Showing papers by "University of Nebraska–Lincoln published in 1985"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the role of definitions in the understanding of the Drought Phenomenon: The Role of Definitions and the Role of Water International: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 111-120.
Abstract: (1985). Understanding: the Drought Phenomenon: The Role of Definitions. Water International: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 111-120.
2,078 citations
TL;DR: A simple equation has been developed for describing the bidirectional reflectance of some vegetative canopies and bare soil surfaces that has many useful applications such as providing a lower level boundary condition in complex plant canopy models and providing an additional tool for studying bid Directional effects on pointable sensors.
Abstract: A simple equation has been developed for describing the bidirectional reflectance of some vegetative canopies and bare soil surfaces. The equation describes directional reflectance as a function of zenith and azimuth view angles and solar azimuth angle. The equation works for simulated and field measured red and IR reflectance under clear sky conditions. Hemispherical reflectance can be calculated as a function of the simple equation coefficients by integrating the equation over the hemisphere of view angles. A single equation for estimating soil bidirectional reflectance was obtained using the relationships between solar zenith angles and the simple equation coefficients for medium and rough soil distributions. The equation has many useful applications such as providing a lower level boundary condition in complex plant canopy models and providing an additional tool for studying bidirectional effects on pointable sensors.
435 citations
TL;DR: Systematic studies of small polyoxoanions in inert, aprotic solvents have clarified many of the principles governing their structure and reactivity, and have made possible the preparation of entirely new types of covalent derivatives.
Abstract: Many of the early transition elements form large polynuclear metal-oxygen anions containing up to 200 atoms or more. Although these polyoxoanions have been investigated for more than a century, detailed studies of structure and reactivity were not possible until the development of modern x-ray crystallographic and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques. Systematic studies of small polyoxoanions in inert, aprotic solvents have clarified many of the principles governing their structure and reactivity, and also have made possible the preparation of entirely new types of covalent derivatives such as CH(2)Mo(4)O(15)H(3-), C(5)H(5)TiMo(5)O(18)(3-), and (OC)(3)Mn(Nb(2)W(4)O(19))(3-). Since most early transition metal polyoxoanions have structures based on close-packed oxygen arrays containing interstitial metal centers, their chemistry offers a rare opportunity to study chemical transformations in detail on well-defined metal oxide surfaces.
424 citations
TL;DR: Two ice cores, covering 1500 years of climatic information, from the summit of the tropical Quelccaya ice cap, in the Andes of southern Peru, provide information on general environmental conditions including droughts, volcanic activity, moisture sources, temperature, and glacier net balance.
Abstract: Two ice cores, covering 1500 years of climatic information, from the summit (5670 meters) of the tropical Quelccaya ice cap, in the Andes of southern Peru, provide information on general environmental conditions including droughts, volcanic activity, moisture sources, temperature, and glacier net balance. The net balance record reconstructed from these cores reflects major precipitation trends for the southern Andes of Peru. These records indicate extended dry periods between 1720 and 1860, 1250 and 1310, and 570 and 610; wet conditions prevailed between 1500 and 1720. Establishing a tropical precipitation record may help explain climatic fluctuations since the tropical evaporation-precipitation cycle is a principal mechanism driving the atmospheric circulation.
413 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors obtained equations to predict direct beam and diffuse irradiance in both the visible (PAR) and near-infrared wave bands from measurements of only the total incoming solar radiation.
290 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the development and validation of a new instrument entitled Attitudes Toward Statistics (ATS) to be used in the measurement of attitude change in introductory statistics students.
Abstract: This study describes the development and validation of a new instrument entitled Attitudes Toward Statistics (ATS) to be used in the measurement of attitude change in introductory statistics students. Two ATS subscales are identified: Attitude Toward Course and Attitude Toward the Field, respectively. These subscales were demonstrated to have both high internal consistency and test-retest reliability. It is further shown that each ATS subscale provides distinctly different information about the attitudes of introductory statistics students.
266 citations
TL;DR: This paper assess the impact of victimization, salience, and attribution on four measures of criminal sanctioning: general punishment, rehabilitation, capital punishment, and the punishment of white-collar crime.
Abstract: Building upon the work of Stinchcombe, Taylor et al., the present research attempts to assess the impact of victimization, salience, and attribution on four measures of criminal sanctioning: general punishment, rehabilitation, capital punishment, and the punishment of white-collar crime. Utilizing a sample drawn from Galesburg, Illinois, our analysis revealed that attitudes were not significantly influenced by being a victim or by crime salience. In contrast, our measure of attribution (what a person “attributed” the cause of crime to) had consistent effects across the scales, with those having a positivist orientation being less punitive and more in favor of rehabilitation. When members of criminal justice related occupations were included in the analysis, these results generally continued to persist. These findings thus suggest that attributional processes and, in particular, the way in which people explain crime may be important determinants of the attitudes that those both inside and outside the crimi...
243 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a mathematical equation is fitted to the weighted experimental data for each target, and these fits are adjusted to be consistent with appropriate theoretical calculations and with electron impact and photoionization data.
Abstract: Existing data on the ionization of neutral atoms and molecules by proton impact are reviewed, and electron production cross-section data are collected. The three major experimental methods are discussed and possible sources of error identified. Some theoretical cross sections are discussed, and well-established methods of relating them to measured cross sections are reviewed. A mathematical equation is fitted to the weighted experimental data for each target, and these fits are adjusted to be consistent with appropriate theoretical calculations and with electron impact and photoionization data. Recommended values of total cross sections for proton-impact ionization are given.
231 citations
205 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a general hydrogeophysical model is outlined for aquifer-scale relations which are shown to depend primarily on two factors: the character of the material-level relationship; and the mutual relation between the direction of groundwater flow, aquifer layering, and Hydrogeophysical conditions in the aquifer.
201 citations
TL;DR: The primary caretaker hypothesis as mentioned in this paper predicts that the sex that through evolutionary time has dominated infant caretaking will differentially exhibit skills that are important in caretaking (e.g., the ability to rapidly recognize infant emotional expressions).
TL;DR: In this paper, a study pertaining to the compared levels of organizational commitment among U.S., Japanese, and Korean employees was conducted, where organizational commitment in this context refers to the rela...
Abstract: The article discusses a study pertaining to the compared levels of organizational commitment among U.S., Japanese, and Korean employees. Organizational commitment in this context refers to the rela...
TL;DR: This work applies metric multidimensional unfolding to interest-group ratings of members of Congress in order to obtain a Euclidean spatial configuration of congressmen, and demonstrates that a single liberal-conservative dimension accounts for more than 80% of the variance in the ratings.
Abstract: Current methods of roll-call analysis have practical as well as theoretical shortcomings. We propose here a method based on a spatial theory of voting that overcomes these problems. We apply metric multidimensional unfolding to interest-group ratings of members of Congress in order to obtain a Euclidean spatial configuration of congressmen. Each roll-call vote is then mapped into the configuration of members in a way consistent with spatial theory. Based on 190,000 ratings issued from 1959 to 1980, our empirical analysis demonstrates that a single liberal-conservative dimension accounts for more than 80% of the variance in the ratings. A second dimension, associated with party unity, accounts for 7% of the variance. Approximately 86% of all roll-call voting for the 22 years of our study is consistent with a simple one-dimensional spatial model. The votes that best fit the liberal-conservative dimension are drawn from the government management, social welfare, and foreign policy areas. The votes that best fit the two-dimensional configurations are drawn from the agricultural area.
TL;DR: A ray tracing model has been developed to investigate the possible focusing effects of the convexly curved epidermal cell walls which characterize a number of shade-adapted plants, and indicates that such focusing occurs, resulting in higher photosynthetic photon flux densities at certain locations within the leaf.
Abstract: A ray tracing model has been developed to investigate the possible focusing effects of the convexly curved epidermal cell walls which characterize a number of shade-adapted plants. The model indicates that such focusing occurs, resulting in higher photosynthetic photon flux densities at certain locations within the leaf. It is postulated that there will be a corresponding increase in the rate of photosynthesis. In addition, leaf reflectance measurements indicate that this is generally less for the shade plants compared with sun species and would be advantageous in increasing the efficiency of energy capture. Either effect is important for plants which must survive at extremely low light levels.
TL;DR: Leaf angle distributions with zenith angle were poorly extracted by inverting the transmission measurements; however, G, the fraction of the leaf area projected in the direction of a ray, was obtained directly from the transmissions.
TL;DR: The reduction of single crystal NiO(100) under hydrogen has been followed by AES, XPS and LEED for the pressure range of 1.0 × 10 −7 to 1.3 × 10−6 Torr and for substrate temperatures of 150-350°C as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: Findings suggest that beta-carotene can modify the DNA damaging effect of the carcinogens and thereby may also prevent the initiation of the cancerogenic process.
TL;DR: Five crossbred steers were surgically fitted with rumen fistulae, hepatic portal, abdominal aorta and mesenteric catheters to measure organic acid absorption from the gut during acute [intraruminal glucose, 12 g/kg body weight (G)] or subacute [ad libitum 70% concentrate diet (C)] acidosis.
Abstract: Five crossbred steers (347 kg) were surgically fitted with rumen fistulae, hepatic portal, abdominal aorta and mesenteric catheters to measure organic acid absorption from the gut during acute [intraruminal glucose, 12 g/kg body weight (G)] or subacute [ad libitum 70% concentrate diet (C)] acidosis. Samples were taken at time 0, then every 2 h for 48 h after a switch from an alfalfa diet to C, or dosing with G. Steers receiving C received G 1 wk later so that five steers provided four observations/treatment. Blood flow rates were determined by infusion of para-amino hippuric acid (PAH) and averaged 767.8 and 712.5 liters/h for C and G, respectively. Animals consuming C averaged 13.6 kg dry matter from 0 to 24 h and 1.5 kg from 24 to 48 h. Rumen pH declined to 4.2 for G compared with 6.0 for C. Blood pH and HCO3 showed only slight depressions for G from 16 to 26 h, the period of lowest rumen pH. Rumen L-lactate concentration averaged 53.4 mM (peak 77 mM) and 2.1 mM for G and C, respectively. Rumen D-lactate concentration averaged 30.2 mM (peak 47 mM) for G and 1.2 mM for C. Net portal absorption of L-lactate averaged 96.6 and 164.4 mmol/h, whereas that of D-lactate averaged 10.5 and 71.8 mmol/h for C and G, respectively. Mean net portal volatile fatty acid absorptions were 442.8, 192.1, 53.8, 5.3 and 10.4 mmol/h (C) and 100.0, 47.2, 9.4, .98 and .78 mmol/h (G) for acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate and isovalerate, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
TL;DR: In this article, the linear muffin-tin orbitals (LMTO) method was used to perform self-consistent electronic structure calculations of NixZr1−x glasses for x = 36 and 59.
Abstract: The linear muffin-tin orbitals (LMTO) method is used to perform self-consistent electronic structure calculations of NixZr1−x glasses for x = 36 and 59. A glass is simulated by a 39-atom cluster with periodic boundary conditions. The atoms are randomly packed and then relaxed with Lennard-Jones potentials. The calculated radial distribution functions are compared with the available experimental data. The computed electronic structure is compared with photoemission data and experimental results for the density of states at the Fermi level. The calculated results are in good overall agreement with experimental data.
TL;DR: The Upper Pennsylvanian and Lower Permian stratigraphic sequence in Canyonlands National Park contains about 40 flat-topped eolian sand bodies as mentioned in this paper, which are diastems and represent much more geologic time than the rocks themselves.
Abstract: The Upper Pennsylvanian and Lower Permian stratigraphic sequence in Canyonlands National Park contains about 40 flat-topped eolian sand bodies. Rhizoliths, burrows, and traces of former evaporites abound at the tops of these tabular genetic units. Upper surfaces of units were created by eolian deflation to the level of the groundwater table. Analysis of cross-stratification reveals that sands accumulated via migration and climb of relatively small dunes. Brief episodes of sand accumulation were triggered by regression and were terminated when upwind sand supplies were depleted. Upper surfaces of genetic units are diastems and represent much more geologic time than the rocks themselves.
TL;DR: In this article, the cross sections for production of electrons and positive ions by proton impact on water vapor have been measured from 7\char21{}4000 keV by the transverse-field method.
Abstract: Cross sections for production of electrons and positive ions by proton impact on water vapor have been measured from 7\char21{}4000 keV by the transverse-field method.
TL;DR: In this article, five methods of measuring protein solubility, an in situ method, and an in vitro method for measuring protein degradability were evaluated to determine which procedure most accurately predicted quantity of feed protein escaping ruminal fermentation.
01 Oct 1985-International Journal of Human-computer Studies \/ International Journal of Man-machine Studies
TL;DR: It was found that, in spite of the simplicity of the materials, experts were significantly faster and more accurate than novices, which supports the idea that experts automate some simple subcomponents of the programming task.
Abstract: Automation is the ability to perform a very well-practised task rapidly, smoothly and correctly, with little allocation of attention. This paper resports on experiments which sought evidence of automation in two programming subtasks, recognition of syntactic errors and understanding of the structure and function of simple stereotyped code segments. Novice and expert programmers made a series of timed decisions about short, textbook-type program segments. It was found that, in spite of the simplicity of the materials, experts were significantly faster and more accurate than novices. This supports the idea that experts automate some simple subcomponents of the programming task. This automation has potential implications for the teaching of programming, the evaluation of programmers, and programming language design.
TL;DR: Although marital quality deteriorated over the three-year period, the transition to parenthood does not seem to affect changes in marital happiness, interaction, disagreements, division of labor, satisfaction with division ofLabor, or number of marital problems.
Abstract: An extensive literature demonstrates a negative correlation between the presence of children and marital quality. Few of these studies are designed to test the reasons for this relationship. Using a national panel study, we examine two possible paths: that people who choose to have children differ from those who do not in ways that affect marital quality, and that having a child changes marital structure and process. The results of the analysis support neither hypothesis. Although marital quality deteriorated over the three-year period, the transition to parenthood does not seem to affect changes in marital happiness, interaction, disagreements, division of labor, satisfaction with division of labor, or number of marital problems. Having a child did, however, seem to deter divorce and permanent separation.
TL;DR: Precision des taux d'abondance isotopique pouvant etre obtenus pour des ions produits par bombardement avec des atomes rapides as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Precision des taux d'abondance isotopique pouvant etre obtenus pour des ions produits par bombardement avec des atomes rapides
TL;DR: There was a difference between the students' behaviors during their participation in a chosen leisure activity and their behaviors during participation in the same activity without choice, according to a multiple baseline, single-subject design.
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to analyze the effect of choice on the behaviors of four children with severe handicaps The investigation compared each individual's behaviors during particip
TL;DR: In this paper, simple models are presented for predicting soil and canopy BRDF's, and predicted results are compared with some measurements, which represents an attempt to illustrate the important features that cause observed BRDFs.
Abstract: The apparent brightness of a natural surface depends on the characteristics and direction of incident radiation, surface radiative properties, and the direction from which the surface is viewed. The bidirectional reflectance distribution functions (BRDF) for soils, vegetation canopies, and individual leaves have common features that arise from an anisotropic diffuse scattered component as well as specular reflections from irregular surfaces. The diffuse scattered component, however, tends to dominate canopy and soil BRDF's where as specular reflection tends to dominate leaf BRDF's. In this paper, simple models are presented for predicting soil and canopy BRDF's, and predicted results are compared with some measurements. This effort represents an attempt to illustrate the important features that cause observed BRDF's. The results of the models are compared with a simple three coefficient empirical equation that may be easier to invert than the causitive models so that radiation measurements can be used to obtain surface features. Some BRDF measurements from corn and soybean leaves provide a contrast for canopy and soil distributions, and also provide needed leaf properties that are important to vegetation canopy models. The knowledge of soil, canopy, and leaf BRDF's is combined into a single model, called Cupid, to predict the resultant BRDF of complex natural surfaces.
TL;DR: Average individual effects indicate that Angus, compared with Hereford, had calves that were born earlier, had lighter birth weights, lower pre- and postweaning gains and lower pregnancy rates.
Abstract: Data from 1,909 purebred, F1, backcross and F2 and F3 inter se combinations of Angus and Hereford were used to estimate average individual, maternal and grandmaternal genetic effects, individual and maternal heterosis, dominance and epistatic genetic effects. Models for evaluating heterosis and epistatic or recombination effects were discussed. Average individual effects indicate that Angus, compared with Hereford, had calves that were born earlier, had lighter birth weights, lower pre- and postweaning gains and lower pregnancy rates. Angus also produced lighter weight carcasses with more fat cover and marbling. Maternal effects of Angus were in the direction of reduced birth weight, greater calving ease, higher preweaning but lower postweaning growth rate and increased fatness when contrasted with Hereford. There was a tendency for opposite direction of maternal and grandmaternal effects for traits influenced by preweaning maternal environment. When additive X additive effects were ignored, total heterosis was significant for earlier day born, heavier birth weight, preweaning and postweaning gain, and heavier and fatter carcasses. Heterosis retained in F3 inter se vs F1 generation crosses indicated that net epistatic effects were relatively negligible for date of calving, birth weight, weaning gain and fat cover. There was a greater reduction of heterosis effects than expected from dominance alone for survival, pregnancy and marbling score. Loss of heterosis in F3 was less than expected for postweaning gain, carcass weight and rib eye area. Except for survival, pregnancy and marbling, these deviations from dominance expectations, or lack of them, are favorable for F3 composite populations.
TL;DR: Using longitudinal interview data, the predictive ability of a scale designed to predict divorce and permanent separation is examined and it is found that high scorers are nine times more likely to divorce than low scorers.
Abstract: Using longitudinal interview data, we examine the predictive ability of a scale designed to predict divorce and permanent separation. We find that high scorers are nine times more likely to divorce than low scorers. Divorce rates for components of the scale indicate that dissolution is a process, becoming more likely as overt actions succeed attitudinal factors. Finally, discriminant analysis is used to test a model predicting the likelihood of individuals moving from instability to divorce. The results indicate that individuals are more apt to move on to divorce or permanent separation if alternative attractions are present, there are few barriers to divorce, or when the marriage retains fewer attractions. The results indicate that the marital instability index in conjunction with information on barriers and attractions provides the basis for a comprehensive model predicting divorce.