Showing papers by "University of Nebraska–Lincoln published in 1981"

Measures of Manifest Conflict in Distribution Channels

Abstract: Manifest channel conflict is operationalized in terms of the frequency and intensity of disagreements between channel members and the importance of the issues about which they disagree. Six differe...

Positive dependence in multivariate distributions

Abstract: This paper gives some new results on positive dependence between random variables which are jointly normally distributed with special reference to certain inequalities of the form P‘X∊A,Y∊B’ > P‘X∊A’P‘Y∊ B’ , where A and B are given sets and X and Y are random vectors. Some results are also given on statistical dependence between quadratic forms

Laser microsurgery in cell and developmental biology

Abstract: New applications of laser microbeam irradiation to cell and developmental biology include a new instrument with a tunable wavelength (217- to 800-nanometer) laser microbeam and a wide range of energies and exposure durations (down to 25 X 10(-12) second). Laser microbeams can be used for microirradiation of selected nucleolar genetic regions and for laser microdissection of mitotic and cytoplasmic organelles. They are also used to disrupt the developing neurosensory appendages of the cricket and the imaginal discs of Drosophila.

Consumer/voter behavior in the passage of the Michigan container law

Abstract: The landslide victory of Michigan's “bottle bill” by popular vote contradicts previous findings regarding the small size of the ecologically concerned consumer segment. A survey of voter preference...

Rare-earth-rich metallic glasses. I. Magnetic hysteresis

Abstract: An anomalous magnetic behavior has been observed in rare-earch-rich metallic glasses of the composition ${({R}_{75}{\mathrm{Au}}_{25})}_{100\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{B}}_{x}$ where $R$ denotes Pr, Gd, Tb, Er and $x=0,10$. The observed hysteresis in all samples except Gd at liquid-helium temperatures is due to the large anisotropy which develops below the ordering temperature. High-field-magnetization measurements up to 220 kOe were used to determine the spontaneous magnetization and the magnetic anisotropy constant which was found to be of order ${10}^{8}$ erg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ for the Tb and Er glasses. These parameters were used together with the observed remanence ratio to examine the high coercive fields in terms of recently proposed models of random anisotropy.

On a Statistical Relationship between Autumn Rainfall in the Central Equatorial Pacific and Subsequent Winter Precipitation in Florida

Abstract: A statistical relationship is found to exist between autumn rainfall in the central equatorial Pacific and subsequent winter precipitation in the southern United States In a case study, it was found that wet winters in south-central Florida are generally associated with warm water events along the equator, while dry conditions are more commonly associated with cold water events in the eastern tropical Pacific Some suggestions are offered concerning the physical mechanisms responsible for this distant teleconnection

Criminal Victimization and Fear of Crime

Abstract: The purpose of this research is twofold: to examine the relationship between criminal victimization and age-related characteristics, and to investigate the extent and reasons for high rates of fear of crime among the elderly. The data suggest a linear relationship between age and victimization with the elderly being victimized least and the age category of 18-24 having the highest victimization rates. The evidence supports conclusions that the elderly have the highest fear of crime and "'community protectiveness" is used as an important explanation for differences between rural and urban elderly fear of crime. A multivariate approach was used to determine the impact of criminal victimization and fear of crime upon the elderly.

Determination of Stress Patterns in Root-filled Teeth Incorporating Various Dowel Designs:

Abstract: A theoretical investigation has utilized the finite element technique to analyze mechanical stress patterns in a reconstructed maxillary central incisor. A series of designs for endodontic dowel posts incorporated into the prostheses has been comparatively evaluated. For the load condition considered, the results show that minor changes in the stress patterns are produced by the post diameter, length, and taper variations considered.

Influence of age, sex and calcium and phosphorus levels on the mechanical properties of various bones in swine.

Abstract: Seventy-two 4-week-old pigs were randomly assigned by sex (gilts, barrows, boars) to two dietary treatments and four age periods for determinations of the effects of age, sex and Ca and P levels on the mechanical properties of various bones in swine. Pigs were individually fed diets containing either. months after the initiation of the trial. The femur (Fem), humerus (Hum), third and fourth metacarpal (3Me, 4Me), third and fourth metatarsal (3MT, 4MT), third rib (Rib) and thoracic vertibrae were collected at each age period for mechanical tests and determination of percentage of ash. Bending moment, ultimate stress, yield stress and modulus of elasticity were determined by a flexure test in which the bone was treated as a simply supported , centrally-loaded beam (three-point loading). Bending moment of bones from boars was similar to that of bones from gilts or barrows. When expressed as force per unit area, the ultimate stress of bones from boars was less than that of bones from gilts or barrows. Percentage of ash did not differ significantly between sexes, but tended to be lower in bones from boars than in bones from gilts or barrows. Bones from pigs fed T2 had a higher bending moment than bones from pigs fed T1, regardless of age. At A1, the Fem, Hum and Rib of pigs 1Published as Paper No. 6094-, Journal Ser., Ne-braska Agr. Exp. Sta. a Dept. of Anita. Sci. Acknowledgment is made to Chuck Clanton for assistance with engineering equations and to Cecilia Stodd and Mary Barnes for laboratory assistance. fed T2 were able to withstand a greater stress than the same bones of pigs fed T1. At A3 and AS, the ultimate stress of all bones increased with increasing levels of dietary Ca,P. At A7, the Fem, 4MT and Rib failed to show a response to increased levels of Ca, P.

The Sexual Division of Labor: Evidence from Childhood

Abstract: This research reports the childhood antecedents of the sexual division of labor, analyzing the family chores and paid employment of 669 boys and girls aged 2-17. Data from a statewide random sample of parents show that sex typing begins very early in work roles and that, by the time children reach adolescence, sharp differences exist between "boys' work" and "girls' work." Multiple classification analysis indicates that family background characteristics and family structure have relatively little impact compared to sex and age of child as determinants of sex typing. Both at home and in the marketplace men and women do different kinds of work: they have different working conditions, rewards, hours, and tasks. While some of these may be ascribed to external factors, others may be attributed to learned differences in the attitudes and aspirations of men and women-the fact that a significant proportion of women would rather do the laundry than mow the lawn, rather be a teacher than an engineer, rather type than do construction (Marini). The processes through which these differences are leamed have been the subject of a burgeoning literature on sex-role socialization. While much of this literature indirectly bears on the maintenance of a sexual division of labor, there has been little research on direct childhood socialization into sex-typed work roles. Yet children do work, both at home and in paid employment outside the home. What are the socialization implications of these childhood experiences? We seek to provide leads to the mechanisms through which the sexual division of labor is passed from one generation to the next by examining the differentials in work experience of boys and girls.

Current theories of crown contour, margin placement, and pontic design.

Abstract: Crown contours which promote favorable tissue response follow these guidelines: (1) buccal and lingual contours are flat; (2) embrasure spaces should be open; (3) contacts should be high (incisal one third) and buccal to the central fossa (except between first and second molars); and (4) furcations should be "fluted" or barreled out." Margins should be supragingival where possible. The pontic design of choice is the modified ridge lap for posterior spaces and the ridge-lap facing for anterior spaces.

Microfluorimetric quantitation of cellulose biosynthesis by plant protoplasts using Calcofluor White

Abstract: A microfluorimetric procedure, using Calcofluor White, has been developed for the measurement of cellulose biosynthesis by cultured protoplasts of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthi nc). The procedure was compared to a conventional method for cellulose estimation, that employing the anthrone reagent following exhaustive extraction of the developing cell walls. The results indicate that the amount of fluorescence emitted following Calcofluor White treatment is a specific measurement of cell wall cellulose levels. The procedure possesses the twin advantages of ease of manipulation and of greatly enhanced sensitivity (in the picogram range) as compared to other methods.

Mechanical Deboning of Poultry and Fish

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that the process of mechanical deboning of fish and poultry meat has received increasing attention during the past 30 years. Mechanical deboning of fish began in Japan in the late 1940s. Mechanical deboning basically involves grinding the meat and bone together and forcing the meat through a fine screen or slotted surface of a mechanical deboner. The shearing action of the mechanical deboning process causes considerable cellular disruption. The mechanical deboning of poultry or fish affects the proximate composition. The mechanical separation process, as with hand separation techniques, may leave small amounts of powdered bone. If mechanically deboned poultry and fish are to replace hand-deboned sources in various products, the protein quality must be maintained. During the mechanical deboning process, lipid components from the bone marrow are incorporated into the mechanically separated product. Consumer groups have expressed concern over the possible inclusion of bone fragments in mechanically deboned poultry meat. The mechanical deboning process releases substantial quantities of hemoglobin from the bone marrow, which is subsequently extruded with the mechanically deboned poultry. The mechanical deboning process has been found to affect storage stability. Color abnormalities (brown, green, and gray) are known to be a problem in mechanically deboned poultry and fish. Processing conditions during deboning and modifications thereafter influence the textural characteristics of mechanically deboned fish and poultry. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) regulates the production of mechanically deboned poultry meat, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates fish and fishery products.

On-Line Algorithms for Forecasting Hourly Loads of an Electric Utility

Abstract: A method which lends itself to online forecasting of hourly electric loads is presented and the results of its use are compared to models developed using the Box-Jenkins method. The method consits of processing the historical hourly loads with a sequential least-squares estimator to identify a finite order autoregressive model which in turn is used to obtain a parsimnious autoregressive-moving average model.

Research output, socialization, and the biglan model

Abstract: This study first presents a test of the Biglan model of faculty subcultures using measures of research output and then tests the model controlling for the effects of faculty socialization. Developed in 1973, the Biglan model categorizes academic subject areas into three dimensions: hard-soft, pure-applied, and life-nonlife. Although the model has been empirically validated seven times, only the present test using data from the 1977 Ladd and Lipset (1978) Survey of the American Professoriate examines the concept of socialization as an explanation for the differences among the groups. Using discriminant analyses, the Biglan model is found to be valid: the faculty in the hard area differed from the soft, the pure from the applied, and the life from the nonlife in terms of research output. In addition, the distinctiveness of the Biglan groups appear to increase with the socialization of faculty into subject areas. These results indicate that the model may be generalized to research and doctoral-granting institutions and that the concept of socialization warrants further examination as an explanation of differences among the Biglan groups.

Full-wave solutions for the depolarization of the scattered radiation fields by rough surfaces of arbitrary slope

Abstract: Employing a variable coordinate system associated with the local features of two-dimensionally rough surfaces with arbitrary slope, full-wave solutions are derived for the depolarization of the scattered radiation fields. An outline of the analytical procedures used in the derivations of the solutions are presented. Furthermore, the engineer who is not familiar with them can also use the final result which is expressed as a definite integral whose integrand is given explicitly and in closed form. These full-wave solutions are compared with the quasi-optics solution and the iterative or perturbational solutions for slightly rough surfaces, and they are shown to bridge the wide gap that exists between them. The full-wave solutions are consistent with energy conservation, duality, and reciprocity relationships in electromagnetic theory. These solutions account for upward and downward scattering of the incident waves with respect to the horizontal reference plane, thus shadowing and multiple scattering are considered. Applications to two-dimensionally periodic structures and random rough surfaces are also presented. The fullwave solutions are examined for Brewster, grazing, and specular angles and backscatter. Special consideration is also given to good conducting boundaries.

Vegetative Filter Treatment of Livestock Feedlot Runoff

Abstract: Four vegetative filters were installed on feedlots in central and northern Illinois. Two configurations were used: channelized Dow and overland Dow. After settling for partial solids removal, runoff was applied directly to the fUters and allowed to Dow from the inlet to the outlet section. Results from measurement analyses and sampling of influent, efOuent, and surface Dow at intermediate points were re-

Intercellular communication in plants: Evidence for a rapidly generated, bidirectionally transmitted wound signal.

Abstract: Wounding (whether by excision, abrasion, or puncture) elicited rapid, massive, and enduring formation of polysomes in aged pea stems and other mature tissues. The response depended on temperature and severity of wounding but not on water uptake, and it occurred in tissues adjacent to, distant from, above, and below the site of injury. The kinetics of polysome formation were similar in tissues adjacent to or up to 150 mm distant from the point of injury. The wound-induced increases in protein-synthesizing capacity of the polysomes both in vivo and in vitro were much greater than the increases in rRNA and poly(A)+RNA. The results indicate that wounding evokes the almost immediate production of a wound signal that travels rapidly both acropetally and basipetally to stimulate the recruitment of preexisting ribosomes onto primarily preexisting mRNA, thence forming polysomes with greatly enhanced protein-synthesizing capacity.

Behavioral Aspects of Text Editors

Abstract: Theoretical models and experimental results relevant to the study of behavioral issues in the use of text editors--including both those intended primarily for computer program development and those intended for manuscript preparation--are examined. Models can predict editing task time in terms of elementary activities, in an error-free environment, to an accuracy comparable to the variability between subjects. In a realistic setting, however, unpredictable user activities account for between 25 and 50 percent of the task time, an amount that is comparable to individual variations due to errors. Variations in computer response time appear to affect users more than mere delay does. Command options improve expert performance but degrade the performance of beginners. The surface syntax of an editor can have considerable impact on ease of use. Ergonomic aspects of keyboard and display terminal design and use are well understood, with little hope for significant improvement, but there is no experimental evidence to support guidelines for display format design. Among analog pointing devices the mouse appears to have a small edge over the light pen, joystick, and track ball; human pointing performance using these devices approaches known psychophysical limits. Optimum ambient conditions, including temperature, noise, work-station layout, illumination, and work-rest cycles derived for professional key entry operators and for other interactive tasks, are probably also valid for editing. Gaps in the application of cognitive psychology and human engineering to text editors in the literature are indicated, and promising research areas are delineated.

Community Segregation and the Costs of Ethnic Subordination

Abstract: The socioeconomically detrimental consequences of ethnic or religious discrimination in Israel is shown to depend on the degree of community segregation. Part of the low levels of achievement of Jews of Asian or African origin is attributable to a disadvantageous distribution across Israeli communities. However, competing with Jews of European or American origin, AsianAfricans are disadvantaged at every step in the attainment process. The low attainment of Arabs is largely attributable to their low social origins. Their community and institutional segregation from Jews protects them from further socioeconomic subordination. It follows that community, occupation, and religion interact in Israel, while community, occupation, and ethnicity do not. Hence, we reach two general conclusions: (1) Communities within one small country do differ in the way ascriptive status functions in the process of socioeconomic attainment; and (2) what is important about communities for the attainment of subordinate groups is the extent the community segregates the subordinate group from the dominant one.

Crossbreeding in swine: experimental results

Abstract: Summary A review of recent swine crossbreeding experiments is presented and integrated with earlier work Variation among experiments in observed heterosis for specific crosses was large for reproduction and sow productivity traits However, standard errors of estimates were also large It seems likely that heterosis, expressed in absolute values or in percentage units, is different for specific crosses It is unclear whether these differences are large enough to warrant the use of unique parameter values for comparisons of alternate mating systems In addition to average heterosis values, average direct and maternal genetic effects are given

Argument as a Natural Category: The Routine Grounds for Arguing in Conversation.

Abstract: A theoretical analysis of the natural category “argument”; can be built inductively from examination of discursive objects recognizable as members of the category. The natural category of argument appears to be defined functionally by its disagreement‐relevance and structurally by its expansion of basic sequences of speech acts. Expansion of speech act sequences into prototypical arguments—those in which reasons are exchanged—is governed by felicity conditions associated with the particular speech acts involved, so that making an argument is always done with reference to socially shared structures amounting to the proof requirements of individual speech acts.

Function of mentzelia nuda (loasaceae) postfloral nectaries in seed defense

Abstract: Mentzelia nuda is a coarse, short-lived perennial of the High Plains of North America. The flowers secrete nectar which serves as an attractant for pollinating bees. Postfloral nectar secretion attracts ants whose presence significantly enhances seed set. This is the first demonstration of advantage to postflowering activity of a floral nectary. RECENT STUDIES of nectaries that lie outside the flower (generally called "extrafloral nectaries") indicate that, like floral nectaries, they are involved in plant-insect mutualism. Whereas floral nectaries facilitate outcrossing by rewarding pollinators, extrafloral nectaries attract insects, especially ants, whose activities decrease herbivore damage to the plant (Bentley, 1977a, b; Deuth, 1977; Keeler, 1977, 1980; Tilman, 1978; Inouye and Taylor, 1979; Koptur, 1979; O'Dowd, 1979; Pickett and Clark, 1979). Floral nectar varies greatly in nectar content