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Showing papers by "University of Nebraska–Lincoln published in 1998"


Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: It is argued that metacognitive knowledge is multidimensional, domain-general in nature, and teachable.
Abstract: I describe two aspects of metacognition, knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition, and how they are related to domain-specific knowledge and cognitive abilities. I argue that metacognitive knowledge is multidimensional, domain-general in nature, and teachable. Four instructional strategies are described for promoting the construction and acquisition of metacognitive awareness. These include promoting general awareness, improving self-knowledge and regulatory skills, and promoting learning environments that are conducive to the construction and use of metacognition.

1,224 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: During courtship, signals are sent between the sexes, and received signals contain information that forms the basis of decision making, and a consideration of design allows the development of specific and testable predictions about the direction of evolution.
Abstract: During courtship, signals are sent between the sexes, and received signals contain information that forms the basis of decision making. Much is known about signal content, but less is known about signal design-what makes signals work efficiently? A consideration of design not only gives new insights into the evolution of signals (including novelty), but also allows the development of specific and testable predictions about the direction of evolution. Recently there has been increased interest in signal design, but this has resulted in some apparently divergent views in the literature.

790 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
26 Feb 1998-Nature
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that a first-order ferromagnetic phase transition with a transition temperature nearly equal to the bulk value can be found in trifluoroethylene polymers with diameters as small as 10'A (two monolayers) even in these almost two-dimensional films.
Abstract: Ultrathin crystalline films offer the possibility of exploring phase transitions in the crossover region between two and three dimensions. Second-order ferromagnetic phase transitions have been observed in monolayer magnetic films1,2, where surface anisotropy energy stabilizes the two-dimensional ferromagnetic state at finite temperature3. Similarly, a number of magnetic materials have magnetic surface layers that show a second-order ferromagnetic–paramagnetic phase transition with an increased Curie temperature4. Ferroelectricity is in many ways analogous to ferromagnetism, and bulk-like ferroelectricity and finite-size modifications of it have been seen in nanocrystals as small as 250 A in diameter5, in perovskite films 100 A thick6 and in crystalline ferroelectric polymers as thin as 25 A (7-10). But these results can be interpreted as bulk ferroelectricity suppressed by surface depolarization energies, and imply that the bulk transition has a minimum critical size11,12,13. Here we report measurements of the ferroelectric transition in crystalline films of a random copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and trifluoroethylene just 10 A (two monolayers) thick. We see a first-order ferroelectric phase transition with a transition temperature nearly equal to the bulk value, even in these almost two-dimensional films. In addition, we see a second first-order transition at a lower temperature, which seems to be associated with the surface layers only. The near-absence of finite-size effects on the bulk transition implies that these films must be considered as two-dimensional ferroelectrics.

754 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A gene, SH2D1A, is identified that is mutated in XLP patients and encodes a novel protein composed of a single SH2 domain that is expressed in many tissues involved in the immune system.
Abstract: X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP or Duncan disease) is characterized by extreme sensitivity to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), resulting in a complex phenotype manifested by severe or fatal infectious mononucleosis, acquired hypogammaglobulinemia and malignant lymphoma. We have identified a gene, SH2D1A, that is mutated in XLP patients and encodes a novel protein composed of a single SH2 domain. SH2D1A is expressed in many tissues involved in the immune system. The identification of SH2D1A will allow the determination of its mechanism of action as a possible regulator of the EBV-induced immune response.

737 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, three important themes from the scientific literature relevant to lineup methods were identified and reviewed, namely relative-judgment processes, the lineups-as-experiments analogy, and confidence malleability.
Abstract: There is increasing evidence that false eyewitness identification is the primary cause of the conviction of innocent people. In 1996, the American Psychology/Law Society and Division 41 of the American Psychological Association appointed a subcommittee to review scientific evidence and make recommendations regarding the best procedures for constructing and conducting lineups and photospreads. Three important themes from the scientific literature relevant to lineup methods were identified and reviewed, namely relative-judgment processes, the lineups-as-experiments analogy, and confidence malleability. Recommendations are made that double-blind lineup testing should be used, that eyewitnesses should be forewarned that the culprit might not be present, that distractors should be selected based on the eyewitness's verbal description of the perpetrator, and that confidence should be assessed and recorded at the time of identification. The potential costs and benefits of these recommendations are discussed.

705 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a model for calculating N-use efficiency is proposed that explicitly accounts for contributions from both indigenous and applied N to plant uptake and yield, and the authors conclude that the intrinsic capacity of wetland rice systems to conserve N and the rapid N uptake potential of the rice plant provide opportunities for significant increases in N efficiency by improved management and monitoring of indigenous N resources, straw residues, plant N status, and N fertilizer.

559 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated survey data from a national sample of female and male high school students concerning their entrepreneurship knowledge and attitudes and whether there are any significant gender differences in these areas.

508 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a parent rating scale containing the 18 symptoms of ADHD was examined in a sample of 4666 participants ranging in age from 4 to 20 years old who attended kindergarten through 12th grade in 22 school districts across the United States.
Abstract: Changes in the diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have necessitated the creation of new measures for clinical assessment. The factor structure of a parent rating scale containing the 18 symptoms of ADHD was examined in this study. Factor analyses and assessment of differences in ADHD ratings across sex, age, and ethnic group were conducted using a sample of 4666 participants ranging in age from 4 to 20 years old who attended kindergarten through 12th grade in 22 school districts across the United States. Two factors (Inattention and Hyperactivity–Impulsivity) were derived and normative data for a nationally representative sample are presented. A higher frequency of ADHD symptoms was found for boys, younger children, and African-American participants. Potential uses of this scale in clinical practice and research are discussed.

440 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Experimental designs commonly used for testing female preferences make it difficult to quantify the preferences of individual females, so repeated measures of individual preference functions allow measurement of within- and between-female variation in preferences.

430 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a soil fungus, Pythium irregulare, was found to blight jar1-1, an Arabidopsis jasmonate response mutant that exhibits reduced sensitivity to methyl jamasmonate, indicating that increased susceptibility was due to the lesion in the JAR1 locus.
Abstract: Jasmonic acid has properties of a plant hormone, including the induction of specific genes associated with plant defense. We previously described jar1-1, an Arabidopsis jasmonate response mutant that exhibits reduced sensitivity to methyl jasmonate. We have further characterized this mutant and two new alleles; jar1-2 from a gamma irradiated population, and jar1-4 from a T-DNA mutant population. Seedling root growth in jar1-1 was equally insensitive to methyl jasmonate and jasmonic acid, indicating that the defect was not in the conversion of methyl jasmonate to the acid. None of the jar1 mutants showed an altered sensitivity to auxin, cytokinin, or the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, indicating that the lesion does not affect the general uptake or transport of hormones. A soil fungus, Pythium irregulare, was found to blight jar1-1. Cultures of this organism caused the symptoms in all three jar1 mutants but not in wild type, indicating that increased susceptibility was due to the lesion in the JAR1 locus. A fatty acid desaturase triple mutant that is defective in the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid (J. Browse, Washington State University) was also susceptible, confirming that jasmonate is involved in resistance. The jar1-1 locus was mapped to the lower end of chromosome 2, about 11.4 cM from as1 and 1.6 cM from cer8. These results establish that jasmonate signaling plays an important role in resistance to soil micro-organisms in plants.

361 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors empirically test a model of how organization reputation, job and organizational attributes, and recruiter behaviors influence applicant attraction to firms using data from 361 campus recruitment interviews in which applicants completed surveys before and after the interview.

Journal Article
TL;DR: Community family practices, physicians, patients, and outpatient visits are described, with competing demands and opportunities to address a wide range of problems of individuals and families over time and at various stages of health and illness.
Abstract: Background The content and context of family practice outpatient visits have never been fully described, leaving many aspects of family practice in a "black box," unseen by policymakers and understood only in isolation. This article describes community family practices, physicians, patients, and outpatient visits. Methods Practicing family physicians in northeast Ohio were invited to participate in a multimethod study of the content of primary care practice. Research nurses directly observed consecutive patient visits, and collected additional data using medical record reviews, patient and physician questionnaires, billing data, practice environment checklists, and ethnographic fieldnotes. Results Visits by 4454 patients seeing 138 physicians in 84 practices were observed. Outpatient visits to family physicians encompassed a wide variety of patients, problems, and levels of complexity. The average patient paid 4.3 visits to the practice within the past year. The mean visit duration was 10 minutes. Fifty-eight percent of visits were for acute illness, 24% for chronic illness, and 12% for well care. The most common uses of time were history-taking, planning treatment, physical examination, health education, feedback, family information, chatting, structuring the interaction, and patient questions. Conclusions Family practice and patient visits are complex, with competing demands and opportunities to address a wide range of problems of individuals and families over time and at various stages of health and illness. Multimethod research in practice settings can identify ways to enhance the competing opportunities of family practice to improve the health of their patients.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the magnetic properties of nanocomposite Fe-Pt films with Fe concentration higher than 50 at % have been investigated and the maximum energy products of the optimally processed samples exceeded 40 MGOe.
Abstract: Magnetic properties of nanocomposite Fe–Pt films with Fe concentration higher than 50 at % have been investigated in this study. Fe/Pt multilayers were produced by sputtering and magnetic hardening was observed after heat treatment including rapid annealing. The final nanocomposite films consisted of the hard face-centered tetragonal FePt phase and a soft face-centered-cubic phase. The maximum energy products of the optimally processed samples exceeded 40 MGOe. Evidence for exchange coupling of the hard and soft phases was found.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper investigates combinatorial properties and constructions of two recent topics of cryptographic interest, namely frameproof codes for digital fingerprinting and traceability schemes for broadcast encryption and also discusses the Hamming distance of frameproof code when viewed as error-correcting codes.
Abstract: In this paper, we investigate combinatorial properties and constructions of two recent topics of cryptographic interest, namely frameproof codes for digital fingerprinting and traceability schemes for broadcast encryption. We first give combinatorial descriptions of these two objects in terms of set systems and also discuss the Hamming distance of frameproof codes when viewed as error-correcting codes. From these descriptions, it is seen that existence of a c-traceability scheme implies the existence of a c-frameproof code. We then give several constructions of frameproof codes and traceability schemes by using combinatorial structures such as t-designs, packing designs, error-correcting codes, and perfect hash families. We also investigate embeddings of frameproof codes and traceability schemes, which allow a given scheme to be expanded at a later date to accommodate more users. Finally, we look briefly at bounds which establish necessary conditions for existence of these structures.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Based on projected rice production requirements, Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper estimate that the total annual nutrient demand for irrigated rice will be about 9 to 13 × 106 t N, 9 to 15 × 106 T K, 1.2 to 2.4 × 106T P and 0.9 to 1.5 × 106t S in 2025, amounts that represent an increase of 65 to 70% above 1990 requirements.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results strongly suggest that corn rootworm management practices have selected for significant levels of resistance to methyl parathion, carbaryl, or both in certain areas of Nebraska.
Abstract: Topical bioassays were conducted in 1995 to estimate the susceptibility of adult western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, populations from Nebraska to technical grade methyl parathion, carbaryl, and bifenthrin. Significant differences in susceptibility occurred among populations for each insecticide. The largest relative differences in LD50 values between the most tolerant and susceptible field populations were 16.4- and 9.4-fold for methyl parathion and carbaryl, respectively. The Fl colonies also exhibited significant differences in susceptibility to methyl parathion and carbaryl indicating that susceptibility traits are heritable. The response to bifenthrin (up to 4-fold difference in LD50 values) was more homogeneous across populations than the response to the other 2 compounds. Populations with the largest LD50values were located in 2 areas where adult management programs using carbamate and organophosphate insecticides have been extensively applied and control failures have been commonly reported. Results strongly suggest that corn rootworm management practices have selected for significant levels of resistance to methyl parathion, carbaryl, or both in certain areas of Nebraska.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that broad-host-range bacteriophages play a key role in phage ecology and gene transfer in nature and a multiple-host enrichment protocol may be more effective for the isolation of broad- host-range phages by avoiding the selection bias inherent in single-host methods.
Abstract: Two bacteriophage collections were examined with regard to their ability to form plaques on multiple bacterial host species. Nine of 10 phages studied were found to be broad-host-range bacteriophages. These phages fell into two groups. Group 1, the SN series, was isolated from sewage treatment plant samples with Sphaerotilus natans ATCC 13338 as a host. The DNAs of these bacteriophages contained modified bases and were insensitive to cleavage by type I and II restriction endonucleases. The efficiency of plating of these bacteriophages was changed only slightly on the alternate host. Group 2, the BHR series, was isolated by a two-host enrichment protocol. These bacteriophages were sensitive to restriction, and their efficiency of plating was dramatically reduced on the alternate host. Our results suggest that a multiple-host enrichment protocol may be more effective for the isolation of broad-host-range bacteriophages by avoiding the selection bias inherent in single-host methods. At least two of the broad-host-range bacteriophages mediated generalized transduction. We suggest that broad-host-range bacteriophages play a key role in phage ecology and gene transfer in nature.

Patent
01 Dec 1998
TL;DR: A fiber reinforced composite material comprising a resin matrix and primary reinforcement fibers and further comprising secondary, smaller diameter, reinforcement fibers at one or more ply interfaces, or portion thereof, provides improved interlaminar toughness, strength, and delamination resistance without substantial reduction of in-plane properties and without substantial increase in weight as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A fiber reinforced composite material comprising a resin matrix and primary reinforcement fibers and further comprising secondary, smaller diameter, reinforcement fibers at one or more ply interfaces, or portion thereof, provides improved interlaminar toughness, strength, and delamination resistance without substantial reduction of in-plane properties and without substantial increase in weight. In one embodiment, the small fibers are attached to one side of a conventional prepreg prior to lamination. The small fibers are flexible and are expected to conform to the shape and distribution of the primary reinforcing fibers at the interface.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Cloned the sigB gene and severalrsb genes from L. monocytogenes, encoding homologs of the alternative sigma factor ςB and the RsbUVWX proteins, which govern transcription of a general stress regulon in the related bacterium Bacillus subtilis, observed that the activity of ςBs was uniquely responsive to osmotic upshifting, temperature downshifted, and the presence of EDTA in the growth medium.
Abstract: Listeria monocytogenes is well known for its robust physiology, which permits growth at low temperatures under conditions of high osmolarity and low pH. Although studies have provided insight into the mechanisms used by L. monocytogenes to allay the physiological consequences of these adverse environments, little is known about how these responses are coordinated. In the studies presented here, we have cloned the sigB gene and several rsb genes from L. monocytogenes, encoding homologs of the alternative sigma factor sigmaB and the RsbUVWX proteins, which govern transcription of a general stress regulon in the related bacterium Bacillus subtilis. The L. monocytogenes and B. subtilis sigB and rsb genes are similar in sequence and physical organization; however, we observed that the activity of sigmaB in L. monocytogenes was uniquely responsive to osmotic upshifting, temperature downshifting, and the presence of EDTA in the growth medium. The magnitude of the response was greatest after an osmotic upshift, suggesting a role for sigmaB in coordinating osmotic responses in L. monocytogenes. A null mutation in the sigB gene led to substantial defects in the ability of L. monocytogenes to use betaine and carnitine as osmoprotectants. Subsequent measurements of betaine transport confirmed that the absence of sigmaB reduced the ability of the cells to accumulate betaine. Thus, sigmaB coordinates responses to a variety of physical and chemical signals, and its function facilitates the growth of L. monocytogenes under conditions of high osmotic strength.

Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: The information in this chapter should enable a reader with little or no experience to perform a high-cell density fermentation of a P. pastoris expression strain to achieve high expression levels with almost any good-quality fermentor, modified to accommodate this organism.
Abstract: The purpose of this chapter is to educate the reader about the basic equipment and strategies used in fermentations of P pastoris in both bench-top and pilot-scale operations A key element in expression of foreign proteins in this yeast is the need for sufficient aeration, which is achieved by proper mixing of the media and by blending gases to control dissolved oxygen content Automatic pH control is essential for growth and expression in P pastoris Finally, fed-batch fermentations require the use of peristaltic pumps and tubing capable of low rates of delivery for the feeding of nutrients and base Teflon tubing and peristaltic pump adapters are recommended for fed-batch operations The information in this chapter should enable a reader with little or no experience to perform a high-cell density fermentation of a P pastoris expression strain Although most procedures described here are specifically for the BioFlo III (NBS), it should be possible to achieve high expression levels with almost any good-quality fermentor, modified to accommodate this organism

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results provided the most detailed map to date of the identities of protein species on two-dimensional electrophoresis gels of adult human lenses, indicating that a major fraction of the water-soluble protein of the adult human lens is composed of truncated beta B1 and beta A3/A1 crystallins, and that nearly all human crystallins are susceptible to deamidation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results indicate that further improvement in rice yield potential in the tropics will depend mainly on the ability to increase sink size and biomass production, which are relatively small and inconsistent across cultivars and years during the reproductive phase.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of reduced tillage and cropping system intensification on C storage in soils using data from experiments in North Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, and Texas.
Abstract: Concern about soil organic matter losses as a result of cultivation has been voiced consistently since the early part of the 20th century. Scientists working in the US. Great Plains recognized that organic matter losses from an already small pool could have major negative consequences on soil physical properties and N supplying capacity. The advent of reduced- and no-till systems has greatly improved our ability to capture and retain precipitation in the soil during the non-crop periods of the cropping cycle, and has made it possible to reduce fallow frequency and intensify cropping systems. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the effects of reduced tillage and cropping system intensification on C storage in soils using data from experiments in North Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, and Texas. Decades of farming with the wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)–fallow system, the dominant farming system in the Great Plains, have accentuated soil C losses. More intensive cropping systems, made possible by the greater water conservation associated with no-till practices, have produced more grain, produced more crop residue and allowed more of it to remain on the soil surface. Combined with less soil disturbance in reduced- and no-till systems, intensive cropping has increased C storage in the soil. We also conclude that the effects of cropping system intensification on soil C should not be investigated independent of residue C still on the surface. There are many unknowns regarding how rapidly changes in soil C will occur when tillage and cropping systems are changed, but the data summarized in this paper indicate that in the surface 2.5 cm of soil, changes can be detected within 10 years. It is imperative that we continue long-term experiments to evaluate rates of change over an extended period. It is also apparent that we should include residue C, both on the surface of the soil and within the surface 2.5 cm, in our system C budgets if we are to accurately depict residue–soil C system status. The accounting of soil C must be done on a mass basis rather than on a concentration basis.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that there is a canonical homomorphism of the automorphism group onto the group of conformal automorphisms of the complex n-ball.
Abstract: The non-commutative analytic Toeplitz algebra is the wot– closed algebra generated by the left regular representation of the free semigroup on n generators. We develop a detailed picture of the algebraic structure of this algebra. In particular, we show that there is a canonical homomorphism of the automorphism group onto the group of conformal automorphisms of the complex n-ball. The k-dimensional representations form a generalized maximal ideal space with a canonical surjection onto the ball of k × kn matrices which is a homeomorphism over the open ball analogous to the fibration of the maximal ideal space of H∞ over the unit disk. In [6, 17, 18, 20], a good case is made that the appropriate analogue for the analytic Toeplitz algebra in n non-commuting variables is the wotclosed algebra generated by the left regular representation of the free semigroup on n generators. The papers cited obtain a compelling analogue of Beurling’s theorem and inner–outer factorization. In this paper, we add further evidence. The main result is a short exact sequence determined by a canonical homomorphism of the automorphism group onto this algebra onto the group of conformal automorphisms of the unit ball of Cn. The kernel is the subgroup of quasi-inner automorphisms, which are trivial modulo the wot-closed commutator ideal. Additional evidence of analytic properties comes from the structure of k-dimensional (completely contractive) representations, which have a structure very similar to the fibration of the maximal ideal space of H∞ over the unit disk. An important tool in our analysis is a detailed structure theory for wot-closed right ideals. Curiously, left ideals remain more obscure. The non-commutative analytic Toeplitz algebra Ln is determined by the left regular representation of the free semigroup Fn on n generators z1, . . . , zn which acts on `2(Fn) by λ(w)ξv = ξwv for v, w in Fn. In particular, the algebra Ln is the unital, wot-closed algebra generated by the isometries Li = λ(zi) for 1 ≤ i ≤ n. This algebra and its norm-closed version (the noncommutative disk algebra) were introduced by Popescu [19] in an abstract sense in connection with a non-commutative von Neumann inequality and 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. 47D25. March 9, 1997; October 9, 1997 final draft. First author partially supported by an NSERC grant and a Killam Research Fellowship. Second author partially supported by an NSF grant.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: These studies provide the first evidence for redox-linked regulation of cystathionine β-synthase which is heme-dependent, and changes in heme oxidation state monitored by UV-visible spectroscopy.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used time-integrated normalized difference vegetation index (TI NDVI) derived from the multitemporal satellite imagery (1989-1993) as a surrogate for primary production to investigate climate impacts on grassland performance for central and northern Great Plains grasslands.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a long-term winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-fallow rotation system under chemical and mechanical tillage follow management was compared with those from native grass sod at Sidney, NE, from March 1993 to July 1995.
Abstract: Cropping and tillage management can increase atmospheric CO{sub 2}, N{sub 2}O, and CH{sub 4} concentrations, and contribute to global warming and destruction of the ozone layer. Fluxes of these gases in vented surface chambers, and water-filled pore space (WFPS) and temperature of surface soil were measured weekly from a long-term winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-fallow rotation system under chemical and mechanical tillage follow management and compared with those from native grass sod at Sidney, NE, from March 1993 to July 1995. Cropping, tillage, within-field location, time of year, soil temperature, and WFPS influenced net greenhouse gas fluxes. Mean annual interrow CO{sub 2} emissions from wheat-fallow ranged from 6.0 to 20.1 kg C ha{sup {minus}1} d{sup {minus}1} and generally increased with intensity and degree of tillage. Nitrous oxide flux averaged autumn > winter. Winter periods accounted for 4 to 10% and 3 to 47% of the annual CO{sub 2} and N{sub 2}O flux, respectively, and 12 to 21% of the annual CH{sub 4} uptake. Fluxes of CO{sub 2} and N{sub 2}O, and CH{sub 4} uptake increased linearly with soil temperature. No-till fallow exhibited the least threat to deterioration of atmospheric or soil quality as reflected by greater CH{sub 4} uptake, decreased N{sub 2}O and CO{sub w} emissions, and less loss of soil organic C than tilled soils. However, potential for increased C sequestration in this wheat-fallow system is limited due to reduced C input from intermittent cropping.« less

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The data indicate that the inhibitory effect of endogenous NO within the PVN on the renal sympathetic nerve activity is mediated by GABA, and this effect was eliminated by activation of the GABA system with muscimol.
Abstract: Both nitric oxide (NO) and GABA are known to provide inhibitory inputs to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus and are involved in the control of sympathetic outflow. The purpose o...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Among fathers, closer monitoring was directly associated with less adolescent substance use, with stronger effects among fathers who held more disapproving values regarding adolescent alcohol use.
Abstract: This study examines how experiences in the family domain may magnify or mitigate experiences in the peer domain, and how processes in both milieus may influence adolescent substance use. The data derived from 666 European American mother-adolescent dyads and 510 European American father-adolescent dyads. Consistent with individuation-connectedness theory, mothers' responsiveness lessened their adolescents' orientation to peers, which, in turn, reduced adolescent substance use. This process was moderated by maternal values regarding adolescent alcohol use; that is, the relation of maternal responsiveness to adolescent substance use depended on the extent of maternal approval or disapproval of adolescent alcohol use. Among fathers, closer monitoring was directly associated with less adolescent substance use, with stronger effects among fathers who held more disapproving values regarding adolescent alcohol use. Theoretical, methodological, and pragmatic implications are given.