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Showing papers by "University of Nebraska Omaha published in 2000"



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors distinguished between two modal emotional display rules, demands to express positive efference and demands to suppress negative efference, that partially constitute the work roles of many employees.
Abstract: The present study distinguished between two modal emotional display rules, demands to express positive efference and demands to suppress negative efference, that partially constitute the work roles of many employees. Perceived demands to express positive emotion were positively related to health symptoms primarily among those reporting: (1) lower identification with the organization; (2) lower job involvement; and (3) lower emotional adaptability. The effects of various personality traits and situational variables on perceived emotional labor differed depending on the nature of the emotional labor. The findings are discussed in terms of implications of emotional labor for health and practices through which organizations might intervene to minimize its unhealthful consequences among employees. We also attempt to reconcile the findings with some of the related research in psychology suggesting that some forms of required efference may have salutary physiological consequences. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

593 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper examined the intersections of the effects of race, gender, age, and age on sentence outcomes in three large urban jurisdictions, including Hispanics as well as blacks and test for interactions between ethnicity, age and gender.
Abstract: A recent study of sentencing decisions in Pennsylvania (Steffensmeier et al., 1998) identified significant interrelationships among race, gender, age, and sentence severity. The authors of this study found that each of the three offender characteristics had significant direct effects on sentence outcomes and that the characteristics interacted to produce substantially harsher sentences for one category of offenders—young black males. This study responds to Steffensmeier et al.'s (1998:789) call for “further research analyzing how race effects may be mediated by other factors.” We replicate their research approach, examining the intersections of the effects of race, gender, and age on sentence outcomes. We extend their analysis in three ways: We examine sentence outcomes in three large urban jurisdictions; we include Hispanics as well as blacks and test for interactions between ethnicity, age, and gender; and we test for interactions between race/ethnicity, gender, and employment status. Our results are generally—although not entirely—consistent with the results of the Pennsylvania study. Although none of the offender characteristics affects the length of the prison sentence, each has a significant direct effect on the likelihood of incarceration in at least one of the jurisdictions. More importantly, the four offender characteristics interact to produce harsher sentences for certain types of offenders. Young black and Hispanic males face greater odds of incarceration than middle-aged white males, and unemployed black and Hispanic males are substantially more likely to be sentenced to prison than employed white males. Thus, our results suggest that offenders with constellations of characteristics other than “young black male” pay a punishment penalty.

492 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were used to assess postpartum depressive symptomatology among a convenience sample that completed the two questionnaires twice.

326 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: To functionally investigate the distribution of the olfactory epithelium in humans by means of the electro‐olfactogram (EOG) and anatomically located biopsy specimens.
Abstract: Objectives/Hypothesis To functionally investigate the distribution of the olfactory epithelium in humans by means of the electro-olfactogram (EOG) and anatomically located biopsy specimens. Study Design Prospective, nonrandomized, investigational. Methods Supra-threshold EOG recordings were made on 12 healthy, trained volunteers (6 women, 6 men; age range, 21–48 y). Vanillin was used as the stimulus, since it exclusively excites olfactory receptor neurons. The EOG was recorded with tubular electrodes that were placed using thin-fiber endoscopic guidance. Biopsy specimens were obtained of anterosuperior nasal cavity mucosa in the same regions as the positive EOGs in 15 smell-tested patients (7 women, 8 men; age range, 22–60 y) during routine nasal and sinus surgery. This biopsied tissue was histologically processed and stained for olfactory and neural proteins. Results Viable responses to EOG testing were obtained in 7 of 12 subjects. In these seven subjects it was possible to identify nine sites above or below the anterior middle turbinate insertion where EOGs were obtained. The biopsy results showed mature olfactory receptor neurons in this same area. Conclusions Human olfactory epithelium appears to be distributed more anteriorly than previously assumed.

260 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article found that women face significantly lower odds of incarceration than do men in all three jurisdictions, and that the effect of race is conditioned by gender but the effects of gender, with only one exception, is not conditioned by race.
Abstract: Dramatic increases in the number of women incarcerated in state and federal prisons have led some researchers to conclude that differential sentencing of female offenders is a thing of the past. This study uses data on offenders convicted of felonies in Chicago, Miami, and Kansas City to address this issue. The authors find no evidence to support this “gender neutrality” hypothesis. In all three jurisdictions, women face significantly lower odds of incarceration than do men. The results also reveal that the effect of race is conditioned by gender but the effect of gender, with only one exception, is not conditioned by race; harsher treatment of racial minorities is confined to men but more lenient treatment of women is found for both racial minorities and Whites.

235 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: White blood cell scanning is an important complementary test to CT in ambiguous cases, such as in the early postoperative period, and may be more sensitive in detection of early graft infection.
Abstract: Prosthetic graft infections are an uncommon complication of aortic bypass. These infections may have serious sequelae such as limb loss and can be lethal. They are hard to eradicate and, under certain circumstances, difficult to diagnose. Usually, computed tomography (CT) is the most efficacious imaging method for diagnosis of graft infections due to its quick availability. The sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging in detection of perigraft infection has not been thoroughly investigated but is probably similar to that of CT. After the early postoperative period, persistent or expanding perigraft soft tissue, fluid, and gas are the CT findings of graft infection. Aortoenteric fistula should be considered a subset of aortic graft infection; however, perigraft air is more likely to be seen with an aortoenteric fistula. Other conditions associated with graft infection include pseudoaneurysm, hydronephrosis, and osteomyelitis. Adjunctive studies such as sinography, ultrasonography, gallium scanning, and labeled white blood cell scanning can be quite useful in diagnosis, determination of the extent of disease, and selection of the treatment modality. White blood cell scanning is an important complementary test to CT in ambiguous cases, such as in the early postoperative period, and may be more sensitive in detection of early graft infection.

227 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 2000-Geology
TL;DR: In this article, a new glacial chronology demonstrating asynchroneity between advances of Himalayan glaciers and Northern Hemisphere ice-sheet volumes is presented, and the authors highlight the overall sensitivity of the Himalayan glaciation to orbital forcing of monsoon intensity, and on millennial or shorter time scales, to changes in North Atlantic circulation.
Abstract: We present a new glacial chronology demonstrating asynchroneity between advances of Himalayan glaciers and Northern Hemisphere ice-sheet volumes. Glaciers at Nanga Parbat expanded during the early to middle Holocene ca. 9.0–5.5 ka. No major advances at Nanga Parbat during the last global glacial stage of marine oxygen isotope stage 2 (MIS-2) between 24 and 11 ka were identified. Preliminary evidence also indicates advances between ca. 60 and 30 ka. These periods of high ice volume coincide with warm, wet regional climates dominated by a strong southwest Asian summer monsoon. The general lack of deposits dating from MIS-2 suggests that Nanga Parbat was too arid to support expanded ice during this period of low monsoon intensity. Advances during warm, wet periods are possible for the high-altitude summer accumulation glaciers typical of the Himalayas, and explain asynchronous behavior. However, the Holocene advances at Nanga Parbat appear to have been forced by an abrupt drop in temperature ca. 8.4–8.0 ka and an increase in winter precipitation ca. 7–5.5 ka. These results highlight the overall sensitivity of Himalayan glaciation to orbital forcing of monsoon intensity, and on millennial or shorter time scales, to changes in North Atlantic circulation.

187 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The purpose of this research and report is to investigate the key players and their roles along with the existing methods and obstacles in Requirements Elicitation and concentrate on emphasizing key activities and methods for gathering information, as well as offering new approaches and ideas for improving the transfer and record of this information.
Abstract: Requirements engineering are one of the most crucial steps in software development process. Without a well-written requirements specification, developer’s do not know what to build, user’s do not know what to expect, and there is no way to validate that the created system actually meets the original needs of the user. Much of the emphasis in the recent attention for a software engineering discipline has centered on the formalization of software specifications and their flowdown to system design and verification. Undoubtedly, the incorporation of such sound, complete, and unambiguous traceability is vital to the success of any project. However, it has been our experience through years of work (on both sides) within the government and private sector military industrial establishment that many projects fail even before they reach the formal specification stage. That is because too often the developer does not truly understand or address the real requirements of the user and his environment. The purpose of this research and report is to investigate the key players and their roles along with the existing methods and obstacles in Requirements Elicitation. The article will concentrate on emphasizing key activities and methods for gathering this information, as well as offering new approaches and ideas for improving the transfer and record of this information. Our hope is that this article will become an informal policy reminder/guideline for engineers and project managers alike. The success of our products and systems are largely determined by our attention to the human dimensions of the requirements process. We hope this article will bring attention to this oft-neglected element in software development and encourage discussion about how to effectively address the issue. q 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

182 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For children living in Omaha, Nebraska who had been briefly exposed during professional remodeling the blood lead fell with a half-life of 10 months but for those who had suffered prolonged exposure during remodeling by parents the apparent half- life was longer, between 20 and 38 months.

162 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a mechanism by which glaciers can form rock glaciers through inefficiency of sediment transfer from glacier ice to meltwater, which is caused by various processes that promote plentiful sediment supply and decrease sediment transfer potential.
Abstract: The origin and mobilization of the extensive debris cover associated with the glaciers of the Nanga Parbat Himalaya is complex. In this paper we propose a mechanism by which glaciers can form rock glaciers through inefficiency of sediment transfer from glacier ice to meltwater. Inefficient transfer is caused by various processes that promote plentiful sediment supply and decrease sediment transfer potential. Most debris‐covered glaciers on Nanga Parbat with higher velocities of movement and/ or efficient debris transfer mechanisms do not form rock glaciers, perhaps because debris is mobilized quickly and removed from such glacier systems. Those whose ice movement activity is lower and those where inefficient sediment transfer mechanisms allow plentiful debris to accumulate, can form classic rock glaciers.We document here with maps, satellite images, and field observations the probable evolution of part of a slow and inefficient ice glacier into a rock glacier at the margins of Sachen Glacier in c. 50 year...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a qualitative study was conducted to describe regular education early childhood teachers' perceptions of those factors that contributed to or hindered their success in inclusive classrooms, revealing four themes that affected their perceptions about inclusion: more adequate and focused training for both regular and special education personnel, better consideration of classroom load factors, more reliable support (in-class, collaborative, and administrative), and help to find more time to...
Abstract: The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe regular education early childhood teachers' perceptions of those factors that contributed to or hindered their success in inclusive classrooms. From among the K-3 teachers in one pro-inclusion school district, six teachers (three self-described as successful with inclusion and three as unsuccessful) were randomly selected to participate in a series of four semi-structured interviews about their current experiences with inclusion. Analysis of the interview data indicated a strong shared belief in the fundamental value of inclusion, as well as revealing four themes that affected their perceptions about inclusion. The themes indicated a need for: more adequate and focused training (for both regular and special education personnel), better consideration of classroom load factors (including class size, ratios, and type and severity of special needs), more reliable support (in-class, collaborative, and administrative), and help to find more time to ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For example, the authors found that older adults with a high likelihood of being within 15 years of retirement reported more frequent thinking and talking about their plans to retire, and the consideration given to retirement was more frequent in circumstances that might orient workers toward the future.
Abstract: The scope of explanation for retirement behavior could be greatly enlarged by acknowledging workers’ extended engagement with the question before the event—its “givenness” in their future, and their course of action toward it. This study provides evidence for such extended involvement among workers aged 51 to 61 in the 1992 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) who saw themselves being within 15 years of retiring. To the extent that workers foresaw less time left at work, they reported more frequent thinking and talking about retirement. This pattern was quite general. The consideration given to retirement was, as expected, more frequent in circumstances that might orient workers toward the future. However, even absent these circumstances, subjective proximity still predicted the topicality of retirement. Widely held, albeit individual, timetables for retirement demonstrate its embeddedness in the subjective life course of older workers.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results demonstrate that both cations are toxic, producing oxidative tissue damage and apoptosis, and more drastic effects were observed on K562 and HL‐60 cells as compared with normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
Abstract: Sodium dichromate [Cr(VI)] and cadmium chloride [Cd(II)] are both cytotoxic and mutagenic. This study examined the toxic and apoptotic potentials of these two cations on three cell types in vitro, namely, human chronic myelogenous leukemic (CML) K562 cells, promyelocytic leukemic HL-60 cells, and normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The cells were incubated with 0-100 microM concentrations of the two cations for 0, 24, or 48 hours at 37 degrees C. Both Cr(VI) and Cd(II) induced changes in intracellular oxidized states of cells, which were detected using laser scanning confocal microscopy. Cell cycle modulation and apoptosis of the K562 cells by Cr(VI) and Cd(II) were determined by flow cytometry. Significant decreases in the G2/M phase were observed in the Cr(VI) and Cd(II) treated CML cells compared with untreated cells. At 12.5 microM, Cr(VI) induced greater apoptosis in K562 cells as compared with Cd(II). In the K562 cells, 2.2- and 3.0-fold increases in DNA fragmentation were observed following incubation with 12.5 and 25 microM Cr(VI), respectively, and 1.2- and 1.7-fold increases in DNA fragmentation were observed with Cd(II). Furthermore, approximately 2.7- and 4.9-fold increases in cytochrome c reduction were observed following incubation with 12.5 and 25 microM Cr(VI), respectively, and 1.6- and 3.3-fold increases in cytochrome c reduction were observed with Cd(II), demonstrating enhanced production of superoxide anion. Approximately 3.1 to 6-fold increases in hydroxyl radical production were observed following incubation of the K562 cells with these cations at 12.5 and 25 microM concentrations. These results in K562 cells were compared with promyelocytic leukemic HL-60 cells and normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. More pronounced effects were observed on K562 and HL-60 cells, and much lesser effects were observed on normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The results demonstrate that both cations are toxic, producing oxidative tissue damage and apoptosis. Furthermore, more drastic effects were observed on K562 and HL-60 cells as compared with normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This quasi-qualitative study investigates eight workforce cultural factors in seven midwestern hospitals and reveals only one of the seven hospitals successfully implementing TQM/CQI.
Abstract: One of the major obstacles to successful implementation of TQM/CQI in hospitals has been management's failure to consider the workforce cultural situation. This quasi-qualitative study investigates eight workforce cultural factors in seven midwestern hospitals. Results reveal only one of the seven hospitals successfully implementing TQM/CQI.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe temporal patterns of change in paternal behaviour and urinary concentrations of the steroid hormones testosterone (T) and oestradiol (E2) in male black tufted-ear marmosets, Callithrix kuhlii, relative to the birth of their young, and test predictions of the hypotheses that high levels of T are incompatible with paternal care and levels of E2 vary with a father's prior experience in his family group.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The overall survival rate was 96% and the eye was preserved in 86% of the patients, but vision was impaired in 70% of them, and the current IRS-V study recommends decreasing the dose of irradiation and using conformal techniques in an attempt to minimize these complications.
Abstract: Background We reviewed the late complications of therapy in 94 patients with localized, primary rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit treated on the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IRS)-III protocol (1984–1991). Procedure A questionnaire was sent to the institutions that had registered 106 patients with orbital RMS on the IRS-III protocol, seeking information about vision, periocular structures, and growth and development of the 102 survivors. Results Ninety-four questionnaires were returned. The median follow-up interval was 7.6 years. The affected eye was removed from 13 patients because of local recurrence (N = 10) or other causes (N = 3). Seventy-nine of the eighty-one remaining patients had received radiation therapy. Sixty-five of these seventy-nine patients (82%) developed a cataract, and 43 of them (66%) underwent cataract surgery. Fifty-five patients (70%) had decreased visual acuity. Twenty-four patients had a dry eye, and 22 had chronic keratitis, conjunctivitis, or corneal changes. Strabismus, diplopia, retinopathy, and uveitis were uncommon. The orbit was hypoplastic in 48 of 82 patients assessed (59%). Ptosis and enophthalmos were reported in 22 patients. Decreased statural growth was noted in 13 of the 53 irradiated patients aged 3–14 years at diagnosis with sufficient data (24%). Conclusions The overall survival rate was 96% (102/106). The eye was preserved in 86% of the patients, but vision was impaired in 70% of them. Other frequent complications were cataract, orbital hypoplasia, keratoconjunctivitis, and ptosis/enophthalmos. The current IRS-V study recommends decreasing the dose of irradiation and using conformal techniques in an attempt to minimize these complications. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 34:413–420, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is argued that notwithstanding underlying philosophical differences, it can be concluded that IS is an emerging scientific discipline and enhances the ability of supporters of the IS field to defend against criticisms, integration with other disciplines, and resource rivalry.
Abstract: The information systems (IS) discipline is apparently undergoing an identity crisis. Academicians question the need for IS departments in colleges, stating the absence of a core for the field and its integration within other business functions as a basis for its elimination. At the same time, many practitioners, as reflected in the U.S. government's recent IT labor shortage report, continue to ignore IS as a distinct field of study. This article briefly outlines these and other challenges and argues that notwithstanding underlying philosophical differences, it can be concluded that IS is an emerging scientific discipline. This conclusion is reached through an assessment of the debate surrounding the issue of whether IS should be a discipline and an analysis of the IS discipline using some key characteristics of "science." The arguments put forth in this paper have four key implications for the IS community: a continuing emphasis on adopting scientific principles and practices for conducting inquiry into IS phenomena; an enhancement of the self-concept of IS academics and professionals through a common identity; it enhances the ability of supporters of the IS field to defend against criticisms, integration with other disciplines, and resource rivalry; and it creates the potential of being well-situated to building a cumulative tradition in the field.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: There was no apparent relationship between tetraoxane structure and in vitro neurotoxicity, nor was there any correlation between antimalarial activity and neurotoxicity for these seventeen tetraxanes.
Abstract: Sixteen alkyl-substituted dispiro-1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes (7,8,15, 16-tetraoxadispiro[5.2.5.2]hexadecanes) were synthesized to explore dispiro-1,2,4,5-tetraoxane SAR and to identify tetraoxanes with better oral antimalarial activity than prototype tetraoxane 1 (WR 148999). The tetraoxanes were prepared either by peroxidation of the corresponding cyclohexanone derivatives in H(2)SO(4)/CH(3)CN or by ozonolysis of the corresponding cyclohexanone methyl oximes. Those tetraoxanes with alkyl substituents at the 1 and 10 positions were formed as single stereoisomers, whereas the five tetraoxanes formed without the stereochemical control provided by alkyl groups at the 1 and 10 positions were isolated as mixtures of diastereomers. Three of the sixteen tetraoxanes were inactive (IC(50)'s > 1000 nM), but five (2, 6, 10, 11, 12) had IC(50)'s between 10 and 30 nM against the chloroquine-sensitive D6 and chloroquine-resistant W2 clones of Plasmodium falciparum compared to corresponding IC(50)'s of 55 and 32 nM for 1 and 8.4 and 7.3 nM for artemisinin. We suggest that tetraoxanes 13, 16, and 17 were inactive and tetraoxanes 4 and 7 were weakly active due to steric effects preventing or hindering peroxide bond access to parasite heme. Tetraoxanes 1, 10, 11, and 14, along with artemisinin and arteether as controls, were administered po b.i.d. (128 mg/kg/day) to P. berghei-infected mice on days 3, 4, and 5 post-infection. At this dose, tetraoxanes 10, 11, and 14 cured between 40% and 60% of the infected animals. In comparison, artemisinin and tetraoxane 1 produced no cures, whereas arteether cured 100% of the infected animals. There was no apparent relationship between tetraoxane structure and in vitro neurotoxicity, nor was there any correlation between antimalarial activity and neurotoxicity for these seventeen tetraoxanes.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article found that Japanese firms in several industries adjust their R&D budgets to smooth profits during the recent economic crisis, and that the adjustments to research budgets are larger in expansion years.
Abstract: During the recent recession (1991 to present), Japanese firms decreased their spending on R&D for the first time since World War II. The decreases have raised concerns that Japanese managers may be making suboptimal allocations to R&D. We test whether Japanese managers adjust R&D based on short-term performance. Our results show that Japanese firms in several industries adjust their R&D budgets to smooth profits. Interestingly, adjustments to R&D are larger in expansion years. These results, similar to those documented with U.S. managers, point to myopic decision making by Japanese managers.

Journal Article
TL;DR: E-commerce will have significant impacts on each of the business-level strategic areas, including addedvalue, differentiation, cost leadership, focus, and growth source.
Abstract: This paper examines the impact of electronic commerce on business-level strategies. The paper examines electronic commerce (E.C) from the perspective of intra-business E.C., business-to-business E.C., business-toconsumer E.C., and value/supply chain management. Business-level strategies are considered to include: addedvalue, differentiation, cost leadership, focus, and growth source. The paper concludes that E-commerce will have significant impacts on each of the business-level strategic areas.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors made the case that internships in nonprofits often can provide many of the same transitional benefits as internship in industry, and more, and provided practical guidance for professors who provide them.
Abstract: that, since most business and professional communication students will graduate to work in industry, the best placements for them are, therefore, necessarily in industry as well. Certainly industry-sponsored internships are valuable as career preparation. However, my five years of experience coordinating internships for our Technical & Professional Writing Program at San Francisco State University convinces me that internships in nonprofits often can provide many of the same transitional benefits as internships in industry, and more. This article makes the case for that claim plus provides practical guidance for professors who

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Suicide is rare among older African American women as discussed by the authors and the reasons for this phenomenon were explored in a study of attitudes toward suicide with a sampler of black women in the United States.
Abstract: Suicide is rare among older African American women. This article describes a study in which reasons for this phenomenon were explored. A study of attitudes toward suicide was conducted with a sampl...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper found that youths with low self-control levels reported that they were more deeply involved in gangs than youths with high self control, as were youths who were not closely monitored by their parents.
Abstract: The variable roles of family, gender, and race are underdeveloped in Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime, also called self control and propensity-event theory. Using cross-sectional data generated as part of the National Evaluation of the Gang Resistance Education and Training program, we assessed the links between the self-reported gang involvement of 5,935 eighth-grade public school students residing in eleven widely dispersed cities and their levels of self-control, gender, minority group status, and family context. We found that youths with low self-control levels reported that they were more deeply involved in gangs than youths with high self-control, as were youths who were not closely monitored by their parents. We also found differences by gender, minority group status, and family structure. This article explores the limitations and implications of these findings for gang research, theory, and juvenile justice practice.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors compared the effects of English language brainstorming activities with similar activities conducted in French in terms of their effects on the coherence of compositions drafted by intermediate-level college French students.
Abstract: Within these exciting and changing times for second language (L2) writing, a wealth of studies — from those examining the effects of composition time constraints to inquiries into computer-assisted writing software — have taken place. One area that begs further investigation is the role played by the native language during the brainstorming or idea-generation stages of the second language composing process. This study sought to compare the effects of English language (i.e., L1) brainstorming activities with similar activities conducted in French (i.e., the L2) in terms of their effects on the coherence of compositions drafted by intermediate-level college French students.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Logistic regression analysis indicates that maternal prenatal cigarette smoking has a significant effect on the age at first police contact, even with controls for a variety of other risk factors.
Abstract: Several types of pre- and perinatal risk factors, such as maternal cigarette smoking, are related to various manifestations of life-course-persistent criminal offending. Studies have reported evidence of a relationship between maternal prenatal cigarette smoking and antisocial/criminal behavior. All of these studies, however, used white male samles, thus limiting the generalizability of research findings. In an attempt to overcome this problem, we employ data from the Philadelphia portion of the National Collaborative Perinatal Project to examine the possible link between maternal prenatal cigarette smoking and the age at first police contact in a cohort of African-American males and females followed through age 17. Logistic regression analysis indicates that maternal prenatal cigarette smoking has a significant effect on the age at first police contact, even with controls for a variety of other risk factors. Although maternal cigarette smoking significantly predicted early onset among males but not femal...

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the imitation behavior of 30 infants, ages 14 to 18 months, were studied using both peer and adult models in an elicited imitation paradigm, where infants watched either a peer or an adult model perform four 3-step sequences (i.e., put teddy to bed).
Abstract: The imitation behavior of 30 infants, ages 14 to 18 months, were studied using both peer and adult models in an elicited imitation paradigm. Infants watched either a peer or an adult model perform four 3-step sequences (i.e., put teddy to bed). Imita­ tion was measured immediately after modeling and 1 week later. Results indicated significant memory for the sequences both immediately after modeling and 1 week later (compared with baseline performance). In addition, children in the peer model group outperformed children in the adult model group at both test times. The impli­ cations of these findings are discussed. Cognitive and social learning theorists have long emphasized the importance of the influence of others on a child's learning, behavior, and development. Much attention has been focused on the child's imitation of others, a process Bandura (1977) labeled "modeling." In his classic "Bobo doll" study, Bandura (1965) had children watch adults behave in aggressive or nonaggressive ways toward an inflatable Bobo doll. later, when left alone with the Bobo doll, the children exhibited strong imita­ tion of the adult behavior to which they were previously exposed, Although children involved in Bandura's study were preschool aged, imi

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A final modeling, validation, and standardization plan for the Wisconsin cystic fibrosis chest radiographic scoring system was designed and it was found that an additive method of total score computation is significantly more reliable than either the original multiplicative model or the traditional Brasfield scoring system.
Abstract: This study was designed to achieve a final modeling, validation, and standardization plan for the Wisconsin cystic fibrosis (CF) chest radiographic scoring system. Sixty chest radiographs were selected to reflect a range of severity of lung pathology in children with CF. Seven experienced volunteer raters (three radiologists and four pediatric pulmonologists) from five institutions were recruited to evaluate and score the films. Analysis of scores revealed that the subcomponents of the Wisconsin system showed considerable variation from rater to rater, but reliability assessment indicated satisfactory Cronbach's alpha coefficients (0.83-0.90) among the seven raters. It was found that an additive method of total score computation is significantly more reliable (P < 0.05) than either the original multiplicative model or the traditional Brasfield scoring system. Comparison of radiologists and pulmonologists revealed a marked, systematic difference in scoring with the former group being more conservative in interpretation of abnormalities than the pulmonologists, and some of the raters showing very limited sensitivity. Quantitative chest radiology applied to children with cystic fibrosis studied long-term in longitudinal research projects requires the careful use of sensitive scoring methods and careful selection and training of multiple raters. This is particularly important since pulmonologists and radiologists can differ systematically in interpreting/scoring abnormalities.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that the proposed algorithms provide an easy and reliable method of determining event times during normal running at a subject selected pace using only kinematic data and can be implemented with any kinematics data-collection system.
Abstract: Algorithms to predict heelstrike and toe-off times during normal running at subject-selected speeds, using only kinematic data, are presented. To assess the accuracy of these algorithms, results are compared with synchronised force platform recordings from ten subjects performing ten trials each. Using a single 180Hz camera, positioned in the sagittal plane, the average RMS error in predicting heelstrike times is 4.5 ms, whereas the average RMS error in predicting toe-off times is 6.9ms. Average true errors (negative for an early prediction) are +2.4 ms for heelstrike and +2.8ms for toe-off, indicating that systematic errors have not occured. The average RMS error in predicting contact time is 7.5ms, and the average true error in predicting contact time is 0.5ms. Estimations of event times using these simple algorithms compare favourably with other techniques requiring specialised equipment. It is concluded that the proposed algorithms provide an easy and reliable method of determining event times during normal running at a subject selected pace using only kinematic data and can be implemented with any kinematic data-collection system.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The data suggest that high concentrations of prepartum E(2) in callitrichid primates are not necessarily associated with competent maternal behavior and may instead be associated with poor infant survivorship and inadequate maternal care.