Institution
University of Münster
Education•Münster, Germany•
About: University of Münster is a education organization based out in Münster, Germany. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Catalysis. The organization has 35609 authors who have published 69059 publications receiving 2278534 citations. The organization is also known as: University of Munster & University of Muenster.
Topics: Population, Catalysis, Transplantation, Gene, Crystal structure
Papers published on a yearly basis
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TL;DR: Current knowledge on the cellular and molecular basis of the functional and dysfunctional blood–CNS barriers with focus on CNS autoimmune inflammation is described.
Abstract: The central nervous system (CNS) is tightly sealed from the changeable milieu of blood by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier (BCSFB). While the BBB is considered to be localized at the level of the endothelial cells within CNS microvessels, the BCSFB is established by choroid plexus epithelial cells. The BBB inhibits the free paracellular diffusion of water-soluble molecules by an elaborate network of complex tight junctions (TJs) that interconnects the endothelial cells. Combined with the absence of fenestrae and an extremely low pinocytotic activity, which inhibit transcellular passage of molecules across the barrier, these morphological peculiarities establish the physical permeability barrier of the BBB. In addition, a functional BBB is manifested by a number of permanently active transport mechanisms, specifically expressed by brain capillary endothelial cells that ensure the transport of nutrients into the CNS and exclusion of blood-borne molecules that could be detrimental to the milieu required for neural transmission. Finally, while the endothelial cells constitute the physical and metabolic barrier per se, interactions with adjacent cellular and acellular layers are prerequisites for barrier function. The fully differentiated BBB consists of a complex system comprising the highly specialized endothelial cells and their underlying basement membrane in which a large number of pericytes are embedded, perivascular antigen-presenting cells, and an ensheathment of astrocytic endfeet and associated parenchymal basement membrane. Endothelial cell morphology, biochemistry, and function thus make these brain microvascular endothelial cells unique and distinguishable from all other endothelial cells in the body. Similar to the endothelial barrier, the morphological correlate of the BCSFB is found at the level of unique apical tight junctions between the choroid plexus epithelial cells inhibiting paracellular diffusion of water-soluble molecules across this barrier. Besides its barrier function, choroid plexus epithelial cells have a secretory function and produce the CSF. The barrier and secretory function of the choroid plexus epithelial cells are maintained by the expression of numerous transport systems allowing the directed transport of ions and nutrients into the CSF and the removal of toxic agents out of the CSF. In the event of CNS pathology, barrier characteristics of the blood-CNS barriers are altered, leading to edema formation and recruitment of inflammatory cells into the CNS. In this review we will describe current knowledge on the cellular and molecular basis of the functional and dysfunctional blood-CNS barriers with focus on CNS autoimmune inflammation.
631 citations
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TL;DR: The behavior of the glacier in surge has many remarkable features, which can provide clues to a detailed theory of the surging process and is akin to a proposed mechanism of overthrust faulting.
Abstract: The hundredfold speedup in glacier motion in a surge of the kind the kind that took place in Variegated Glacier in 1982-1983 is caused by the buildup of high water pressure in the basal passageway system, which is made possible by a fundamental and pervasive change in the geometry and water-transport characteristics of this system. The behavior of the glacier in surge has many remarkable features, which can provide clues to a detailed theory of the surging process. The surge mechanism is akin to a proposed mechanism of overthrust faulting.
630 citations
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TL;DR: An efficient intermolecular Stetter reaction is developed for the formation of α-amino acid derivatives, with broad aldehyde scope and high enantiomeric excess, and tailor-made thiazolylidene catalysts allowed the unprecedented use of nonactivated olefins and alkynes as aldehydes coupling partners.
Abstract: Transition metal catalysis is a powerful means of effecting organic reactions, but it has some inherent drawbacks, such as the cost of the catalyst and the toxicity of the metals. Organocatalysis represents an attractive alternative and, in some cases, offers transformations unparalleled in metal catalysis. Unique transformations are a particular hallmark of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) organocatalysis, a versatile method for which a number of modes of action are known. The NHC-catalyzed umpolung (that is, the inversion of polarity) of electrophilic aldehydes, through formation of the nucleophilic Breslow intermediate, is probably the most important mode of action. In this Account, we discuss the reaction of Breslow intermediates with unconventional reaction partners.In two traditional umpolung reactions, the benzoin condensation and the Stetter reaction, some selectivity issues represent significant challenges, especially in intermolecular variants of these reactions. In intermolecular cross-benzoin reac...
625 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the centrality dependence of transverse momentum distributions and particle yields at the PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (HIC).
Abstract: The centrality dependence of transverse momentum distributions and yields for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}},{K}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}},p$, and $\overline{p}$ in $\text{Au}+\text{Au}$ collisions at $\sqrt{{s}_{NN}}=200\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{GeV}$ at midrapidity are measured by the PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. We observe a clear particle mass dependence of the shapes of transverse momentum spectra in central collisions below $\ensuremath{\sim}2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{GeV}∕c$ in ${p}_{T}$. Both mean transverse momenta and particle yields per participant pair increase from peripheral to midcentral and saturate at the most central collisions for all particle species. We also measure particle ratios of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}∕{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$, ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}∕{K}^{+}$, $\overline{p}∕p$, $K∕\ensuremath{\pi}$, $p∕\ensuremath{\pi}$, and $\overline{p}∕\ensuremath{\pi}$ as a function of ${p}_{T}$ and collision centrality. The ratios of equal mass particle yields are independent of ${p}_{T}$ and centrality within the experimental uncertainties. In central collisions at intermediate transverse momenta $\ensuremath{\sim}1.5--4.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{GeV}∕c$, proton and antiproton yields constitute a significant fraction of the charged hadron production and show a scaling behavior different from that of pions.
622 citations
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Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis1, University of Pittsburgh2, Harvard University3, University of California, San Francisco4, University of Münster5, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre6, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital7, University of Nottingham8, University of Porto9, Singapore General Hospital10, The Chinese University of Hong Kong11, Cancer Research UK12, The Breast Cancer Research Foundation13
TL;DR: The purpose of this article was to discuss the relationship between basal-like and triple-negative breast cancers, and to clarify practical implications of these diagnoses for pathologists and oncologists.
621 citations
Authors
Showing all 36075 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
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Hyun-Chul Kim | 176 | 4076 | 183227 |
Klaus Müllen | 164 | 2125 | 140748 |
Giacomo Bruno | 158 | 1687 | 124368 |
Anders M. Dale | 156 | 823 | 133891 |
Holger J. Schünemann | 141 | 810 | 113169 |
Joachim Heinrich | 136 | 1309 | 76887 |
Markus Merschmeyer | 132 | 1188 | 84975 |
Klaus Ley | 129 | 495 | 57964 |
Robert W. Mahley | 128 | 363 | 60774 |
Robert J. Kurman | 127 | 397 | 60277 |
Bart Barlogie | 126 | 779 | 57803 |
Thomas Schwarz | 123 | 701 | 54560 |
Carlos Caldas | 122 | 547 | 73840 |
Klaus Weber | 121 | 524 | 60346 |
Andrey L. Rogach | 117 | 576 | 46820 |