Showing papers by "University of New Brunswick published in 1997"

Predicting Prison Misconducts

Abstract: A meta-analysis was conducted on 39 studies that generated 695 correlations with prison misconducts. Predictors of prison misconducts were grouped into 16 domains as follows: (a) personal character...

Benthic suspension feeders and flow

Abstract: This 1997 book is about those animals found on the sea floor that live by filtering microscopic particles carried to them by water currents. Its purpose is to review what is known about the biology of suspension feeders in relation to their flow environment. The book includes the larval biology, physiology, ethology and ecology of suspension feeders interacting with water flow. It will be of value to marine scientists beginning research in the interdisciplinary field of hydrodynamics and benthic biology, and it is the first attempt to provide a comprehensive overview of this synthesis from the biological viewpoint.

Psychometric Characteristics of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with College Students.

Abstract: The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II; Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996) was administered to 160 college students. It displayed high internal consistency and construct validity.

FIRST RESULTS OF THE SUMER TELESCOPE AND SPECTROMETER ON SOHO – II. Imagery and Data Management

Abstract: SUMER – Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation – is not only an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectrometer capable of obtaining detailed spectra in the range from 500 to 1610 A, but, using the telescope mechanisms, it also provides monochromatic images over the full solar disk and beyond, into the corona, with high spatial resolution. We report on some aspects of the observation programmes that have already led us to a new view of many aspects of the Sun, including quiet Sun, chromospheric and transition region network, coronal hole, polar plume, prominence and active region studies. After an introduction, where we compare the SUMER imaging capabilities to previous experiments in our wavelength range, we describe the results of tests performed in order to characterize and optimize the telescope under operational conditions. We find the spatial resolution to be 1.2 arc sec across the slit and 2 arc sec (2 detector pixels) along the slit. Resolution and sensitivity are adequate to provide details on the structure, physical properties, and evolution of several solar features which we then present. Finally some information is given on the data availability and the data management system.

Vulnerability, health and health care

Abstract: The concept of vulnerability is an important one for nurses because of its implications for health. The experience of vulnerability creates stress and anxiety which affects physiological, psychological and social functioning. Although everyone is vulnerable at different times in his or her life, some individuals are more likely to develop health problems than others. Vulnerability is affected by personal factors as well as factors within the environment. Trends in society indicate that increasing numbers of vulnerable people will create additional demands on an already over-burdened health care system. Vulnerability is an area that requires much further research and application.

Attitude Toward Self, Social Factors, and Achievement in Mathematics: A Meta-Analytic Review

Abstract: This meta-analysis integrated 143 primary studies on the relationship of attitude toward self and social factors with achievement in mathematics. Attitude was decomposed into self-concept about mathematics, perception of family support, and perception of mathematics as a male domain. Major findings included: (a) self-concept, family support, and mathematics as a male domain were all related to achievement; (b) the three relationships did not show significant gender differences; (c) the three relationships consistently decreased from the junior high grades to the senior high grades; (d) the relationship between self-concept and achievement varied as a function of ethnicity, whereas the relationship between family support and achievement was consistent across ethnic background; (e) the three relationships all varied across sample selection; (f) the relationship between self-concept and achievement varied with sample size, whereas the relationships of family support and mathematics as a male domain with achievement were sample-size invariant; (g) the relationship between self-concept and achievement increased over time, whereas the relationships of family support and mathematics as a male domain with achievement remained almost unchanged over time; and (h) there were no statistically significant interaction effects among gender, grade, and ethnicity for any of the three relationships.

Chinese and Canadian Children's Evaluations of Lying and Truth Telling: Similarities and Dfferences in the Context of pro-and Antisocial Behaviors

Abstract: The present study compared Chinese and Canadian children's moral evaluations of lie and truth telling in situations involving pro- and antisocial behaviors. Seven-, 9-, and 11-year-old Chinese and canadian children were presented 4 brief stories. Two stories involved a child who intentionally carried out a good deed, and the other2 stories involved a child who intentionally carried out a bad deed. When story characters were questioned by a teacher as to who had committed the deed, they either lied or told the truth. Children were asked to evaluate the story characters' deeds and their verbal statements. Overall, Chinese children rated truth telling less positively and lie telling more positively in prosocial settings than Canadian children, indicating that the emphasis on self-effacement and modesty in Chinese culture overrides Chinese children's evaluations of lying in some situations. Both Chinese and canadian children rated trugh telling positively and lie telling negatively in antisocial situations, reflecting the emphasis in both cultures on the distinction between misdeed and truth/lie telling. The findings of the present study suggest that, in the realm of lying and truth telling, a close relation between sociocultural practices and moral judgment exists. Specific social and cultural norms have an impact on children's developing moral judgments, which in turn, are modified by age and experience in a particular culture.

Exceptionally steep north–south gradients in lake temperatures during the last deglaciation

Abstract: During the transition from the last glacial to the present interglacial climate (late-glacial period), high summer insolation1 combined with the presence of the Laurentide ice sheet is thought to have promoted the development of strong summer thermal gradients in North America south of the ice margin2. Here we use palaeoecological methods to obtain quantitative evidence for the existence of these gradients. Our palaeoclimate reconstructions are based on water temperatures inferred from fossil assemblages of aquatic midge larvae in five lakes along a 240-km transect, extending from central New Brunswick, Canada, to southeastern Maine, USA. We show that the temperature gradient shifted during the Killarney Oscillation (KO) and Younger Dryas (YD) cooling events, and that water temperature differences of 9 and 11°C existed over distances of 55 and 240 km, respectively, during parts of the late-glacial period. These gradients are much stronger than the current north–south trends of lake summer surface water temperatures for these five lakes and for lakes across the northern tree line. The rapid motion of such steep temperature gradients may have affected the progressive development of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems in the region.

Neuropsychological aspects of multiple sclerosis: A quantitative review

Abstract: Neuropsychological studies of multiple sclerosis (MS) from a 20-year period were reviewed using meta-analytic and vote-count techniques. Mean effect sizes comparing MS and healthy control groups on variables categorized by neuropsychological domain were small to moderate in magnitude; all were statistically significant (M r= .22 (.13) to .46 (.15), r w = .23 to .43, all p < .05). Interhemispheric transfer, general cognitive ability, and learning/memory were more highly related to MS than were visuoperceptual, visuospatial, and visuoconstructional ability, language and conceptual ability (all p < .05); other domains were generally intermediate. Despite previous reports to the contrary, disease subtype was not shown to be consistently related to neuropsychological status independently of other potential explanatory variables. Findings were interpreted with regard to future research and clinical activities involving patients with MS, including selection of tests for brief neuropsychological screenin...

Comparisons of cultured triploid and diploid Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar L.)

Abstract: The use of sterile, triploid salmon for aquaculture would be an effective method of preventing genetic interactions between cultured and wild salmon. The studies presented in this paper compare the performance of six year classes of triploid and diploid salmon in freshwater and seawater stages of commercial production. Freshwater growth was comparable between triploids and diploids. Freshwater survival was also similar between triploids and diploids except that survival was lower in the triploids for the developmental interval between fertilization and first feeding. In sea water, triploids performed better than diploids in terms of growth. However, survival was lower in triploids and they showed a higher incidence of jaw deformities. In summary, the overall yields of triploids was lower than diploids under culture conditions.

Kinetics of peracetic acid decomposition: Part I: Spontaneous decomposition at typical pulp bleaching conditions

Abstract: Peracetic acid may become one of alternative non-chlorine bleaching chemicals in the production of fully bleached chemical pulps. In this paper, the stability of peracetic acid was studied in an aqueous solution under conditions most likely encountered in the industrial processes. It was found that three potential reactions, namely i) the spontaneous decomposition, ii) the hydrolysis and iii) the transition metal catalyzed decomposition, are responsible for the consumption of peracetic acid. Furthermore, the kinetics of the spontaneous decomposition was developed. It was found that the reaction follows a second-order kinetics with the maximum rate at pH 8.2, which is the pKa of peracetic acid. Finally, the developed kinetic equation can describe very well the experimental results obtained in this study as well as the earlier data from Koubek (1964).

Selection using a one-eyed cursor in a fish tank VR environment

Abstract: This study investigates the use of a 2D cursor presented to one eye for target selection in Fish Tank VR and other stereo environments. It is argued that 2D selection of 3D objects should be less difficult than 3D selection. Vision research concerning binocular rivalry and the tendency we have to project images onto surfaces suggests that this mode of viewing will not seem particularly unnatural. A Fitt's Law experiment was done to directly compare target acquisition with a one-eyed 2D cursor and target acquisition using a 3D cursor. In both cases we used the same input device (Polhemus Fastrak) so that the device lag and gain parameters were exactly matched. The results show a large improvement in target acquisition time using the 2D cursor. The practical implications of this is that the 2D selection method using a one-eyed cursor in preferable to the 3D selection method. Theoretical implications relate to methods for extending Fitts' Law from the one-dimensional task for which it was designed to 2D and 3D tasks. We conclude that the existing approaches to this problem are not adequate.

The travelling salesman problem: new solvable cases and linkages with the development of approximation algorithms

Abstract: We identify new solvable cases of the travelling salesman problem (TSP) by an indirect analysis that has useful consequences. First, we develop new procedures for the TSP that require only linear time to execute and yield TSP tours that are better than an exponential number of alternative tours. We then identify special subgraphs, easily generated, so that our method yields these outcomes for every instance of these subgraphs. Finally, when the associated costs satisfy prescribed conditions, we show the solutions produced by these algorithms are optimal and thus we have new solvable cases of the TSP. Besides possible practical applications to problems that may exhibit these cost conditions, our algorithms may also be applied as subroutines within more complex metaheuristics. Our methods extend in a natural way to bottleneck TSP formulations, and their underlying results raise new theoretical questions about the analysis of heuristics for hard combinatorial problems.

Polyurethanes from alcell@ lignin

Abstract: Polyurethanes have been prepared from a prototype organosolv lignin by solution casting with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polymeric methyl-diisocyanate (MDI). The effects of lignin composition and NCO/OH ratio on the mechanical properties and swelling behaviour of the derived polyurethane films were investigated. At low lignin content, flexible but weak polyurethanes were produced regardless of the NCO/OH ratio. Rather tough polyurethanes were prepared at intermediate NCO/OH ratios and lignin contents of 15–25 wt.%. At lignin contents of 30 wt% or above, hard and brittle films were obtained irrespective of the NCO/OH ratio employed. Hard and glassy polyurethanes were produced at NCO/OH ratios of 1.8 or greter which were not testable.

Sexual and relationship satisfaction in mainland China

Abstract: We investigated the sexual relationships of married Chinese men and women living in Beijing and Shanghai. Within the framework of the Interpersonal Exchange Model of Sexual Satisfaction (IEMSS), we also examined factors related to sexual satisfaction. Completed questionnaires were returned by 193 men and 231 women. In general, respondents reported moderate levels of sexual and relationship satisfaction. Overall, respondents were neither erotophobic nor erotophilic and reported a frequency of affectionate and sexual behavior between “2 or 3 times a month” and “once or twice a week” and at least one sexual concern and for problem. Contrary to predictions based on the cultural message that sexual pleasure is restricted to men, the women reported significantly greater sexual satisfaction than did the men, and men and women did not differ in their reports of sexual rewards or relationship satisfaction. Further, men described their sexual relationship as more costly than did women. However, women reported more ...

The occurrence and spawning of cultured Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in a Canadian river

Abstract: The New Brunswick Bay of Fundy salmon aquaculture industry expanded from 6 t in 1980 to 16 380 t in 1995 With the growth of the industry came an increase in the frequency of escaped cultured salmon entering and spawning in fresh water Since 1992, the Magaguadavic River, located in the centre of the New Brunswick salmon aquaculture industry, has been monitored to show changes in the proportions of wild and escaped cultured salmon entering the river Wild salmon numbers steadily declined over 5 years, whereas cultured salmon numbers generally increased Cultured salmon entered the river later than wild salmon and the majority of cultured salmon were sexually immature Present ratios of multi-sea-winter to one-sea-winter for wild salmon are 04: 1, compared with 2: 1 a decade earlier Eggs were sampled from 20 redds in the Magaguadavic River in 1993 Analysis of carotenoid pigments revealed that 45% of the redds were made by females of definite wild origin, at least 20% by females of definite cultured origin, and the remaining 35% contained eggs with pigments indicating a possibility of cultured origin Thus, redds of cultured escapees could be as high as 55% of the total examined The location of the Magaguadavic River, and the availability of data on wild and cultured salmon in the river dating back to 1992, make this an ideal site for a Canadian reference river to monitor interactions between wild and cultured salmon 0 1997 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea

Kinetics of the peracetic acid decomposition: Part II: pH effect and alkaline hydrolysis

Abstract: The effect of pH on the decomposition of peracetic acid in an aqueous solution was studied. It was found that three potential reactions, namely i) the spontaneous decomposition, ii) the hydrolysis and iii) the transition metal catalysed decomposition, are responsible for the consumption of peracetic acid. The spontaneous decomposition reaches its maximum at pH 8.2, while both the hydrolysis and metal ion catalysed decomposition increase as the pH increases. At pH 10.5 and higher, the hydrolysis becomes dominant when the metal ion catalysed decomposition is minimized by the addition of DTMPA. The kinetics of the peracetic acid hydrolysis was developed, which can very well predict the development of peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide during the decomposition reaction. On a etudie l'effet du pH sur la deomposition de l'acide peracetique dans une solution aqueuse. On a trouve quetrois reactions potentielles, a savoir (1) la decomposition spontanee, (2) I'hydrolyse et (3)la decomposition catalysee par des metaux de transition, etaient responsables de la consommation de I'acide peracetique. La decomposition spontanee atteint son maximum a un pH de 8,2, tandis que I'hydrolyse et la decomposition catalysee auxions metalliques augmentent toutes deux avec le pH. A partir d'un pH de 10,5, I'hydrolyse devient dominante lorsque la decomposition catalysee par les ions metalliques est minimisee par l'addition de DTMPA. La cinetique de l'hydrolyse de l'acide peracetique a ete etablie, et elle prmet de bien predire le developpement de I'acide peracetique et du peroxyde d'hydrogene lors de la reaction de decomposition.

The Relationships Among Ejaculatory Control, Ejaculatory Latency, and Attempts to Prolong Heterosexual Intercourse

Abstract: Although premature ejaculation (RE) is considered the most common male sexual dysfunction, progress in understanding it has been hampered by the lack of a commonly accepted definition Several different criteria have been used to assess RE with no attempt to validate the extent to which they are related The current study assessed, in a sample of university men, the occurrence and relationships among four commonly applied RE criteria: perceived control over the occurrence of ejaculation, latency from vaginal penetration to ejaculation, satisfaction with perceived degree of ejaculatory control, and concern over the occurrence of rapid ejaculation Other aspects of ejaculatory behavior were also assessed such as the thoughts and techniques men used to prolong intercourse and delay ejaculation Results indicated that although the four RE criteria were significantly correlated, the magnitudes of these correlations were small This suggests that these commonly used RE criteria are largely independent and are not interchangeable and that research in this area needs to adopt a multivariate approach to assessment Men's erotophilia/erotophobia was not related to RE While use of several ejaculatory delaying techniques were individually and jointly predictive of ejaculatory control and/or ejaculatory evidence, there was no strong support for any specific pattern of behavior that is related to better control and longer latencies Further, experts were not able to distinguish the ejaculatory delaying techniques of the men with the poorest control and shortest latencies from those of the men with the best control and longest latencies

A preliminary consideration of cue-exposure, response-prevention treatment for pathological gambling behaviour: two case studies.

Abstract: Cue-exposure, response-prevention, a promising treatment for cigarette-smoking, substance abuse, obsessive-compulsive disorder, etc. has not been fully utilized as a treatment for pathological gambling. Two case-studies, modelled on work by R. Self (1989), with cigarette smoking behaviour, report on an active and thorough application of this treatment to pathological gambling. In both cases, self-report of gambling behaviour and urges to gamble in any situation were found to decrease substantially. Outcome differences between participants were discussed with reference to different levels of pathological gambling as measured by the South Oaks Gambling Screen. It was concluded that cue-exposure, response-prevention should be given more serious consideration as a treatment approach for pathological gambling.

Gauche ethyl alcohol: laboratory assignments and interstellar identification

Abstract: Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) is known to possess a pair of closely spaced excited torsional substates (gauche+, gauche-) at an energy of approximately 57 K above the ground (trans) torsional substate. We report an extended analysis of some gauche - gauche+ Q-branch ((Delta)J = 0) transitions with a three-substate fixed frame axis method (FFAM) Hamiltonian. Our approach accounts for complex trans-gauche interactions for the first time. In addition, we are able to obtain intensities for perturbed rotational transitions, and to determine the trans to gauche+ separation to be 1185399.1 MHz. A complete ground state rotational-torsional partition function accounting for the previously neglected gauche substates is presented. Based on our analysis, a total of 14 U lines obtained towards Orion KL can now be assigned to gauche substates of ethanol. Analysis of these lines yields a rotational temperature of 223 K and a total (trans + gauche) column density of 7.0 x 10(exp 15)/sq cm. The column density is in reasonable agreement with the recent value of 2-3 x 10(exp 15)/sq cm based on observations of trans-ethanol by Ohishi et al., although there is some disparity in the rotational temperatures. Eight additional U lines in the literature are assigned to transitions of gauche ethanol.

An efficiency review of university departments

Abstract: The primary purpose of this paper is to examine an important public issue, namely how the use of a particular fixed budget formula impacts on the input/output structure of the decision-making units directly affected by its implementation. As an example, it assesses short- and long-term effects on the efficiency of academic units of the University of New Brunswick of the budget formula used by the Maritime Provinces Higher Education Commission ( MPHEC) of Canada in the resource allocation process to the universities in its midst. Evaluating the efficiency of academic units is a difficult problem to deal with, due to the problems inherent in measuring the inputs and outputs of the system and to the potential implications of the resulting resource allocations in the budget reduction exercises in place at many educational establishments. The contribution of Data Envelopment Analysis to the solution of this problem is evaluated. Practical and research implications are discussed.

Insect toxins from an endophytic fungus from Wintergreen

Abstract: Two new compounds, 5-hydroxy-2- (1‘-oxo-5‘-methyl-4‘-hexenyl)benzofuran (1) and 5-hydroxy-2-(1‘-hydroxy-5‘-methyl-4‘-hexenyl)benzofuran (2), have been isolated via bioassay-directed fractionation of culture extracts of an unidentified endophytic fungus obtained from wintergreen, Gaultheria procumbens L. Their structures have been deduced from spectral data and confirmed by synthesis. Both 1 and 2 show toxicity to spruce budworm (Christoneura fumiferana Clem.) cells, and 1 is also toxic to the larvae.

Systematic ichnology of the Mabou and Cumberland groups (Carboniferous) of western Cape Breton Island, eastern Canada, 1: burrows, pits, trails, and coprolites

Abstract: Strata of the Mabou and Cumberland groups (Namurian-Westphalian A) outcrop extensively in western Cape Breton Island. Trace fossils were encountered at various localities, and include: Circulichnus montanus (nom. correct.), Cochlichnus anguineus , Cochlichnus isp., Conichnus isp., Cruziana problematica , Didymaulichnus cf. lyelli , Diplopodichnus biformis , Gordia marina , Helminthopsis abeli , Helminthopsis hieroglyphic a, Palaeophycus striatus , cf. Palaeophycus , Phycodes pedum , Planolites beverleyensis , Planolites terraenovae , cf. Planolites , Rusophycus carbonarius , cf. Rusophycus , Selenichnites isp., Taenidium barrette , cf. iaenidium , Thalassinoides suevicus , Undichnus binus (nom. correct.), Undichnus consulcus (nom. correct.), cf. Undichnus , coprolites, interface trails (types A, B, and C), plug-shaped burrows, small ovate pits (types A, B, and C), and vertical 'escape' structures. In total (including tracks and trackways not described herein), twenty-two ichnogenera have been identified that comprise a total of eighteen named ichnospecies, eight ichnospecies retained in open nomenclature, and thirteen unnamed ichnospecies. A further ten trace-fossil morphologies (comprising twenty different types) are retained in the vernacular. RESUME On trouve de vastes affleurements de strates des groupes de Mabou et de Cumberland (Namurien - Westphalien A) dans l'ouest de l’ile du Cap-Breton. On y a releve des ichnofossiles en divers endroits, notamment: le Circulichnus montanus (nom corrigi), le Cochlichnus anguineus , le Cochlichnus isp., le Conichnus isp., le Cruziana problematica , le Didymaulichnus cf. lyelli , le Diplopodichnus biformis , le Gordia marina , le Helminthopsis abeli , le Helminthopsis hieroglyphica , le Palaeophycus striatus , cf. le Palaeophycus , le Phycodes pedum , le Planolites beverleyensis , le Planolites terraenovae , cf. le Planolites, le Rusophycus carbonarius , cf. le Rusophycus , le Selenichnites isp., le Taenidium barrette , cf. le Taenidium , le Thalassinoides suevicus , VUndichnus binus (nom corrigi), l' Undichnus consulcus (nom corrige), cf. V Undichnus , des coprolites, des pistes de reptation de jonction (types A, B et C), des trous de forme cylindrique, de petites fossettes ovies (types A, B et C) et des structures de " fuite " verticales. On a releve au total (et ce, y compris des traces et des traces non decrits aux presentes) 22 ichnogenres comprenant 18 ichnoespeces nommiees, huit ichnoespeces retenues dans une nomenclature ouverte et 13 ichnoespeces sans nom. On retient en plus les noms vulgaires de dix autres formes d'ichnofossiles (qui comprennent 20 types differents) [Traduit par la redaction]