Showing papers by "University of Nebraska Omaha published in 1991"
TL;DR: This paper examined the sentences imposed on defendants convicted of violent felonies in Detroit and found that race had a direct effect only on the decision to incarcerate but had indirect effects on both incarceration and sentence length.
Abstract: This paper builds on Kalven and Zeisel's “liberation hypothesis” and explores the possibility that racial discrimination in sentencing is confined to less serious cases. We examined the sentences imposed on defendants convicted of violent felonies in Detroit. We found that defendant's race had a direct effect only on the decision to incarcerate but had indirect effects on both incarceration and sentence length. Further analysis revealed an interaction between the race of the defendant, the seriousness of the case, and the harshness of the sentence. Using a number of measures of the seriousness of the case, we found that race had a significant effect on incarceration only in less serious cases. Our findings provide dramatic support for the liberation hypothesis and highlight the importance of using an interactive rather than an additive model in sentencing research.
188 citations
TL;DR: This article assessed the timecourse of meaning activation for ambiguous words and found that the dominant meaning was activated more quickly and maintained longer than the subordinate meaning, regardless of the interval between the sentence and the target.
171 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The data suggest that percutaneous injection of bone marrow and DBM may be a potential alternative that offers numerous advantages over standard open grafting techniques in the treatment of fractures with nonunited defects.
Abstract: Successful treatment of nonunited fractures remains a major clinical challenge. Because bone marrow and demineralized bone matrix (DBM) are capable of stimulating osteogenesis, experiments were designed to test the effectiveness of bone marrow or DBM or both when injected percutaneously into a canine nonunion model. Six-millimeter segmental defects were created in the midtibial diaphysis of 24 adult mongrel dogs and held distracted by external fixation. For comparative purposes, a 0.5-mm osteotomy was created in five dogs. Five weeks later, the 6-mm defects were injected with either saline, autogeneic marrow, DBM powder, a composite of bone marrow and DBM, or treated by open grafting techniques with autogenic cancellous bone. Healing of the defect was evaluated roentgenographically, biomechanically (three-point bending), histologically, and biochemically 13 weeks postsurgery. Marrow and DBM stimulated defect healing. However, the combination of bone marrow with DBM produced a synergistic response in the defect, which was greater than the sum of either marrow or DBM alone. Healing in the composite-grafted dogs was comparable to those treated by standard cancellous bone grafting. These data suggest that percutaneous injection of bone marrow and DBM may be a potential alternative that offers numerous advantages over standard open grafting techniques in the treatment of fractures with nonunited defects.
137 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined variability in offending rates within individuals, in particular their highest rates and most recent rates, and the implications for measuring the individual offending rate in individual interviews, a more detailed calendar system, and month-by-month reporting were used with an intake cohort of 403 recently convicted male offenders.
Abstract: The Rand Corporation 's pioneering study on self-reported measures of individual offending rates has generated considerable controversy. In this study, the Rand methodology was refined in an attempt to achieve more precise estimates of λ Individual interviews, a more detailed calendar system, and month-by-month reporting were used with an intake cohort of 403 recently convicted male offenders. This paper examines variability in offending rates within individuals, in particular their highest rates and most recent rates, and the implications for measuring λ
118 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that continued efforts to treat unresectable hepatoblastomas by liver transplantation is justified and the role of adjuvant chemotherapy in improving the results needs to be better defined.
Abstract: The current role of liver transplantation in treating malignant tumors of the liver is uncertain, except for select histologic types. Pooled data on the results of liver transplantation in 12 children with hepatoblastoma is presented here. One half of the children are alive 24 to 70 (44 ± 19) months after transplantation with no evidence of recurrence. Three patients (25%) died of tumor recurrence and three (25%) died of other causes. Unifocal and intrahepatic tumors were associated with better prognosis compared to the multifocal tumors and tumors with extrahepatic spread (p = 0.04 and 0.13). Microscopically vascular invasion and the predominance of embryonal and/or anaplastic epithelium were associated with a poor prognosis compared to the tumors with no vascular invasion and with predominantly fetal epithelium (p = 0.08 and 0.1). It is concluded that continued efforts to treat unresectable hepatoblastomas by liver transplantation is justified and the role of adjuvant chemotherapy in improving the results needs to be better defined.
114 citations
TL;DR: The results suggested that novices form detailed, concrete mental representations of the program text, supporting work that has previously been done with novice comprehension, and that the beginning of this process of comprehension of computer programs by novice programmers is examined.
Abstract: Comprehension of computer programs involves identifying important program parts and inferring relationships between them. The ability to comprehend a computer program is a skill that begins its development in the novice programmer and reaches maturity in the expert programmer. This research examined the beginning of this process, that of comprehension of computer programs by novice programmers. The mental representations of the program text that novices form, which indicate the comprehension strategies being used, were examined. In the first study, 80 novice programmers were tested on their comprehension of short program segments. The results suggested that novices form detailed, concrete mental representations of the program text, supporting work that has previously been done with novice comprehension. Their mental representations were primarily procedural in nature, with little or no modeling using real‐world referents. In a second study, the upper and lower quartile comprehenders from Study 1 were test...
105 citations
TL;DR: The authors trained an auto-associative network on a majority and a minority race of faces, and tested the model's ability to process the other-race effect in a series of simulations.
Abstract: We report a series of simulations on the well-known ‘other-race effect’. We trained an autoassociative network on a majority and a minority race of faces, and tested the model's ability to process ...
100 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined the effects of structural poverty and regional influence on state lethal-violence rates (LVRs) and suicide-homicide ratios (SHRs) for blacks and whites.
Abstract: For over a century, studies have consistently reported high rates of homicide in the Southern section of the United States. Some researchers argue that cultural differences tied to region are of primary importance in explaining this pattern, while others attribute high levels of homicide in the South to structural influences, particularly severe poverty. We examine the effects of structural poverty and regional influence, i.e., "Southernness," on state lethal-violence rates (LVRs) and suicide-homicide ratios (SHRs) for blacks and whites. Supporting past research that explains the link between economic deprivation and violence by a modified frustration-aggression model, we find that severe poverty is positively associated with lethal-violence rates for both races. Percent born in the South, our measure of regional influence, has no significant impact on the LVR, but it affects the mix of violence by increasing the proportion that is expressed as homicide among both blacks and whites. On the other hand, poverty increases the level of suicide relative to homicide for whites, but it does not for blacks. Implications for future research designed to unravel the social forces affecting the volume and type of lethal violence in populations are discussed.
83 citations
TL;DR: More than a decade of sustained, vigorous research has resulted in an applied cognitive psychology of eyewitness behvaviour that is a rapidly maturing body of knowledge as mentioned in this paper and several developments now would police forces to increase the sensitivity, reliability, and fairness of eyewitness memory retrieval.
Abstract: More than a decade of sustained, vigorous research has resulted in an applied cognitive psychology of eyewitness behvaviour that is a rapidly maturing body of knowledge. Several developments now would police forces to increase the sensitivity, reliability, and fairness of eyewitness memory retrieval. The juror's task of estimating the effects of certain variables on the accuracy of eyewitness report can now be a much more informed one, the relevant research literature now being relatively clear and consistent. Across studies the effect size of a number of these variables is moderate or greater. Equally important has been the consistent failure to document several results that would be predicted from the common-sense intuition of juror and jurist alike.
81 citations
TL;DR: The radiographic abnormalities that occurred in 39 transplantation patients with a diagnosis of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage were investigated and the findings with the patients' clinical course and the mortality rate was 77%.
Abstract: Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage is a life-threatening complication after bone marrow transplantation. We investigated the radiographic abnormalities that occurred in 39 transplantation patients with a diagnosis of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and correlated the findings with the patients' clinical course. The initial radiographic abnormalities after diffuse alveolar hemorrhage developed an average of 11 days after bone marrow transplantation, and the radiographic abnormalities preceded the clinical diagnosis by an average of 3 days. Twenty-seven patients initially had bilateral radiographic abnormalities; 10 initially had unilateral abnormalities (seven in the right lung, three in the left lung). Two patients had normal chest radiographs throughout their clinical course. All 37 patients with radiographic abnormalities had abnormalities involving the central portion of the lung, primarily the middle and lower lung zones. The initial radiographic pattern was interstitial in 27 and alveolar in 10. In 24 patients, radiographic abnormalities were initially judged to be mild; three were severe from the onset. Radiographic abnormalities rapidly worsened in most patients over 6 days. In 30 patients, diffuse bilateral radiographic abnormalities involving all lung zones developed. Eleven patients persisted in having only interstitial radiographic abnormalities; 26 had a confluent alveolar pattern. At the height of radiographic abnormalities, 27 cases were judged to be severe, and only one case was judged to be mild. The mortality rate in patients with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage was 77%. The radiographic abnormalities of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage are nonspecific and usually precede the clinical diagnosis. The clinical course after hemorrhage is short, often resulting in death.
69 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared decision making by black and white and by male and female judges in sexual assault cases disposed of in Detroit Recorder's Court from 1976 to 1985 and found no racial differences and very few gender differences.
Abstract: Those who champion the recruitment of minorities and women to the bench argue that black and female judges could bring about important policy changes. This study compared decision making by black and white and by male and female judges in sexual assault cases disposed of in Detroit Recorder's Court from 1976 to 1985. We found no racial differences and very few gender differences. The only exception was that female judges imposed longer prison sentences than did male judges. Considered together, the findings are indicative of the powerful influence of socialization on the legal profession and on the judicial role.
TL;DR: In this paper, a sample of 365 individuals completed three scales designed to assess various elements of the personal construct of sense of humor, and data were factor-analyzed to estimate what elements the scales measure.
Abstract: A sample of 365 individuals completed three scales designed to assess various elements of the personal construct of sense of humor. Data were factor-analyzed to estimate what elements the scales measure. Inadequacies are identified, and additional elements of sense of humor are recommended for a new, multidimensional humor scale.
TL;DR: Sub substrate specific hydrolysis by naturally occurring antibodies is demonstrated and the range of peptide bonds hydrolyzed by these antibodies are expanded to include VIP and atrial natriuretic peptide.
TL;DR: The context critical in determining what aspects of word meaning becomes activated during reading comprehension is proposed and research that makes use of normatively derived stimuli that represent the features activated by specific sentences is described.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter (1) proposes the context critical in determining what aspects of word meaning becomes activated during reading comprehension; (2) critically evaluates a task currently accepted as least problematic for the study of meaning access, followed by a discussion of an alternate methodology; and (3) describes research that makes use of normatively derived stimuli that represent the features activated by specific sentences. The chapter also discusses that current efforts to specify the locus of context effects on meaning retrieval by prematurely considering the greater issue of what is activated by context in general.
TL;DR: The authors examined the contribution of demographic data, methods, and models in six marketing journals from 1980 through 1988 and found that even though demographics appeared in over 15 percent of the studies, methodological and theoretical shortcomings limit their value.
Abstract: The use of demographics in marketing studies has a relatively long history. Given the proliferation of demographic data, and some of the concern over the shortcomings of demographic contributions to marketing, it is appropriate to assess the use of demographics in the marketing literature. This study examines the contribution of population data, methods, and models in six marketing journals from 1980 through 1988. The results show that even though demographics appear in over 15 percent of the studies, methodological and theoretical shortcomings limit their value. The findings are discussed with respect to application improvements that should be made.
TL;DR: The etiology of pancreatitis was a more important determinant of pseudocysts outcome than pseudocyst size or presentation, and the outcome was similar regardless of size and presentation.
Abstract: We reviewed our experience with 90 patients with pancreatic pseudocysts to determine if the cause of pancreatitis influenced the patients' outcome Acute pancreatitis (AP) occurred in 57 (63%) patients due to alcoholic (n = 15), postoperative (n = 14), biliary (n = 12), and other etiologies (n = 16) Thirty-three (37%) patients had chronic pancreatitis (CP) secondary to alcohol use (n = 27) or other causes (n = 6) Multiple pseudocysts were significantly more frequent in patients with acute alcoholic pancreatitis than in patients with chronic pancreatitis (47% versus 19%, p
TL;DR: The observation of the two-dimensional VRH behavior in juxtaposition with the superconductivity is in qualitative agreement with a theoretical model that considers the competition between super Conductivity and localization in a disordered system.
Abstract: An extensive study has been made of the resistivity of superconducting and semiconducting samples of the ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ca}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Gd}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{8+\mathit{d}}$ system. The effect of changing the Gd concentration and the annealing conditions is found to be a gradual change in the normal-state resistivity measured at 280 K (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{n}}$). With the increase in ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{n}}$, ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ is depressed. The form of the ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ depression is found to be consistent with a theory of localization and interaction effects on the superconductivity. In the insulator regime, however, the resistivity is due to variable-range hopping (VRH), the dimensionality of which changes from two to three as the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{n}}$ increases away from the superconductor-insulator boundary. The observation of the two-dimensional VRH behavior in juxtaposition with the superconductivity is in qualitative agreement with a theoretical model that considers the competition between superconductivity and localization in a disordered system. When ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{n}}$g1 \ensuremath{\Omega} cm, the resistivity variation is found to be dominated by multiphonon-assisted hopping.
TL;DR: The authors found that children as young as second grade are able to draw inferences from text, particularly when the coherence of the text requires such inferences, but that the ability to draw both kinds of inferences still increases with age.
Abstract: This study addressed age-related changes in the ability to draw inferences, and examined the generation process of the inferences themselves. Second-, fifth-, and eighth-grade children, and college undergraduates read eight stories from which two types of inferences could be drawn: those that are critical to the comprehension of a story (backward inferences), and those that are not (forward inferences). Subjects then answered questions testing whether the appropriate inferences had been drawn. Backward inferences were drawn more reliably and more rapidly than were forward inferences, at all grade levels. The results suggest that children as young as second grade are able to draw inferences from text, particularly when the coherence of the text requires such inferences, but that the ability to draw both kinds of inferences still increases with age. It is also suggested that, for all ages, backward inferences are most likely to be drawn at the time the text is encoded, while forward inferences are most likely to be drawn only when needed, at retrieval.
RESUME
Coherence textuelle et developpement des capacites de production d'inferences
Beaucoup soutiennent que la capacitea faire des inferences est un important determinant de la comprehension en lecture. Quoiqu'il y ait abondance de recherches montrant que l'enfant et l'adulte sont des producteurs d'inference prolixes, quand on s'interesse au lieu de production des inferences, l'image est beaucoup moins Claire. La question n'est plus de savoir si les enfants et les adultes peuvent faire des inferences, mais de savoir quand on fait ces inferences. Les inferences sont-elles encodees lors de la comprehension et, par consequent, sont-elles stockees en tant que partie de la representation mnemonique du texte, ou les sujets font-ils simplement des inferences lors de la recuperation en memoire, quand c'est necessaire pour certains types de reponses?
Le modele bien connu de comprehension de texte de Kintsch (Kintsch, 1974; Kintsch et Van Dijk, 1978) considere que la construction d'une base de texte coherente necessite souvent l'inclusion de propositions qui n'ont pas eteetablies explicitement. Ces propositions implicites representent essentiellement des inferences arriere produites pendant I'encodage pour lier une nouvelle proposition avec une proposition deja inclue en memoire de travail ou en memoire a long terme. Le modele de Kintsch ne considere cependant pas que les inferences avant soient effectuees en cours de lecture, sans prise en consideration de leur caractere plus ou moins plausible ou contraint. Toutes les inferences avant ont lieu lors du recouvrement.
Un travail preliminaire de Singer et Ferreira (1983) avec des adultes a montre que l'on fait des inferences arriere lors de l'encodage, alors qu'on ne fait pas d'inferences plausibles mais avant jusqu'au moment du recouvrement. Ces resultats appuient le modele de Kintsch, et suggerent que le role que jouent les inferences dans la construction d'une base de texte coherente est le facteur determinant pour savoir si oui ou non elles sont effectuees pendant I'encodage actuel du texte.
Alors qu'il existe des donnees a ce sujet concernant les adultes, peu de donnees se rapportent au developpement. Il est possible que puisque les inferences arriere sont necessaires a la comprehension d'un message, elles apparaissent genetiquement plus tot que les inferences avant qui sont plus elaborees. Nous avons donc planifie cette recherche pour examiner les changements dans la realisation des inferences avant et arriere en fonction de l'âge. Des enfants de 2°, 5° et 8° annee et des etudiants de 1 °cycle ont lu huit histoires permettant de faire des inferences avant et arriere. Les sujets ont ensuite repondu a des questions pour evaluer ces inferences, et on a mesure la vitesse et l'exactitude des reponses. On a trouve que quoique les 2° annee font les deux types d'inferences plus souvent qu'au hasard, les resultats aux questions d'inference montrent bien un substantial accroissement avec l'âge. Plus important cependant est le fait que, a tous les niveaux d'âge, les inferences arriere sont effectuees avec une fidelite et une vitesse plus grandes que les inferences avant. Ceci suggere que les inferences arriere sont realisees en cours de lecture, alors que les inferences avant ne sont pas realisees avant le moment du test. Les resultats suggerent que les enfants, des la 2° annee, sont capables de faire des inferences sur un texte, surtout quand la coherence du texte necessite ces inferences, mais que la capacitea faire les deux types d'inferences augmente avec 1′âge. On conclue qu'il serait preferable de considerer les inferences comme relevant de deux categories: a) les inferences sans lesquelles le texte ne serait pas coherent (inferences arriere), et b) celles qui sont impliquees par le texte mais qui ne sont pas necessaires pour sa comprehension (inferences avant).
TL;DR: Primary CMV exposure is a major risk factor for CMV disease in liver transplant recipients and intravenous IgG plus acyclovir is safe and effective in preventing CMV infection and disease in this setting.
Abstract: UNLABELLED During a 38-month period, we studied 320 liver transplants in 283 recipients (202 adults, 81 children). CMV disease was documented in 85 patients (30.0%) The major risk factor for CMV disease was primary CMV exposure (transplanting a seropositive allograft into a seronegative recipient). A total of 42 patients (14.8%) had primary CMV exposure. Twenty-one patients were historical controls, while the next 21 received prophylaxis for CMV infection in a nonrandomized trial of consecutive study groups. The regimen of prophylaxis consisted of intravenous immune globulin (IgG; 0.5 g/kg) at weekly intervals for 6 weeks and acyclovir for 3 months. CMV prophylaxis resulted in a dramatic reduction in the incidence of CMV disease (71.4% vs. 23.8%, (P less than 0.01). All cases of CMV were treated with intravenous ganciclovir (5 mg/kg b.i.d. for 14 days), with 5 patients in the control group developing recurrent CMV disease (33.3% relapse). In the 16 patients receiving prophylaxis who did not develop CMV disease, all developed positive CMV-IgG titers with the passive administration of IgG. However, none developed any evidence of CMV infection or viral shedding as assessed by IgM titers and surveillance viral cultures. Four deaths occurred (all control patients), but none were related to CMV disease. Overall patient and graft survivals after primary CMV exposure were 90.5% and 82.2%, respectively, after a mean follow-up of 14 months. CONCLUSION Primary CMV exposure is a major risk factor for CMV disease in liver transplant recipients. Intravenous IgG plus acyclovir is safe and effective in preventing CMV infection and disease in this setting. Because of the scarcity of donor organs, we do not advocate protective matching to avoid primary CMV exposure but rather recommend prophylaxis to prevent CMV disease in this high-risk group.
TL;DR: A survey for Babesia microti in rodents was conducted at six sites within Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming andSplenomegaly and reticulocytosis were significant parameters associated with babesiosis while decreased hematocrit was not.
Abstract: . A survey for Babesia microti in rodents was conducted at six sites within Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming. Blood and spleen smears, hematocrits, and reticulocyte counts were made on all of the animals to evaluate parameters for the diagnosis of babesiosis. Ticks were removed for identification. Of 257 Microtus montanus, 103 were infected with B. microti. In addition, five of 12 Microtus pennsylvanicus and one of three Arvicola richardsoni were parasitized by B. microti. Peromyscus maniculatus (n = 40) were not infected. Concurrent infections by Hepatozoon sp., Trypanosoma sp., and the bacterium, Grahamella sp., were noted in blood smears from a number of M. montanus. Splenomegaly and reticulocytosis were significant parameters associated with babesiosis while decreased hematocrit was not. Ticks removed from the voles were identified as Ixodes eastoni and were the probable vectors of the B. microti.
TL;DR: In this article, various techniques for obtaining estimates of parameters related to the spectrum of an underlying process are discussed, including the conventional nonparametric FFT approach and more recently developed parametric techniques such as maximum entropy, MUSIC, and ESPRIT, the latter two being classified as signal subspace or eigenvector techniques.
TL;DR: Bereaved parents' intensity of grieving scores were generally higher than those reported on the TRIG norms, and in response to The Bereavement Questionnaire, they were able to identify what health care professionals did or said that was helpful or unhelpful before, during, and after their child's death.
Abstract: The death of a neonate, infant, or child is a tragedy that greatly impacts on many individuals' lives. Nurses and other health-care professionals provide care for not only the dying child but also the grieving parents and families. It is imperative that health care professionals are cognizant of the components and intensity of parental grieving and the critical role that they must assume in supporting bereaved parents prior to, at the time of, and after the child's death. The purpose of this study was to measure the intensity of parental grieving and collect information from bereaved parents regarding their perception of health care professionals' interventions. The results indicated that bereaved parents' intensity of grieving scores were generally higher than those reported on the TRIG norms. In response to The Bereavement Questionnaire, they were able to identify what health care professionals did or said that was helpful or unhelpful before, during, and after their child's death.
TL;DR: In a study of 99 companies located throughout both countries, several distinct differences between the US and the UK were found as mentioned in this paper, including: US companies tend to provide a greater range of training and education for their employees than do UK companies Incentives for employees are more prevalent in the US than the UK The UK lags behind the US in taking JIT to the shopfloor Respondents in both countries indicated comparable dissatisfaction with the implementation process Problems in implementation included: lack of top management commitment and support, poor communication, lack of cross-functional planning teams, data accuracy, and supplier
Abstract: Managerial practices and perceptions in the implementation of just‐in‐time (JIT) principles and concepts are significantly different in the United Kingdom compared to the United States In a study of 99 companies located throughout both countries, several distinct differences between the US and the UK were found US companies tend to provide a greater range of training and education for their employees than do UK companies Incentives for employees are more prevalent in the US than the UK The UK lags behind the US in taking JIT to the shopfloor Respondents in both countries indicated comparable dissatisfaction with the implementation process Problems in implementation included: lack of top management commitment and support, poor communication, lack of cross‐functional planning teams, data accuracy, and supplier participation In conclusion, JIT tends to be viewed more often as a technique by UK managers whereas their US counterparts practise JIT from a philosophical perspective
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Collagen type I and III gene expression is greater in older, diseased aorta, yet collagen accumulated only in AOD, implying a similar synthetic response in both AOD and AAA.
TL;DR: A multiple‐goals interpretation of the literature on sexual harassment is used to understand the situational features that make sexual harassment difficult to deflect through face‐to‐face communication.
Abstract: This paper employs theoretical message frameworks from literature on assertiveness, intra‐organizational influence, and message design logic to present an interpersonal communication approach for managing sexual harassment in organizations. A multiple‐goals interpretation of the literature on sexual harassment is used to understand the situational features that make sexual harassment difficult to deflect through face‐to‐face communication. The discussion of situational features provides a general context for evaluating the potential effectiveness of message strategies that may be used to manage sexual harassment. The paper concludes with guidelines for developing education programs in organizations and with suggestions for research in the area.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the problem of definition in learning disabilities and suggested that available definitions of LD are not real in the Aristarchy of the United States, and proposed a new definition of LD.
Abstract: This article examines the problem of definition in learning disabilities. First, the focus is on the nature of definition. It is suggested that available definitions of LD are not real in the Arist...
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Although enteral delivery of nutrients is the preferred route for maintenance of intestinal mass, provision of specific nutrients and hormonal stimulation during parenteral alimentation has been shown to be important in maintaining mucosal structure and function.
TL;DR: This procedure can be performed in an outpatient setting, usually without the need for either local or general anesthesia; it is particularly useful for patients considered to be poor risks for general anesthesia.
Abstract: Power drills can be used to stimulate the formation of granulation tissue over exposed cortical bone. These tools allow for the rapid fenestration and selective abrasion of large areas of exposed bone; fenestration and abrasion create the multiple bleeding points essential for the production of granulation tissue. The granulation tissue thus produced is allowed to grow out through the holes to cover bone. This procedure can be performed in an outpatient setting, usually without the need for either local or general anesthesia; it is particularly useful for patients considered to be poor risks for general anesthesia. Healing by granulation tissue is a somewhat slow process, but it has a high success rate, causes few complications, and produces very good cosmetic results. Two cases illustrate the method of fenestration of exposed cranial bone to stimulate granulation tissue. Specific instructions describe the needed care of exposed bone.
TL;DR: In comparison with baseline data from a group of 212 university graduate students in the USA, these 234 medical undergraduates had significantly more positive attitudes towards the aged; in another comparison, their death anxiety was significantly lower than a groups of 599 from the general population.
Abstract: Summary This study presents an analysis of possible changes in attitudes towards older persons and in attitudes towards personal death anxiety that might occur over the course of undergraduate medical education Three entering classes of medical students at a university in the Mid-western United States completed an attitudes towards old people scale, a death anxiety scale, and a standard personality inventory As graduating seniors, they again completed the attitudes towards old people scale and the death anxiety scale Significant changes did not occur In comparison with baseline data from a group of 212 university graduate students in the USA, these 234 medical undergraduates had significantly more positive attitudes towards the aged; in another comparison, their death anxiety was significantly lower than a group of 599 from the general population Implications are discussed
TL;DR: In this article, the authors re-examine the evidence rejecting the expectations theory of the term structure and find that the weekly and monthly data are consistent with a weak form of the expectations hypothesis in which the yield curve has substantial predictive power for short rates for each subperiod except 1934-1959 and 1979-1989.
Abstract: This paper re-examines the evidence rejecting the expectations theory of the term structure Weekly, monthly, and quarterly data on three- and six-month interest rates are employed for five subperiods—1910–1914, 1919–1933, 1934–1959, 1959–1978, and 1979–1989 Econometric techniques are used to correct standard errors for overlapping data and for heteroscedasticity Findings indicate that the weekly and monthly data are consistent with a weak form of the expectations hypothesis in which the yield curve has substantial predictive power for short rates for each subperiod except 1934–1959 and 1979–1989 Results for the period before the founding of the Federal Reserve indicate that a strong version of the expectations hypothesis cannot be rejected in which the joint hypothesis of rational expectations and expectations theory is hypothesized The use of cointegration tests and an error-correction model framework to determine whether short and long rates have a common stochastic trend indicates that long and short rates are cointegrated