Showing papers by "University of Nebraska–Lincoln published in 1976"

Responses of mammary cells to hormones.

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the response of mammary cells to hormones. The mammary gland offers unique opportunities for studying the molecular mechanisms of hormone action, because it is an organ with exceptional biosynthetic capabilities and an organ that is perhaps the most complex multiple hormone target organ in the mammalian body. Studies with explants of mammary tissue fragments or the entire gland also reveal that the mammary epithelium in a culture medium responds to combinations of hormones similar to those needed in vivo. This responsiveness of the mammary cell to hormones in a serum-free culture medium provides a useful tool for elucidation of the molecular mechanisms involved in specific responses to the synergistic action of steroid and polypeptide hormones. The molecular responses of the mammary cells so far studied mainly measured the synthesis and cellular concentration of the macromolecules. Characterization of these hormone-responsive molecular events with respect to specific biological control mechanisms in the mammary gland remains to be accomplished. The link between such molecular events and the physiology of the gland has been so far studied using inhibitors of nucleic acids and protein synthesis.

The effects of communication apprehension on the perception of peers

Abstract: (1976). The effects of communication apprehension on the perception of peers. Western Speech Communication: Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 14-21.

Comparative properties of bacteriophage phi6 and phi6 nucleocapsid.

Abstract: Nonionic detergent treatments released a nucleocapsid from the enveloped bacteriphage phi6. The nucleocapsid sedimented at nearly the same rate as the whole phage in sucrose density gradients, but the buoyant density in Cs2S04 changed from 1.22 g/cm3 for the whole phage to 1.33 g/cm3 for the nucleocapsid. The detergent completely removed the lipid and 5 of the 10 proteins from the phage. Surface labeling of the phage and nucleocapsid with 125I revealed that protein P3 was on the outer surface of the whole phage and P8 was on the surface of the nucleocapsid. Both the phage and the nucleocapsid were stable between pH 6.0 and 9.5. Low concentrations of EDTA (10-4 M) dissociated the nucleocapsid but had no effect on the whole phage. The nucleocapsid contained all three double-stranded RNA segments, as well as RNA polymerase activity.

Effect of salt, sodium tripolyphosphate and storage on restructured pork

Abstract: The effect of 20 combinations of salt and sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) on restructured pork were studied. Added salt increased TBA values, packaging loss, improved cooked color, aroma, flavor and eating texture and decreased cooking loss and raw color. Increase in STP decreased cooking loss and increased TBA values, packaging loss, raw color and juiciness. Synergism between salt and STP was shown for most traits studied. Storage increased TBA values, water-holding capacity and juiciness rating and decreased cooking loss, raw color, cooked color, aroma, flavor and eating texture. Among the 20 combination levels, 0.75% salt and 0.125% STP were the most desirable for producing restructured pork.

Disposition kinetics of quinidine.

Abstract: The disposition kinetics of quinidine in 12 hospitalized patients in whom oral quinidine therapy was to be initiated is described. Quinidine in doses of 2.6 to 5.2 mg/kg base were infused intravenously over 22 min. Plasma samples were collected during the postinfusion for 24 hr and analyzed by a specific and sensitive assay procedure. In the 12 hr after administration, postinfusion plasma quinidine concentration decay was described by a biexponential equation. Attempts to include the 24-hr data point in the fitting procedures resulted in poorer agreements between the theoretical and experimental curves. A 2-compartment open model is proposed to describe the disposition of quinidine. The volume of the central pool (Vc) and steady-state volume of distribution (Vdss) were 0.91 +/- 0.11 L/kg and 3.03 +/- 0.25 L/kg, respectively, and indicate that quinidine distribution is predominantly extravascular. Quinidine distribution was quite rapid (t1/2alpha = 7.19 +/- 0.70 min), while the apparent elimination half-life (t1/2beta) was considerably longer, 6.333 +/- 0.47 hr. Total body plasma clearance ranged from 1.49 to 7.15 ml/min/kg (mean 4.70) and is primarily associated with nonrenal mechanisms of drug elimination. Urine specimens collected for 48 hr indicated that 17% of the dose is excreted intact and that urinary excretion was essentially complete within 24 hr. Renal clearance (Clr) was 0.80 +/- 0.18 ml/min/kg. The study demonstrated that there is substantial interpatient variability with respect to quinidine disposition.

Photoionization of atoms and molecules

Abstract: A literature review on the present state of knowledge in photoionization is presented. Various experimental techniques that have been developed to study photoionization, such as fluorescence and photoelectron spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, are examined. Various atoms and molecules were chosen to illustrate these techniques, specifically helium and xenon atoms and hydrogen molecules. Specialized photoionization such as in positive and negative ions, excited states, and free radicals is also treated. Absorption cross sections and ionization potentials are also discussed.

Absolute quinidine bioavailability

Abstract: The absolute bioavailability of quinidine was studied in 11 hospitalized patients. A 400-mg dose of quinidine gluconate was administered to each patient by intravenous infusion and as an oral solution. Drug treatments were separated by a 72-hr period. In 8 patients, peak plasma quinidine concentrations were reached in 65 min after the oral dose; in the remaining 3 subjects, peak concentrations were reached later. From the ratio of the total area under the plasma concentration-time curves (AUCoral/AUCir), the absolute bioavailability of quinidine ranged from 44% to 89% (mean, 72). In 8 patients, the ratio of the total amount of quinidine excreted in the urine in 48 hr (AUinfinity oral/AUinfinity ir) indicated that the extent of quinidine bioavailability varied form 47% to 96% (mean, 73). The predicted bioavailability of quindine due to first-pass effects was 76+/-11%. It is concluded that absorption after the oral solution was rapid and that the reduction of quinidine bioavailability was due to first-pass hepatic drug removal.

Examination of swiss cheese for incidence of mycotoxin producing molds

Abstract: Samples of 11 brands of Swiss cheese were analyzed by plate count for molds capable of growing at 5 and 21°C. Portions of each sample were stored at 5°C and observed for visible mold development throughout a 6-wk storage period. Representative molds were isolated from counted plates and moldy samples, and identified to genus. Isolates were grown in yeast extract sucrose broth and rice powder corn steep agar cultures at 12°C for 2 wk, and then extracted with chloroform. The extracts were tested for toxicity to 7-day-old chicken embryos, and analyzed for the presence of known mycotoxins using TLC. Cheese samples that developed visible mold growth during storage were extracted with acetonitrile. The extracts were examined for the presence of known mycotoxins using TLC. Mold counts ranged < 10 to 1580 colonies/g of surface cheese at 5°C and from < 10 to 5700 colonies/g of surface cheese at 21°C. AlI cheese samules stored at 5°C develoued visible mold growth within 6 wk. Of the 183 molds isolated, 87% were Penicillium species; 93% of the isolates that grew at 5°C were penicillia. Toxicological screening of the mold isolates showed extracts of 34% of all isorates, and 35% of Penicillium isolates were toxic to chicken embryos. Chemical analyses of the culture extracts detected known mycotoxins in 5.5%. Toxins detected were penicillic acid, patulin and aflatoxins. Analyses of moldy cheese stored at 5°C for 6 wk for known mycotoxins showed peniciliic acid in 4 of 33 samples. The isolated penicillic acid was comparable to standard penicillic acid by TLC in three different solvent systems using three different derivatization procedures. UV and IR absorption spectral data supported the TLC data.

Communication skills needed by persons in business organizations

Abstract: While there exists a great deal of information regarding the importance of oral communication in the business organization, little has been written in recent years to identify those communication skills that are important for different organizational positions. This article reports the results of a study designed to identify those communication skills being used by college graduates who have been in a business organization for five years or less. This information can be used by educators in speech communication to deal with subject matter relevancy issues and provide some guidance for student career planning and training.

Effect of Horn Fly Control on Cows as Expressed by Increased Weaning Weights of Calves

Abstract: The economic effects of Haematobia irritans (L.) on beef cattle as demonstrated by calf weaning weights were determined on Nebraska sandhill range cattle. Horn fly control ( 97% ) was achieved by forced use of dust bags (June 1 to Oct. 30). The average steer calf weaning weight from cows using dust bags was 386.66 lb as opposed to 373.74 lb for calves from the cows with no fly control. The 12.92 lb difference was significant at the 0.05 level of probability (T test).

Thickening of the Ross Ice Shelf and equilibrium state of the West Antarctic ice sheet

Abstract: Data from the south-east quadrant of the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica indicate that, near the grounding line, the ice shelf is growing thicker by almost 1 m yr−1. This thickening rate implies an advance of 1 km yr−1 of the grounding line between the West Antarctic ice sheet and the Ross Ice Shelf. It can be reconciled with independent evidence for current thinning of the West Antarctic ice sheet if the latter is a delayed response to an earlier retreat of the ice shelf grounding line. The high rates of ice shelf thickening may be due to an increase in the resistance to ice shelf movement caused by localised ice shelf grounding following isostatic uplift of the sea bed.

Crowding and Urban Crime Rates

Abstract: Of the numerous studies attempting to explain the incidence of crime, only a handful have examined crowding as a source of such deviant behavior. Galle and his associates (Galle, Gore, and McPherson, 1972), in a comparison of areas within Chicago having many crowded households with areas having few high density dwellings, show crowding to be positively related to juvenile court appearances. Schmidt (1957) found juvenile offenders known to social agencies and prison inmates were

Safety factors for riprap protection

Abstract: The merit of a particular riprap design can be represented by numerical value of the riprap safety factor, defined as the ratio of moments resisting particle motion to the moments tending to rotate the particle out of the riprap blanket. A safety factor of unity denotes incipient motion. From theoretical considerations, a relation is established between the riprap safety factor and the magnitude and direction of the flow velocity in the vicinity of the riprap, the angle of the side slope, and the angle of repose for the riprap. The design procedures of the Corps of Engineers, the Bureau of Reclamation, the California Division of Highways, the Bureau of Public Roads and others are evaluated in terms of the riprap safety factor. Some of the designs have safety factors less than unity indicating that there could be a loss of riprap material when the design flows are obtained.

Origins of Tolerance: Findings from a Replication of Stouffer's Communism, Conformity, and Civil Liberties

Abstract: This report presents findings from a nationwide replication of Stouffer's classic study of attitudes toward civil liberties. Central to Stouffer's interpretation of the origins of tolerance is his idea that exposure to social and cultural diversity encourages an appreciation of the importance of civil liberties for democracy. Trends in the 1950s suggested that Americans would increasingly be exposed to diversity with the result that the population would become more tolerant in the future. These propositions were examined using education, city size, region, exposure to mass media news, gender, and occupation as indices of exposure to diversity. With the exceptions of mass media exposure and employment for women, all of these variables were found to be significantly associated with tolerance. And, as Stouffer expected, tolerance has increased greatly over the past two decades. A recent nationwide replication of Stouffer's (1955) classic study of attitudes toward civil liberties in the United States allows us to examine a set of propositions central to his explanation of the origins of tolerance. As part of his more comprehensive social-psychological framework, Stouffer hypothesized that exposure to social and cultural diversity contributes to an understanding of the importance of protecting civil liberties for the maintenance of a democratic society. Processes such as education, urbanization, geographic mobility, exposure to mass media, and change in occupational structure bring people into contact with values, beliefs, life styles, and the like, different from their own. Hence, these processes promote tolerance. Furthermore, given a continuation of social and demographic trends exposing an ever larger proportion of the population to this diversity, the nation should become more tolerant in the future. *The research was supported by a National Science Foundation Grant GS-36754X. The data for the 1973 replication were collected by Response Analysis. The 1954 data were made available through the InterUniversity Consortium for Political Research. Clyde Z. Nunn is the principal investigator and Harry J. Crockett, Jr, and J. Allen Williams, Jr. are co-investigators of the larger study on which this paper is based. This paper is concerned only with examining one part of Stouffer's general discussion of tolerance. A more complete report will appear in a monograph now being completed. The authors would like to express their appreciation to Harry J. Crockett, Jr., who has contributed significantly to the theoretical and methodological development of the larger study from its inception to the present and who has made valuable suggestions on this paper. We also would like to thank J. Miller McPherson, David R. Johnson, Nicholas Babchuk, and Hugh P. Whitt for their useful comments on earlier versions of the paper. Of course the analysis and interpretation of the data in this paper are the sole responsibility of the authors. Published in SOCIAL FORCES 55:2 (December 1976), pp. 394-408. Origins of Tolerance / 395 This paper will examine these propositions by: (1) reanalyzing Stouffer's data through an appropriate form of multiple regression analysis; (2) analyzing data from the replication using the same variables; and (3) comparing the findings from the two studies to see if there has been an increase in the level of tolerance. SOCIOCULTURAL HETEROGENEITY AND TOLERANCE Linking tolerance to the degree of social and cultural diversity in the society has an old and venerable history. Stouffer's departure from previous theories lies primarily in his notion that tolerance arises not simply out of a need to tolerate others because of the interdependence of the division of labor (cf. Durkheim) or out of selfprotection from too much contrast (cf. Simmel; Wirth), but through recognizing that a free society cannot exist unless one is willing to accept the rights of others to think and behave differently. At first, individuals exposed to sociocultural heterogeneity learn that difference per se is not necessarily harmful and that people who act differently are not always danger0us.l This is only a first step, however, because a tolerant person must be willing to accept nonconformity, within the law at least, even if it appears to be dangerous. This lesson begins to be learned when one discovers that his or her own freedom may depend on a willingness to grant the same rights to others. This, in turn, leads to the further recognition that the protection of civil liberties is necessary for the maintenance of a free society. Stouffer realized that diversity may sometimes foster intolerance. For example, a high rate of social and geographic mobility within the society could serve to raise aspirations beyond the possibility of achievement for many. Psychological strain could result from feeling relatively deprived. In addition, rapid social change could produce value conflicts within the mind of the individual. In either case, relative deprivation or value conflict, persons might react by displacing their anxiety (scapegoating) and thus trying to prevent others from exercising their civil rights. Nevertheless, while aware of these possibilities, Stouffer (222) felt that "For the long run . . . the mechanisms in American social change which are tending to facilitate tolerance are far more potent than the mechanisms which impede it."

Dimensionality of Three Adult, Objective Locus of Control Scales.

Abstract: The current conceptualization of the locus of control construct as unidimensional was challenged. The Rotter I-E scale, James I-E scale, and Adult Nowicki-Strickland I-E scale were examined with regard to their reported psychometric properties. The three scales were factor analyzed using a principal components method with varimax rotation. Results indicated a multifactor makeup for the three scales. It was suggested that attempts to measure a generalized expectancy for control be abandoned and that, instead, measurement attempts focus on the development of instruments specific to the behavioral and situational domains for which behavioral understanding, prediction, and control are sought.