Showing papers by "University of New Brunswick published in 1999"
TL;DR: In this article, a three-parameter generalized exponential distribution (GED) was used for analysis of lifetime data, which is a particular case of the exponentiated Weibull distribution originally proposed by Mudholkar et al.
Abstract: Summary The three-parameter gamma and three-parameter Weibull distributions are commonly used for analysing any lifetime data or skewed data. Both distributions have several desirable properties, and nice physical interpretations. Because of the scale and shape parameters, both have quite a bit of flexibility for analysing different types of lifetime data. They have increasing as well as decreasing hazard rate depending on the shape parameter. Unfortunately both distributions also have certain drawbacks. This paper considers a three-parameter distribution which is a particular case of the exponentiated Weibull distribution originally proposed by Mudholkar, Srivastava & Freimer (1995) when the location parameter is not present. The study examines different properties of this model and observes that this family has some interesting features which are quite similar to those of the gamma family and the Weibull family, and certain distinct properties also. It appears this model can be used as an alternative to the gamma model or the Weibull model in many situations. One dataset is provided where the three-parameter generalized exponential distribution fits better than the three-parameter Weibull distribution or the three-parameter gamma distribution.
1,084 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that feature sets based upon the short-time Fourier transform, the wavelets transform, and the wavelet packet transform provide an effective representation for classification, provided that they are subject to an appropriate form of dimensionality reduction.
625 citations
TL;DR: The linear generalized equation described in this paper provides a further dimension to the prediction of lattice potential energies/enthalpies of ionic solids and can be utilized to predict and rationalize the thermochemistry in topical areas of synthetic inorganic chemistry as well as in emerging areas.
Abstract: The linear generalized equation described in this paper provides a further dimension to the prediction of lattice potential energies/enthalpies of ionic solids. First, it offers an alternative (and often more direct) approach to the well-established Kapustinskii equation (whose capabilities have also recently been extended by our recent provision of an extended set of thermochemical radii). Second, it makes possible the acquisition of lattice energy estimates for salts which, up until now, except for simple 1:1 salts, could not be considered because of lack of crystal structure data. We have generalized Bartlett's correlation for MX (1:1) salts, between the lattice enthalpy and the inverse cube root of the molecular (formula unit) volume, such as to render it applicable across an extended range of ionic salts for the estimation of lattice potential energies. When new salts are synthesized, acquisition of full crystal structure data is not always possible and powder data provides only minimal structural in...
583 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a model of service provider switching was developed based on Keaveney's work and using related studies from the disciplines of marketing and psychology, and empirically examined using struct...
Abstract: Building on Keaveney’s work and using related studies from the disciplines of marketing and psychology, a model of service provider switching was developed. It was empirically examined using struct...
429 citations
TL;DR: Artificially produced triploids generally differ from conspecific diploids in three fundamental ways: they are more heterozygous, they have larger but fewer cells in most tissues and organs, and their gonadal development is disrupted to some extent.
Abstract: Induced triploidy is widely accepted as the most effective method for producing sterile fish for aquaculture and fisheries management. Artificially produced triploids generally differ from conspecific diploids in three fundamental ways: they are more heterozygous, they have larger but fewer cells in most tissues and organs, and their gonadal development is disrupted to some extent. Despite these basic biological differences, triploids are similar in most respects to diploids when examined at the whole animal level. The only clear differences relate to the effects of impaired gametogenesis on the reproductive physiology and behavior of triploids, especially in females. Other apparent differences include reduced aggressiveness, occasional specific morphological abnormalities, and inferior performance when reared under suboptimal conditions. The causes of these latter two problems are poorly understood but must be addressed if triploids are to be used more extensively.
409 citations
TL;DR: An event stratigraphy for the last termination, based on the stratotype of the GRIP ice-core record, has been outlined for the North Atlantic region in this paper, and it is suggested that such an approach to stratigraphic subdivision may be a more satisfactory alternative to conventional stratigraphical procedures for those parts of the recent Quaternary record that are characterised by rapid and/or short-term climatic #uctuations.
314 citations
TL;DR: Stream habitat selection studies are reviewed and results to variable and interacting abiotic and biotic factors are related, showing flexibility with respect to preferred water velocity, depending on fish size, intra- and interspecific competition, and predation risk.
Abstract: – Habitat is important in determining stream carrying capacity and population density in young Atlantic salmon and brown trout. We review stream habitat selection studies and relate results to variable and interacting abiotic and biotic factors. The importance of spatial and temporal scales are often overlooked. Different physical variables may influence fish position choice at different spatial scales. Temporally variable water flows and temperatures are pervasive environmental factors in streams that affect behavior and habitat selection. The more frequently measured abiotic variables are water depth, water velocity (or stream gradient), substrate particle size, and cover. Summer daytime, feeding habitats of Atlantic salmon are size structured. Larger parr (>7 cm) have a wider spatial niche than small parr. Selected snout water velocities are consistently low (3–25 cm. s−1). Mean (or surface) water velocities are in the preferred range of 30–50 cm. s−1, and usually in combination with coarse substratum (16–256 mm). However, salmon parr demonstrate flexibility with respect to preferred water velocity, depending on fish size, intra- and interspecific competition, and predation risk. Water depth is less important, except in small streams. In large rivers and lakes a variety of water depths are used by salmon parr. Summer daytime, feeding habitat of brown trout is also characterized by a narrow selection of low snout water velocities. Habitat use is size-structured, which appears to be mainly a result of intraspecific competition. The small trout parr (<7 cm) are abundant in the shallow swift stream areas (<20–30 cm depths, 10–50 cm. s−1 water velocities) with cobble substrates. The larger trout have increasingly strong preferences for deep-slow stream areas, in particular pools. Water depth is considered the most important habitat variable for brown trout. Spatial niche overlap is considerable where the two species are sympatric, although young Atlantic salmon tend to be distributed more in the faster flowing and shallow habitats compared with trout. Habitat use by salmon is restricted through interspecific competition with the more aggressive brown trout (interactive segregation). However, subtle innate differences in behavior at an early stage also indicate selective segregation. Seasonal changes in habitat use related to water temperatures occur in both species. In winter, they have a stronger preference for cover and shelter, and may seek shelter in the streambed and/or deeper water. At low temperatures (higher latitudes), there are also marked shifts in habitat use during day and night as the fish become nocturnal. Passive sheltering in the substrate or aggregating in deep-slow stream areas is the typical daytime behavior. While active at night, the fish move to more exposed holding positions primarily on but also above the substrate. Diurnal changes in habitat use take place also in summer; brown trout may utilize a wider spatial niche at night with more fish occupying the shallow-slow stream areas. Brown trout and young Atlantic salmon also exhibit a flexible response to variability in streamflows, wherein habitat selection may change considerably. Important topics in need of further research include: influence of spatial measurement scale, effects of temporal and spatial variability in habitat conditions on habitat selection, effects of interactive competition and trophic interactions (predation risk) on habitat selection, influence of extreme natural events on habitat selection use or suitability (floods, ice formation and jams, droughts), and individual variation in habitat use or behavior.
271 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined dating individuals' self-disclosure about their sexual likes and dislikes to their partner, and found that both sexual and non-sexual selfdisclosure were at the level of revealing some detail but not fully disclosing personal attitudes and feelings.
Abstract: This study examined dating individuals' self‐disclosure about their sexual likes and dislikes to their partner. Forty‐seven college men and 52 college women in a dating relationship of 3 to 36 months completed a questionnaire measuring sexual exchange variables, sexual satisfaction, relationship satisfaction, sexual communication satisfaction, and sexual and non‐sexual self‐disclosure with their partner. Both sexual and nonsexual self‐disclosure were at the level of revealing some detail but not fully disclosing personal attitudes and feelings. Participants reported self‐disclosing significantly more about non‐sexual than about sexual topics. Sexual and nonsexual self‐disclosure were related to sexual satisfaction, relationship satisfaction, and sexual communication satisfaction. Sexual self‐disclosure was uniquely related to sexual communication satisfaction when nonsexual self‐disclosure was controlled, but was not uniquely associated with relationship satisfaction or sexual satisfaction. The study prov...
243 citations
TL;DR: The phylogenetic position of the LHCs from three additional taxa are examined, suggesting that plastids from the heterokonts, haptophytes, cryptomonads, and the dinoflagellate, Amphidinium, evolved from a red algal-like ancestor.
Abstract: The light-harvesting complexes (LHCs) are a superfamily of chlorophyll-binding proteins present in all photosynthetic eukaryotes. The Lhc genes are nuclear-encoded, yet the pigment–protein complexes are localized to the thylakoid membrane and provide a marker to follow the evolutionary paths of plastids with different pigmentation. The LHCs are divided into the chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins of the green algae, euglenoids, and higher plants and the chlorophyll a/c-binding proteins of various algal taxa. This work examines the phylogenetic position of the LHCs from three additional taxa: the rhodophytes, the cryptophytes, and the chlorarachniophytes. Phylogenetic analysis of the LHC sequences provides strong statistical support for the clustering of the rhodophyte and cryptomonad LHC sequences within the chlorophyll a/c-binding protein lineage, which includes the fucoxanthin–chlorophyll proteins (FCP) of the heterokonts and the intrinsic peridinin–chlorophyll proteins (iPCP) of the dinoflagellates. These associations suggest that plastids from the heterokonts, haptophytes, cryptomonads, and the dinoflagellate, Amphidinium, evolved from a red algal-like ancestor. The Chlorarachnion LHC is part of the chlorophyll a/b-binding protein assemblage, consistent with pigmentation, providing further evidence that its plastid evolved from a green algal secondary endosymbiosis. The Chlorarachnion LHC sequences cluster with the green algal LHCs that are predominantly associated with photosystem II (LHCII). This suggests that the green algal endosymbiont that evolved into the Chlorarachnion plastid was acquired following the emergence of distinct LHCI and LHCII complexes.
239 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of heterogeneity and incomplete information on aggregate contributions to a public good using the voluntary contribution mechanism were investigated in a non-linear laboratory environment with three-person groups as partners under varying conditions of information and communication.
Abstract: We investigate the effects of heterogeneity and incomplete information on aggregate contributions to a public good using the voluntary contribution mechanism. The non-linear laboratory environment has three-person groups as partners under varying conditions of information and communication. Bergstrom, Blum and Varian predict that increasing heterogeneity will have no effect on aggregate contributions in a no-communication environment. Ledyard conjectures a positive effect of incomplete information, a negative effect of heterogeneity, and a positive interaction of heterogeneity and incomplete information. We find that incomplete information has a small but significant negative effect. Heterogeneity has a positive effect on aggregate contributions, but its effects interact unexpectedly with communication. In a no-communication environment, heterogeneity in two dimensions (endowment and preferences) increases contributions substantially while heterogeneity in a single dimension (endowment or preferences) has little effect. In the communication environment we find the reverse. We also find a positive interaction between heterogeneity and incomplete information. Thus we reject the Bergstrom, Blume and Varian invariance result and provide mixed evidence on Ledyard's conjectures.
211 citations
TL;DR: The role of metacognition in OCD is discussed in this paper, with an elaboration of the role metacognitive factors in the escalation and persistence of obsessional problems.
Abstract: Recent cognitive-behavioural models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) developed by Salkovskis (1985, 1989, 1998) and Rachman (1997, 1998) have advanced our understanding of the disorder substantially. Inherent in both models is the assumption that beliefs about obsessions are critical in the development and persistence of the disorder. Given that OCD is characterized by an aversive reaction to specific mental events, this emphasis on the cognitive processes involved in OCD is warranted. Wells (Wells and Mathews, 1994; Wells, 1997) proposed that our understanding of obsessional problems would be further advanced by examining the role of ‘metacognitive’ processes and beliefs (that is, attempts to regulate thoughts and beliefs about thoughts and thought processes) in their development and persistence. In identifying metacognitive factors as unique contributors to the problem, this model offers new directions for treatment. This paper discusses the role of metacognition in obsessional problems in light of current models of OCD, and offers an elaboration of the role of metacognitive factors in the escalation and persistence of obsessional problems. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were administered to 840 outpatients to determine whether the general symptom compositions and relative amounts of variance of the common and specific dimensions of self-reported anxiety and depression for these instruments would be comparable to those that had been found by Steer et al.
TL;DR: To enable the production of conchospores for net seeding, the phenology of these species and the conditions for their vegetative conchocelis exponential growth, conchosporangium induction, and Conchospore maturation were determined.
Abstract: For rapid growth and appropriate pigmentation, Porphyra requires the constant availability of nutrients, especially in summer when temperate waters are generally nutrient depleted. Cultivation near salmon cages allows the alleviation of this seasonal depletion by using the significant loading of fish farms, which is then valued (wastes become fertilisers) and managed (competition for nutrients between desirable algal crops and problem species associated with severe disturbances). Porphyra, being an extremely efficient nutrient pump, is an excellent candidate for integrated aquaculture for bioremediation and economic diversification. Frequent harvesting provides for constant removal of significant quantities of nutrients from coastal waters, and for production of seaweeds of commercial value. The production of P. yezoensis being limited in the Gulf of Maine, an assessment of the potential of seven native north-west Atlantic Porphyra species is presently in progress. To enable the production of conchospores for net seeding, the phenology of these species and the conditions for their vegetative conchocelis exponential growth, conchosporangium induction, and conchospore maturation were determined. The development of integrated aquaculture systems is a positive initiative for optimising the efficiency of aquaculture operations, while maintaining the health of coastal waters.
TL;DR: 32 guiding principles that will be of use to policy makers, program developers, and clinicians in ensuring that a useful intervention has a greater probability of being accepted are presented.
Abstract: Of all the issues critical to the development of effective correctional treatment programs, program implementation has been relatively ignored. The authors present 32 guiding principles that will be of use to policy makers, program developers, and clinicians in ensuring that a useful intervention has a greater probability of being accepted. The guidelines are organized under four general categories: general organizational factors, program factors, change agent activities, and staffing.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the development and validation of three Attitudes Towards Male Dating Violence (AMDV) scales and three attitudes Towards Female dating violence (AFDV) Scales, which measure attitudes toward use of psychological, physical, and sexual dating violence by boys and by girls.
Abstract: This study describes the development and validation of three Attitudes Towards Male Dating Violence (AMDV) Scales and three Attitudes Towards Female Dating Violence (AFDV) Scales. These scales measure attitudes toward use of psychological, physical, and sexual dating violence, respectively, by boys and by girls. Eight hundred twenty-three students from grades 7, 9, and 11 participated in the validation study. All six scales have good internal consistencies. As predicted, students were more accepting of girls' use of violence than of boys' use of violence, and boys were more accepting of violence than were girls. The six scales were positively correlated with traditional attitudes toward gender roles and with each other, providing evidence for their construct validity. Higher scores on the AMDV Scales were related to boys' past use of violence in dating relationships and to their having aggressive friends, supporting their criterion-related validity. Higher scores on the AFDV Scales were associated with girls' past use of dating violence but not with their having aggressive friends, providing partial support for their criterion-related validity. Singly or in combination, the Attitudes Towards Dating Violence Scales can be used to increase our understanding of the development and maintenance of violence-supportive attitudes in adolescents of all ages.
TL;DR: It was found that the Brillouin-loss signal intensity is linearly related to the duration of the pump pulse used to obtain the spectrum, and three distinct behaviors were observed in the spectral linewidth.
Abstract: The characterization of the Brillouin-loss spectrum of single-mode fibers with very short (<10-ns) pulses has been studied. It was found that the Brillouin-loss signal intensity is linearly related to the duration of the pump pulse used to obtain the spectrum. In contrast with the uniform trend of the signal, three distinct behaviors were observed in the spectral linewidth. At long pulse durations the linewidth was constant at approximately 40 MHz. Pulse durations of the order of the phonon lifetime resulted in a broader spectrum, reaching a maximum width of ~100 MHz at 5 ns. Reducing the pulse duration further resulted in a sudden narrowing of the Brillouin line.
TL;DR: This work summarized previously published mass–length relationships for aquatic insects, and determined the relationship between dry body mass and body length for eight genera and seven families of benthic insects from Catamaran Brook, Canada.
Abstract: 1.___We summarized previously published mass–length relationships for aquatic insects, and determined the relationship between dry body mass and body length for eight genera and seven families of benthic insects from Catamaran Brook, New Brunswick, Canada.
2.___A power function was the most commonly used model in the earlier studies and best described the observed mass–length relationship for taxa from Catamaran Brook.
3.___Predicted mass at length was highly variable (coefficient of variation_≥ 25%) among models developed in different studies for the same family group. This variability presumably resulted from both variation in the methods used to construct the models, and in the natural spatio-temporal and taxonomic variation in mass at length, although the relative contributions of these two sources cannot be determined from existing data.
4.___Several recommendations are made for the development and application of mass–length equations in future studies.
TL;DR: This article contributes to existing literature by explaining the complex social processes involved in not going back and may provide guidance for professional and lay helper interventions during this critical period of separation.
Abstract: In a feminist grounded theory study of rural survivors, the authors discovered reclaiming self as the four-stage, social psychological process for women leaving and not returning to abusive conjugal relationships. Not going back, the third stage, is a process of sustaining the separation over time by claiming and maintaining territory and relentless justifying. Much of the current research has focused on the intra- and interpersonal processes of surviving in the relationship, preparing to leave, and managing the initial crises of leaving. This article contributes to existing literature by explaining the complex social processes involved in not going back and may provide guidance for professional and lay helper interventions during this critical period.
TL;DR: In this article, a large number of irreducible representations with finite dimensional weight spaces are constructed for some toroidal Lie algebras, and a general theory of Z n-graded Lie algesbras with polynomial multiplication is developed.
TL;DR: A series of experiments designed to investigate the reasons for the difference in the times it takes to manually orient a “real” object and to help design interfaces for object manipulation suggest that two major factors are important.
Abstract: Times for virtual object rotations reported in the literature are of the order of 10 seconds or more and this is far longer than it takes to manually orient a “real” object, such as a cup. This is a report of a series of experiments designed to investigate the reasons for this difference and to help design interfaces for object manipulation. The results suggest that two major factors are important. Having the hand physically in the same location as the virtual object being manipulated is one. The other is based on whether the object is being rotatted to a new, randomly determined orientation, or is always rotated to the same position. Making the object held in the hand have the same physical shape as the object being visually manipulated was not found to be a significant factor. The results are discussed in the context of interactive virtual environments.
TL;DR: In this article, a geometrically nonlinear, two-dimensional finite element analysis has been performed to determine the stress and strain distributions across the adhesive bond thickness of composite single-lap joints.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the morphology of offshore sand ridges and smaller-scale features in an effort to place constraints on bedform development in these deeper waters, and found that the gross morphology of ridges (height, width, length) does not change with depth beyond ∼20 m water depth, and changes in ridge orientation generally mirror changes in regional contour orientation.
TL;DR: In this paper, an analytical, variational approximations to Hartree-Fock wave functions are constructed for the ground states of all the neutral atoms from He to Xe, the cations from Li{sup+} to Cs{sup +}, and the stable anions from H{sup {minus}} to I{sup{minus}}.
Abstract: Analytical, variational approximations to Hartree-Fock wave functions are constructed for the ground states of all the neutral atoms from He to Xe, the cations from Li{sup +} to Cs{sup +}, and the stable anions from H{sup {minus}} to I{sup {minus}}. The wave functions are constrained so that each atomic orbital agrees well with the electron-nuclear cusp condition and has good long-range behavior. Painstaking optimization of the exponents and principal quantum numbers of the Slater-type basis functions allows one to reach this goal while obtaining total energies that, at worst, are a few microHartrees above the numerical Hartree-Fock limit values. The wave functions are freely available by anonymous ftp from okapi-chem.unb,ca or upon request to the authors.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relation between LOC and two different forms of organizational commitment that have been found to have different antecedents and consequences, and found that internal LOC was associated with affective commitment and external LOC is associated with continuance commitment.
Abstract: Previous studies imply that individuals with an external locus of control (LOC) are less likely to be committed to their organizations. More recent work on organizational commitment has suggested that commitment is not a unidimensional construct and can take several forms (e.g., affective and continuance). Using a sample of 232 employees of a Canadian governmental agency, we examined the relations between LOC and two different forms of organizational commitment that have been found to have different antecedents and consequences. We found that internal LOC was associated with affective commitment and external LOC was associated with continuance commitment. Implications for research and practice are discussed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: The unusual elemental enrichment typical of many carbonatites and their stable and radiogenic isotope signatures, unlike those of sedimentary limestones, forced researchers to abandon limestone melting theories in the early 1960s and to support mantle-related models of carbonatite genesis.
Abstract: The unusual elemental enrichment typical of many carbonatites and their stable and radiogenic isotope signatures—which are unlike those of sedimentary limestones—forced researchers to abandon limestone melting theories in the early 1960s and to support mantle-related models of carbonatite genesis. However, the fluid compositions [CO2/(H2O + CO2) = 0.05] required to melt limestone near its eutectic in the CaO-MgO-CO2-H2O system (600–675 °C) are virtually identical to those found in infiltrative magmatic-hydrothermal, skarn-forming systems; therefore, carbonates within such systems would melt via volatile fluxing. Skarn-related decarbonation reactions produce the CO2 required to form the carbonic acid (H2CO3) in the infiltrative H2O-rich fluid essential to carbonate melting. In addition to H2O, other fluxes (HF, HCl, H3PO4) and related salts derived from fluid-phase saturation of silicate intrusions could further depress the carbonate-melting eutectic temperatures, as well as enhance mass transfer of mineralizing elements into a forming skarn system and any low-viscosity carbonate melts produced within the skarn. The isotopic signatures of the resultant carbonate melts should reflect the elemental mass transfer of constituents from the intrusion, as well as Rayleigh decarbonation and elemental mixing processes typical of contact-metasomatic (pneumatolytic) processes. Many intrusions exsolving volatiles into limestone during final stages of solidification should produce some carbonate melt. Only carbonatites with enrichments in F, P, Sr, Nb, U, Th, and rare-earth-elements, have been considered intrusive melts, whereas the solidified products of other melts may have been erroneously considered hydrothermal veins.
TL;DR: The method developed by Chopin and Whalen for carrageenan identification by Fourier transform infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy is extended to the study of phycocolloids for diverse species in many red algal orders.
Abstract: The taxonomic significance of the polysaccharide structures of algal cell walls has been underscored several times over the past few decades but has never been pursued systematically. Many changes in red algal systematics and the biochemical analyses of phycocolloids have occured in recent years. The cell-wall composi-tion of representatives of 167 (24.7%) genera and 470 (11.5%) species of red algae has been documented.The method developed by Chopin and Whalen for carrageenan identification by Fourier transform infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy is extended to the study of phycocolloids for diverse species in many red algal orders. This paper focuses on the Gigartinales in which representatives of 28 (68.3%) families, 88 (50.6%) genera and 224 (27.9%) species have been analyzed. In light of recent molecular phylogenies, some patterns of distribution of key phycocolloid attributes, corresponding to familial and ordinal level groupings, are emerging; however, more species remain to be analyzed. The well-documented biochemical alternation of generations in the Phyllophoraceae, Petrocelidaceae and Gigartinaceae still holds (with two exceptions), but this pattern was not recorded in other families of Gigartinales.
TL;DR: Proton and deuterium spin-lattice relaxation times were measured as a function of hydration and temperature in hydrated Nafion as mentioned in this paper, showing an apparent dynamical transition, attributed to a change in the degree of order within the aqueous phase.
TL;DR: In this paper, the first randomized control trial for post traumatic stress disorder following motor vehicle accidents (MVA) was conducted and the results demonstrated statistically and clinically significant treatment effects across structured interviews, self-report questionnaires and the behavioural test.
Abstract: Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other reactions including driving phobias and depression have in recent years been clearly identified as common motor vehicle accident (MVA) sequelae. To date, no treatment outcome data exist for PTSD following MVA beyond case study reports and one pilot investigation. The present study reports on the first randomized control trial for PTSD following MVA. Twenty volunteer participants who had motor vehicle accidents resulting in physical injury requiring medical attention and PTSD were recruited through rehabilitation service providers, other psychologists, community physicians, and lawyers. Assessments included a structured interview for diagnosis of post traumatic stress disorder (Clinician Administered PTSD Scale) by an independent rater, a range of self-report symptom questionnaires and a behavioural test wherein they had their heat rate and subjective distress measured in reaction to idiosyneratic audio descriptions of their accident. Participants were randomly assigned to eight to ten hours of individual cognitive-behavoural therapy (n = 10) or to a wait list control group (n = 10). Treatment included education about post-trauma reactions, relaxation training, exposure therapy with cognitive restructuring and instruction for self-directed graduated behaviour practice. Results demonstrated statistically and clinically significant treatment effects across structured interviews, self-report questionnaires and the behavioural test. Treatment gains were maintained over a 6 month follow-up using self-report questionnaires.
TL;DR: Children were at greatest risk whose parents had immigrated from Central America, whose families relied more extensively on internal coping strategies such as passive resignation, and whose parents were dissatisfied with their family's interactions.
Abstract: This study examined the impact of financial, cultural, and family variables on the incidence of behavioral and emotional problems in a group of two- and three-year-old Latino children. The vulnerability of these children to mental health problems stems from the many challenges faced by their families, especially those associated with acculturation and poverty. Results indicate that most problems experienced by the children were related to depression and social withdrawal. Children were at greatest risk whose parents had immigrated from Central America, whose families relied more extensively on internal coping strategies such as passive resignation, and whose parents were dissatisfied with their family's interactions.
TL;DR: In this article, a high-resolution swath sonar survey of the Eel shelf was conducted to investigate seafloor morphology and acoustic backscatter patterns within this dynamic region.