Showing papers by "University of Nebraska–Lincoln published in 1977"
TL;DR: An in vitro method using a multienzyme system for the estimation of protein digestibility has been developed and can detect the effects of trypsin inhibitor, chlorogenic acid, and heat treatment onprotein digestibility.
Abstract: An in vitro method using a multienzyme system for the estimation of protein digestibility has been developed The multienzyme system consists of trypsin, chymotrypsin and peptidase It was found that the pH of a protein suspension immediately after 10 min digestion with the multienzyme solution was highly correlated with the in vivo apparent digestibility of rats Regression analyses of 23 samples tested showed that the correlation coefficient between pH at 10 min and in vivo apparent digestibility was 090 with a standard error of estimate of 223 The regression equation was Y = 210464 - 18103, where “X” was the pH of protein suspension immediately after the 10 min digestion with the multienzyme solution The most significant advantage of this in vitro method for predicting apparent protein digestibility was that it can be completed within 1 hr and with a high degree sensitivity The method can detect the effects of trypsin inhibitor, chlorogenic acid, and heat treatment on protein digestibility Strong buffer salts may affect the measurement of protein digestibility, but the buffering effects found in general food proteins and products tested did not create any problem with the procedure
852 citations
TL;DR: The North Central Regional Research Committee on Improving Large Dairy Herd Management (NC-119) encourages researchers to consider these guidelines in designing, conducting, and reporting results of calf experiments.
399 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of cinnamon oil, clove oil, cinnamic aldehyde and eugenol on growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus were studied using yeast-extract sucrose broth as the substrate.
Abstract: Previous work indicated that cinnamon was inhibitory to the growth of aflatoxin-producing molds. The objective of this study was to determine the specific components of cinnamon and cloves that may be effective against mold growth and toxin production. The effects of cinnamon oil, clove oil, cinnamic aldehyde and eugenol on growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus were studied using yeast-extract sucrose broth as the substrate. All four substances inhibited mold growth and subsequent toxin production. Cinnamon and clove oils were inhibitory at 200–250 ppm, cinnamic aldehyde at 150 ppm and eugenol at 125 ppm. Since cinnamic aldehyde and eugenol are the respective major components of cinnamon and clove oils, it was concluded that these are the major active antifungal ingredients of these two essential oils. The inhibitory effect of these substances was judged to be inhibition of growth rather than of toxin production. When growth occurred after a delay, aflatoxin production occurred when the cultures reached secondary metabolism. Given sufficient time, cultures which were inhibited initially, but which subsequently grew, produced toxin levels equivalent to control cultures. Levels of the oils above 250 ppm and of cinnamic aldehyde and eugenol above 200 ppm completely inhibited mold growth, or permitted only a small amount of growth that never reached secondary metabolism and never produced aflatoxins during the time of this study.
366 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine political behavior in organizations and attempt to define the concept of organizational politics, and they note that certain criteria have to be met in order for behavior to be considered political such as intention and a desire to influence outcomes.
Abstract: In this article the authors examine political behavior in organizations and attempt to define the concept of organizational politics. They note that certain criteria have to be met in order for behavior to be considered political such as intention and a desire to influence outcomes. The process is made up of two phases; the first of which is focused on strategy and planning while the second is designed to implement those strategies. Throughout the process feedback is provided in order to restructure either phase as is deemed necessary.
344 citations
TL;DR: The General Contingency Theory of Management (GCT) as mentioned in this paper is an overall framework that integrates the diverse process, quantitative and behavioral approaches to management; incorporates the environment; and begins to bridge the gap between management theory and practice.
Abstract: Recent formal recognition of situational influences on the management of complex organizations has led to an increasing number of contingency models, but a comprehensive and integrative theoretical framework for contingency management has been lacking. A General Contingency Theory (GCT) of Management is introduced as an overall framework that integrates the diverse process, quantitative and behavioral approaches to management; incorporates the environment; and begins to bridge the gap between management theory and practice.
215 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a thermochromic polydiacetylene crystal, ETCD [substituent group - (CH2)4OCONHC2H5] over the temperature range 23 −130°C, is reported.
Abstract: Specular reflection spectra are reported for a thermochromic polydiacetylene crystal, ETCD [substituent group – (CH2)4OCONHC2H5] over the temperature range 23–130°C. A reversible thermochromic phase change occurs at ∼120°C and is accompanied by a 2750 cm−1 blue shift in the reflection spectra. Evidence is presented which strongly suggests that the dramatic change in optical properties of ETCD at the phase transition is due to an acetylene to butatriene transformation in the bonding sequence of the polydiacetylene backbone.
199 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the truncated diagonalization method with hydrogenic basis functions was used to classify the doubly excited states in isoelectronic helium (Z = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) into series and outer quantum number.
162 citations
TL;DR: This article found that the presentation of instructions both at the beginning and at the end of a case would allow jurors a greater opportunity to focus their attention on relevant evidence and to remember it.
Abstract: Pattern jury instructions have been criticized for being less than understandable to the average juror and thus for causing arbitrary juridic decisions. Two studies were conducted to establish whether these criticisms are justified and to find solutions to these problems. Both studies established the validity of the criticisms by demonstrating that the presentation of presently used Michigan negligence instructions is about as effective in helping jurors understand the laws as the presentation of no instructions at all. It was found that by rewriting these instructions in accordance with empirical knowledge of what elements affect perception, memory, and comprehension of language, their effectiveness was significantly improved. Furthermore, it was found that the presentation of instructions both at the beginning and at the end of a case would allow jurors a greater opportunity to focus their attention on relevant evidence and to remember it. The studies demonstrate the urgent need for jurisdictions around the country to improve the way jury instructions are written and delivered, if they expect jurors to reach verdicts in light of the law rather than in ignorance of it.
124 citations
TL;DR: Activity of the extrafloral nectaries of a tropical dry forest vine, Ipomoea carnea (Convolvulaceae), is described and evidence is given that supports the contention thatextrafloralNectaries function to attract insects which are protective to the plant.
Abstract: A B S T R A C T lpomoea carnea (Convolvulaceae) possesses two types of extrafloral nectaries, located on the petiole and on the pedicel. These secrete a complex nectar containing sugars and amino acids. The insects attracted to the extrafloral nectaries are predominantly ants and they are relatively abundant throughout the year. A number of incidents of plant defense as a result of the presence of extrafloral nectary visitors at the extrafloral nectaries of I. carnea were observed and are consistent with the ant-guard theory of the function of extrafloral nectaries. RECENTLY, increased attention has been given to the question of the function of extrafloral nectaries and particularly to the hypothesis that the ecological function of these nectaries is to attract ants which protect the plant (Elias, 1972; Elias and Gelband, 1975; Elias, Rozich, and Newcombe, 1975; Bentley, 1976; 1977). In this paper the activity of the extrafloral nectaries of a tropical dry forest vine, Ipomoea carnea (Convolvulaceae), is described and evidence is given that supports the contention that extrafloral nectaries function to attract insects which are protective to the plant. Extrafloral nectaries are glands which secrete an aqueous solution of sugar and other chemicals (Baker and Baker, 1973) that can be found on aboveground parts of plants outside the flower. They occur in a variety of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous families (Zimmermann, 1932; Schnell, Cusset, and Quenum, 1963). The morphology and chemical composition of extrafloral nectaries have been analysed in a number of cases. Nevertheless, the function of extrafloral nectaries is not well established. In the case of ant-inhabited acacias, extrafloral nectaries have been shown to provide the major source of sugar for the resident ant population
100 citations
TL;DR: Retinal melanoblasts were transformed by a temperature-sensitive mutant of Rous sarcoma virus (ts-RSV) to produce virus at both temperatures, suggesting that cell phenotype does not regulate virus synthesis.
95 citations
TL;DR: Preference experiments demonstrate that bass prefer Rana blairi larvae to Rana catesbeiana larvae, and if provided with sufficient numbers of Ranas bl airi larvae, almost totally refuse bullfrog tadpoles.
Abstract: Larvae of the striped chorus frog (Pseudacris triseriata), plains leopard frog (Rana blairi), northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens), and spadefoot toad (Scaphiopus bombifrons), were readily accepted as food by three fish predators (largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides; green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus; and the black bullhead, Ictalurus melas). In contrast, tadpoles of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), were accepted only rarely by bass and sunfish and not at all by bullheads. Preference experiments demonstrate that bass prefer Rana blairi larvae to Rana catesbeiana larvae, and if provided with sufficient numbers of Rana blairi larvae, almost totally refuse bullfrog tadpoles. The data suggest existence of an inverse relationship between the permanency of larval frog habitat and larval frog palatability.
TL;DR: The concept of political efficacy has been used to explain a wide variety of kinds of political participation, such as voting rates, participation in protests, and participation in political action as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: 1Most observers agree about the general nature of political efficacy. It is a feeling that individual political action does have an impact upon the political process. See Angus Campbell, Gerald Gurin, and Warren Miller, The Voter Decides (Evanston, Illinois: Row, Peterson, 1954), p. 187. The authors of the American Voter used the concept to explain voting rates, but efficacy has been used since to try to explain a wide variety of kinds of political participation. Operationalizations have been diverse, but the four items developed by the Survey Research Center that are examined here are certainly the most widely used. See also Angus Campbell, Philip E. Converse, Warren Miller and Donald Stokes, The American Voter (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1964); Donald Matthews and James Prothro, Negroes and the New Southern Politics (New York: Harcourt Brace and World, 1966); Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963); Jeffery M. Paige, "Political Orientation and Riot Participation," American Sociological Review 36 (October, 1971), 810-820. For an extensive bibliography on political efficacy see David Easton and Jack Dennis, "The Child's Acquisition of Regime Norms: Political Efficacy," American Political Science Review, 61 (March, 1967), 25-3 8.
TL;DR: The data are interpreted as indicating that extensive physical changes occur in the first few minutes of water entry, including a rearrangement of membranes changing them from a relatively porous to a less permeable condition, and a release of adsorbed gases which cause an inflation or swelling of the seed.
Abstract: Air dry cotyledons of soybean (Glycine max Merr. var. Wayne) imbibe water rapidly for about 10 minutes followed by a slower, linear rate of uptake. Leakage of solutes out of the coytledon likewise shows an initial rapid period, followed by a slower, nearly linear rate after 5 to 10 minutes; both the rapid and the steady rate leakage are greater for initially drier seeds. Respiratory activity of cotyledons as measured by manometric techniques becomes apparent after about 10 minutes of imbibition while polarographic studies of ground particles suggest that O2 comsumption begins almost immediately upon wetting. Initial wetting of the seed causes the release of adsorbed gases, and a series of changes in volume of the seed-water mixture are charted. The data are interpreted as indicating that extensive physical changes occur in the first few minutes of water entry, including a rearrangement of membranes changing them from a relatively porous to a less permeable condition, and a release of adsorbed gases which cause an inflation or swelling of the seed.
TL;DR: The branching ratios and absolute values of the total and partial photoionization cross-sections for producing O 2 + in its various electronic states are given as a function of wavelength in the range 100-800 A.
TL;DR: An iterative approach is developed for solving general goal programming problems and several new advances in modeling with goal programming are presented, namely least squares attainability of goals and priority dependent constraints.
Abstract: An iterative approach is developed for solving general goal programming problems. This approach is then used to solve several nonlinear examples, including an integer solution problem. A dual for linear goal programming problems is developed and sensitivity analysis is discussed. Several new advances in modeling with goal programming which are made possible with this iterative approach are presented, namely least squares attainability of goals and priority dependent constraints.
TL;DR: In this paper, the branching ratio in the vicinity of a resonance has been studied and a theoretical formula for the behavior of an individual final-state channel in the neighborhood of the resonance is derived.
Abstract: Starting from the treatment of Fano for the behavior of the total cross section in a photoionization (or electron-ion scattering) experiment in the vicinity of a resonance, we present a theoretical formula for the behavior of an individual final-state channel in the neighborhood of a resonance. This result is then used to derive another theoretical formula for the behavior of the ratio of two partial cross sections (i.e., the branching ratio) in the vicinity of a resonance. This branching-ratio formula depends on the profile parameters $q$, $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$, and ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{2}$ for the resonance, on the branching ratio outside the resonance, and on two new parameters which are explicitly related to scattering-matrix elements and phase shifts.
TL;DR: In this paper, a theoretical rationale is provided which leads to the hypothesis that communication apprehension is negatively related to the amount of self-disclosure, and data are reported which provide support for the hypothesized relationship.
Abstract: A theoretical rationale is provided which leads to the hypothesis that communication apprehension is negatively related to the amount of self‐disclosure. Data are reported which provide support for the hypothesized relationship. Additional results indicate that high and low communication apprehensives have different perceptions of their self‐disclosive communication behaviors on a variety of dimensions.
TL;DR: Wives who had been employed for more than a year were healthier than wives not employed outside the home and wives who had worked less than one year; the occupational status of wife and husband did not seem to change these health differences very much.
Abstract: A sample of nearly 500 urban married women with children was used to evaluate the possible effect of outside-the-home employment on the mental and physical health of married mothers. Six measures of health were used, some drawn from interviews with the women, others from a medical examination. After controlling for ethnicity, education, and age of the women, the husband's occupation, number of children in the family, and length of time the woman has been married, it was found that wives who had been employed for more than a year were healthier than wives not employed outside the home and wives who had worked less than one year. Housewives who had never worked outside the home were healthier, on the whole, than wives who had been employed at some time in the past. Poor marital relationships and having no preschool age children seemed to increase the health advantage of long-term employed wives over those in the housewife categories. The occupational status of wife and husband did not seem to change these health differences very much.
TL;DR: The rate of simultaneous total-body clearance of urea-14C and thiourea- 14C in saline acclimated rays did not indicate that saline acclamation was accompanied by renal conservation of uREA, and plasma sodium and chloride concns were significantly increased by saline Acclimation.
TL;DR: Immobilized papain did not lose any activity after treatment with 6M urea for 270 min, whereas soluble papain lost 81% of its activity after the urea treatment, indicating that the immobilization of papain imparted structural and conformational stability to this enzyme.
Abstract: Papain and lipase were immobilized on derivatized Sepharose 4-B. The activated agarose had a binding capacity of 1.2 micronmol amino groups/ml packed agarose or 17 mg proteins/g dry agarose. The immobilized enzyme preparations were tested for the effects of pH of assay, temperature of assay, and substrate concentrations. The effect of 6M urea on the activity of papain was also determined. Soluble forms of the enzymes were used for comparison. Immobilization of the enzymes resulted in slightly different pH and temperature optima for activities. For immobilized papain Km(app) was similar to the one observed with soluble papain. Immobilization of lipase, however, cause a decrease in Km values. The immobilized enzyme preparations were stable when stored at 4 degrees C and pH 7.5 for periods up to eight months. The soluble enzymes lost their activity within 96 hr under similar storage conditions. Immobilized papain did not lose any activity after treatment with 6M urea for 270 min, whereas soluble papain lost 81% of its activity after the urea treatment, indicating that the immobilization of papain imparted structural and conformational stability to this enzyme.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of frozen storage on flaked, cured pork was evaluated at 3-week intervals from the time of production through 18 wk. Although acceptability declined with increased storage, all products initially rated as acceptable were still scored acceptable after 18 weeks in frozen storage.
Abstract: Duplicate batches of flaked, cured pork were manufactured using 25 combinations of salt (NaCl) and sodium tripolyphosphate (STP). The effect of frozen storage was also evaluated at 3-wk intervals from the time of production through 18 wk. As salt and/or STP concentrations were increased, smokehouse and cooking yields increased, products became darker, and organoleptic evaluations improved. Salt was found to enhance rancidity while STP retarded its development. Although acceptability declined with increased storage, all products initially rated as acceptable were still scored acceptable after 18 weeks in frozen storage. Statistical interactions showed a synergism between salt and STP. Combinations of 2.25%/0.25%; 3.0%/0.25%; 3.0%/0.125% and 3.0%/0.375% salt and STP, respectively, were found to yield superior products to all other combinations.
TL;DR: In this paper, a pair of related experiments examined the psychometric properties on the Threat Index (TI), a theoretically based scale for the assessment of threat of death, and revealed that extremity scoring revealed that bo...
Abstract: A pair of related experiments examined the psychometric properties on the Threat Index (TI), a theoretically based scale for the assessment of threat of death. An extremity scoring revealed that bo...
TL;DR: In this article, specular reflection spectra and photoconductivity were reported for a polydiacetylene crystal, TCDU, where the conjugation of the backbone is a repeating butatriene unit.
TL;DR: It is suggested that nutrition education should be considered as an area for postgraduate courses for physicians, and a need for a greater awareness and utilization by physicians of the dietitian's potential as a nutritional consultant is indicated.
Abstract: If a physician is called on to give nutritional advice, is he likely to have the necessary knowledge to make sound recommendations to patients?
TL;DR: Both BF and PMR training were effective in producing frontalis EMG reductions and the following relationship may exist among training groups in terms of relative influence upon awareness of tension—BF training > PMRTraining > MC training, andawareness of tension appears to be related to the ability to reduce EMG although the exact nature of this relationship remains unclear.
Abstract: Awareness of muscle tension, as estimated by a modification of the Kinsman et al. (1975) procedure for determining probability of correct estimation (P(c)) of absolute differences in muscle tension between adjacent trials, was examined before and after volunteer subjects underwent 4 sessions of either: 1) EMG biofeedback (BF) training, 2) progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) training, or 3) a placebo-control (MC) procedure which involved listening to music as an alleged guide for relaxation. The subjects were 30 females (mean age = 28.3 yrs) responding to an offering of experimental treatment for anxiety and tension. Measurements of frontalis muscle tension (EMG) and P(c) were made before and after training. The results showed that EMG was significantly reduced by BF and PMR training but not by the MC procedure. Increases in P(c) after training were significantly greater for BF than for PMR or MC training. There were no group differences for subjective report of tension. Correlations between pre- to post-training EMG and P(c) change scores were significant only for the BF group and the combined group of BF and PMR subjects. These results suggest that: 1) both BF and PMR training were effective in producing frontalis EMG reductions, 2) the following relationship may exist among training groups in terms of relative influence upon awareness of tension—BF training > PMR training > MC training, and 3) awareness of tension appears to be related to the ability to reduce EMG although the exact nature of this relationship remains unclear.
TL;DR: In this paper, the potential energy surface in the non-reactive region has been determined theoretically for the H2-H2 system, which consists of a nonorthogonal configuration interaction calculation using the individual SCF orbitals of the separate molecules.
Abstract: The potential energy surface in the non-reactive region has been determined theoretically for the H2-H2 system. The procedure consists of a non-orthogonal configuration interaction calculation using the individual SCF orbitals of the separate molecules. The potential function is expressed as a 5-term sum of Legendre functions, and analytical expressions are given for the R dependence of the terms. The calculated depth of the spherically averaged Van der Waals well is -2·96 meV, which is in essentially complete agreement with the experimental value of -3·00 meV. the position of the minimum is at 3·49 A both theoretically and experimentally. The value of C 6 for dispersion forces obtained in this calculation is 12·97 a.u.
TL;DR: Spermine was not detected in any of the filamentous fungi examined, and putrescine, spermidine, and spermine were present in the yeasts.
Abstract: Polyamines were examined in several yeasts and filamentous fungi. Whereas putrescine, spermidine, and spermine were present in the yeasts, spermine was not detected in any of the filamentous fungi.