substrate atoms in this As:Si(001)-(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2) system reside close to the lattice sites of the Si bulk crystal.Adsorption of a monolayer of group-VI adatoms is found to restore the substrate surface in its ideal, truncated bulk configuration and to passivate the surface. S or Se adlayer atoms are adsorbed in bridge positions above the surface in sites very close to the lattice positions of the continued bulk lattice and form S:Si(001)-(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) and Se:Si(001)-(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1). A Cl adlayer, finally, gives rise to Cl:Si(001)-(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1). The adatoms adsorb on top of the dangling bonds of a (2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)-reconstructed substrate surface showing symmetric Si dimers. The results of our structure optimizations are in excellent agreement with a whole body of experimental data. The calculated electronic structure for Si(001)-(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) and for As:Si (001)-(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2) shows very good agreement with angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) data. Well-ordered S:Si(001)-(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) and Se:Si(001)-(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) surfaces have not been fabricated successfully, so far. Our calculated electronic surface band structure for Cl:Si(001)-(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) does not yet easily allow for an obvious interpretation of available ARPES data.
TL;DR: Differences in equivalent dipole locations and habituation effects suggest that the magnetically recorded GBR is a separate phenomenon which occurs primarily at low stimulus rates and is unrelated to either the Magnetically recorded MRL or SSR.
University of Hamburg1, Max Planck Society2, Massachusetts Institute of Technology3, Argonne National Laboratory4, TRIUMF5, University of Alberta6, Simon Fraser University7, University of Münster8, University of Wisconsin-Madison9, California Institute of Technology10, Lebedev Physical Institute11, McGill University12
15 May 1993-Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment
TL;DR: In this paper, the polarimeter, the machine conditions, the data analysis, the first results and plans for future measurements are described, as well as the polarization values close to 60% have been achieved.
Abstract: Electron spin polarizations of about 8% were observed at HERA in November 1991. In runs during 1992, utilizing special orbit corrections, polarization values close to 60% have been achieved. In this paper the polarimeter, the machine conditions, the data analysis, the first results and plans for future measurements are described.
TL;DR: The crucial role of population trapping by lower level Zeeman coherence in atomc samarium vapor (J=1\ensuremath{\leftrightarrows}J'=0) is demonstrated experimentally and theoretically in a time separated preparation-test setup.
Abstract: We extend the basic idea of inversionless amplification to a picosecond test pulse in the absence of initial optical coherences. The crucial role of population trapping by lower level Zeeman coherence in atomc samarium vapor (J=1\ensuremath{\leftrightarrows}J'=0) is demonstrated experimentally and theoretically in a time separated preparation-test setup.
TL;DR: Levels of genetic variation within a geographically isolated relict population (Martha's Vineyard, MA) as well as within an undisturbed population (Chesapeake Bay, MD), were very low, indicating that even historically these beetles were genetically depauperate.
Abstract: Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis Say has been listed as an endangered insect species. As part of ongoing research and restoration efforts, we investigated the levels of genetic variation in this species. The polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify and subsequently sequence 25,000 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA from 32 individuals of C. d. dorsalis and several related species and subspecies. In addition to the mtDNA data, allozyme variation in 11 clearly resolvable nuclear biochemical loci was studied and analyzed separately within populations, between populations, and between subspecies. Levels of genetic variation within a geographically isolated relict population (Martha's Vineyard, MA), as well as within an undisturbed population (Chesapeake Bay, MD), were very low, indicating that even historically these beetles were genetically depauperate, presumably as a result of frequent natural extinctions of local populations. Phylogenetic reconstruction using DNA sequences placed two remaining populations of C. d. dorsalis in evolutionarily distinct units. We also examined whether genetic distance can be used as an indicator of the taxonomic status of C. d. media Le Conte, the subspecies most closely related to C. d. dorsalis . The amount of sequence divergence between C. d. dorsalis and C. d. media was similar to the levels observed between species of the Cicindela puritana Le Conte group that were used as a reference for the minimal amount of sequence divergence between closely related species. These molecular techniques can provide information on the population structure and subdivision, the evolutionary history of the species, and the phylogenetic framework (used as basis for taxonomic decisions), which in many cases cannot be obtained in any other way. We also propose that C. d. dorsalis can be used as a model system for conservation genetics.
TL;DR: This paper calibrates the exact proof-theoretic strength of Kruskal's theorem, thereby giving, in some sense, the most elementary proof of Krussell's theorem.
TL;DR: Ni++ and Co++ to which simultaneous contact sensitivity is frequently observed have the ability to directly up-regulate endothelial adhesion molecules, which may represent an adjuvant mechanism that promotes sensitization and elicitation events in contact hypersensitivity to these haptens.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is suggested that the earlier appearance of leishmanicidal macrophages in lesions of C57Bl/6 mice could influence propagation of either Th1 or Th2 cells by reduction of parasite load or by differential secretion of decisive cytokines and that the diffuse accumulation of granulocytes and inflammatory monocytes in susceptible mice facilitates spread of disease.
Abstract: Resistance to murine leishmaniasis has been related to the propagation of specific Th cell subsets (Th1 and Th2). This study shows that there are differences between resistant and susceptible mice in the initial myelomonocytic infiltrate, which precede the specific T cell response. After subcutaneous injection of 2 x 10(7) Leishmania major into footpads of resistant C57Bl/6 and susceptible BALB/c mice we performed immunohistochemical studies on the infiltrate. Two days after infection the percentage of more mature, F4/80-positive macrophages in the lesion increased faster in C57Bl/6 mice (63%) than in BALB/c mice (29%). The same strain-specific differences were observed after infection of corresponding strains of athymic mice (57.2% in C57Bl/6 nu/nu; 33.6% in BALB/c nu/nu), thus excluding a T cell-controlled phenomenon. After 1 wk the infiltrate in susceptible mice began to reveal significantly more cells containing MRP14, which is expressed by granulocytes and less mature monocytes but not by mature macrophages. No corresponding differences were found between athymic strains, suggesting that at this point organization of the infiltrate falls under control of protective T cells. In bone marrow cultures of BALB/c and C57Bl/6 mice, the percentage of F4/80-positive macrophages was also increasing faster in C57Bl/6 mice than in BALB/c mice. Increased expression of the F4/80 Ag was associated with higher leishmanicidal activity of C57Bl/6 macrophages. MRP14-positive bone marrow cells on the other hand were rarely infected by parasites. We suggest 1) that the earlier appearance of leishmanicidal macrophages in lesions of C57Bl/6 mice could influence propagation of either Th1 or Th2 cells by reduction of parasite load or by differential secretion of decisive cytokines and 2) that the diffuse accumulation of granulocytes and inflammatory monocytes in susceptible mice facilitates spread of disease.