Showing papers by "University of New Hampshire published in 1988"
TL;DR: A cDNA encoding DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase (DNA MeTase) of mouse cells has been cloned and sequenced and shows striking similarities to bacterial type II DNA cytosine methyltransferases and appears to represent a catalytic methyltransferase domain.
904 citations
889 citations
TL;DR: Intact magnetosomes of Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum were purified from broken cells by a magnetic separation technique and revealed the magnetite to be enclosed by a lipid bilayer admixed with proteins.
Abstract: Intact magnetosomes of Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum were purified from broken cells by a magnetic separation technique. Electron microscopic and chemical analyses revealed the magnetite to be enclosed by a lipid bilayer admixed with proteins. Lipids were recovered in fractions expected to contain (i) neutral lipids and free fatty acids, (ii) glycolipids and sulfolipids, and (iii) phospholipids (in a weight ratio of 1:4:6). Phospholipids included phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Two of the numerous proteins detected in the magnetosome membrane were not found in other cell membranes or soluble fractions.
415 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors found similar features that are related to air-pollution-induced forest decline and visible damage in both the red spruce of Vermont and the Norway spruce in Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany.
366 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the use of images acquired by the Airborne Imaging Spectrometer, an experimental high-spectral resolution imaging sensor developed by NASA, to estimate the lignin concentration of whole forest canopies in Wisconsin is reported.
Abstract: The use of images acquired by the Airborne Imaging Spectrometer, an experimental high-spectral resolution imaging sensor developed by NASA, to estimate the lignin concentration of whole forest canopies in Wisconsin is reported. The observed strong relationship between canopy lignin concentration and nitrogen availability in seven undisturbed forest ecosystems on Blackhawk Island, Wisconsin, suggests that canopy lignin may serve as an index for site nitrogen status. This predictive relationship presents the opportunity to estimate nitrogen-cycling rates across forested landscapes through remote sensing.
340 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the chemical content of dry, ground leaf material sampled from deciduous and conifer tree species from sites in Alaska, Wisconsin, and California was estimated using visible and shortwave IR spectroscopy.
254 citations
TL;DR: The gamma-ray spectrometer (GRS) on NASA's Solar Maximum Mission satellite (SMM) has observed a significant (>5δ) net line flux at 847 keV in the background-subtracted spectrum of SN1987A, accumulated between 1 August and 31 October 1987 as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The gamma-ray spectrometer (GRS) on NASA's Solar Maximum Mission satellite (SMM) has observed a significant (>5δ) net line flux at ˜847 keV in the background-subtracted spectrum of SN1987A—accumulated between 1 August and 31 October 1987. This is the energy of the strong gamma-ray line from decay of 56Co, which was predicted1,3 to be seen from supernovae. The inferred average line flux during this period is ˜(1.0±0.25) x 10−3 photons cm−2 s−1 at an energy of 843 ± 5 keV. This feature cannot be explained by any statistical or systematic fluctuations observed in the seven previous years of GRS data. There is also evidence for the 1,238-keV line from 56Co decay, with an average flux of ∼(6±2)xlO−4 photons cm−2 s−1 The quoted photon fluxes for both lines are preliminary. This observation confirms that 56Co is present in the supernova ejecta (as implied by the light curve4,5) and that nucleosynthesis took place during the explosion. The first appearance of the gamma-ray lines was roughly coincident with the first detections of X-rays by Ginga and MIR6,7.
252 citations
TL;DR: Midbrain retinotectal pathways are important not only for controlling eye movements, but also for orienting attention, whereas PSP patients were slower moving attention in the vertical than in the horizontal plane.
Abstract: Orienting of visual attention was studied in 8 patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and 8 parkinsonian control subjects. While maintaining fixation on the centre of a visual display, subjects made simple reaction time (RT) key press responses on detecting visual targets which appeared above, below, to the left or right, equidistant from fixation. On each trial the target was preceded by a preparatory cue, either a peripheral luminance change or a central arrow, to summon attention to one of the four locations. The orienting of attention was measured as a facilitation in detection RT at the cued location. For the parkinsonian controls, this facilitation was equal for horizontal and vertical directions, whereas for both types of cues, PSP patients were slower moving attention in the vertical than in the horizontal plane. Midbrain retinotectal pathways are important not only for controlling eye movements, but also for orienting attention.
227 citations
TL;DR: For example, this paper found that women had significantly lower confidence in an investment task than men, after controlling for all other relevant variables and characteristics including the amount of the investment decision itself.
Abstract: We attempted to identify the personal characteristics that influence confidence in an investment decision in an experiment administered to 1,359 subjects nationwide. Multiple regression was used to control statistically for variation among subjects and to develop a model of investment decision confidence. The most striking finding was that women had significantly lower confidence in an investment task than men, after controlling for all other relevant variables and characteristics including the amount of the investment decision itself. Familiarity with and present attitude about investing in the stock market, college credit hours in accounting and finance, experience in evaluating common stocks, the current level of the stock market, and the investment decision itself (the amount to be invested) were also found to be significant. Age, value of personal portfolio, years of college, and years of business experience were not significant characteristics.
220 citations
TL;DR: A Mycobacterium sp.
Abstract: A Mycobacterium sp., designated strain BG1, able to utilize the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon phenanthrene as the sole carbon and energy source was isolated from estuarine sediment following enrichment with the hydrocarbon. Unlike other phenanthrene degraders, this bacterium degraded phenanthrene via 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid without accumulating this or other aromatic intermediates, as shown by high-performance liquid chromatography. Degradation proceeded via meta cleavage of protocatechuic acid. Different nonionic surfactants (Tween compounds) solubilized the phenanthrene to different degrees and enhanced phenanthrene utilization. The order of enhancement, however, did not correlate perfectly with increased solubility, suggesting physiological as well as physicochemical effects of the surfactants. Plasmids of approximately 21, 58, and 77 megadaltons were detected in cells grown with phenanthrene but not in those which, after growth on nutrient media, lost the phenanthrene-degrading phenotype. Given that plasmid-mediated degradations of aromatic hydrocarbons generally occur via meta cleavages, it is of interest that the addition of pyruvate, a product of meta cleavage, supported rapid mineralization of phenanthrene in broth culture; succinate, a product of ortho cleavage, supported growth but completely repressed the utilization of phenanthrene. The involvement of plasmids may have given rise to the unusual degradation pattern that was observed.
186 citations
TL;DR: A two-pronged international strategy is argued for that first urges individual countries to make a priority of the particular types of abuse that are in most urgent need of attention in their society as well as participating at the same time in a concerted international focus on three widely occurring forms of child abuse.
TL;DR: Disease tests for pathogenicity performed on eelgrass, using four Labyrinthula spp.
Abstract: Coastal ecosystems along the eastern United States are presently threatened by a recurrence of the wasting disease of eelgrass, Zostera marina L. Using Koch's postulates, a species of the marine slime mold, Labyrinthula, is identified as the causal microorganism of this disease. Our disease tests for pathogenicity performed on eelgrass, using four Labyrinthula spp., indicate only one species produces the disease symptoms identical to those found associated with the wasting disease. The pathogenic Labyrinthula sp. has morphological characteristics that distinguish it from the other three species. Identification of Labyrinthula spp. is difficult because species described in the literature are not clearly characterized or identifiable. Tests at various salinities demonstrate that disease symptoms appear infrequently at salinities of 10%. or less.
TL;DR: In this article, a comparison is made of the wasting disease that struck the whole Atlantic population of Zostera marina L.A. in the 1930s and a current outbreak of a rather similar disease in Z. marina beds along the north-eastern coasts of the U.S.
TL;DR: The results indicate that piperazine ring Good buffers should be avoided in studies of redox processes in biochemistry, and shows that Hepes is an effective hydroxyl radical scavenging agent.
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of agency-sponsored job coaches in supporting employees with severe disabilities in integrated work environments is discussed and a broader concept of supported employment is proposed, based on studies of the supports and informal interactions characteristic of natural work environments.
Abstract: The purpose of this article is to examine some of the basic premises of supported employment initiatives In particular, the role of agency-sponsored job coaches in supporting employees with severe disabilities in integrated work environments is discussed A broader concept of supported employment is proposed, based on studies of the supports and informal interactions characteristic of natural work environments Alternative support options, entitled the Mentor Option, the Training Consultant Option, the Job Sharing Option, and the Attendant Option, which involve the active participation of supervisors and co-workers, are presented with suggestions for implementation
TL;DR: In this article, a two-stage mineralization pattern was observed by monitoring 14CO2 production from low concentrations (0.5 mg liter−1) of radiolabeled phenanthrene.
Abstract: The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon phenanthrene was mineralized in two stages by soil, estuarine water, and sediment microbial populations. At high concentrations, phenanthrene was degraded, with the concomitant production of biomass and accumulation of Folin-Ciocalteau-reactive aromatic intermediates. Subsequent consumption of these intermediates resulted in a secondary increase in biomass. Analysis of intermediates by high-performance liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and UV absorption spectrometry showed 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (1H2NA) to be the predominant product. A less pronounced two-stage mineralization pattern was also observed by monitoring 14CO2 production from low concentrations (0.5 mg liter−1) of radiolabeled phenanthrene. Here, mineralization of 14C-labeled 1H2NA could explain the incremental 14CO2 produced during the later part of the incubations. Accumulation of 1H2NA by isolates obtained from enrichments was dependent on the initial phenanthrene concentration. The production of metabolites during polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation is discussed with regard to its possible adaptive significance and its methodological implications.
TL;DR: The indicators described in this article are measures of status equality (as compared to measure of status attainment), and status equality was operationalized by expressing the status attainment scores for women as a percentage of the scores for men.
Abstract: The indicators described in this paper are measures of status equality (as compared to measures of status attainment). Status equality was operationalized by expressing the status attainment scores for women as a percentage of the scores for men. Indicators of equality in the economic, political, and legal spheres of life were computed for each of the 50 U.S. states. The indicators were combined to create an overall Gender Equality Index and a subscale for each of the three spheres. Analyses of internal consistency reliability and construct validity are presented. Large state-to-state and regional differences were found for all three spheres. In respect to the overall Gender Equality Index the scores ranged from a low of 19 (i.e. 19% of what is needed for equality with men) to a high of only 60%.
TL;DR: The authors explored 250 college women's thinking about careers and childbearing and found that women who desire to both work and parent are faced with the dilemma of how to integrate potentially conflicting roles and responsibilities.
Abstract: Women who desire to both work and parent are faced with the dilemma of how to integrate potentially conflicting roles and responsibilities. This study explores 250 college women's thinking about careers and childbearing. The results suggest that although these young women have been rethinking their career options and expanding their career choices into areas that have been traditionally male dominated, there is little indication of a reciprocal change in thinking about the primacy of mothering. All of the women expected to have careers, but few planned to be child free or have only one child. Women pursuing innovative careers were, however, less child oriented than those planning careers moderately innovative or traditional for women. The findings are discussed in the context of these women's proposed strategies for managing conflicting demands of work and family roles. These strategies include delayed childbearing, equalitarian marriages, and part-time work.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine various issues related to the problems of acquisition and generalization experienced by people with severe disabilities who rely on augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems.
Abstract: This paper examines various issues related to the problems of acquisition and generalization experienced by people with severe disabilities who rely on augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems. Many of these individuals experience difficulties using newly acquired communication skills in settings, and with conversational partners, that differ from those introduced in the instructional context. Methods of promoting functional communication skills are addressed, with particular emphasis placed on the need to incorporate environmental variables into the instructional process. Implications for future clinical-educational and research endeavors are discussed.
TL;DR: The results show that legitimate violence is directly related to the rape rate, providing support for structural explanations of the origins of cultural support for violence and for a cultural spillover theory of rape.
Abstract: This article examines the relationship between cultural support for violence and the incidence of rape in the 50 American states and the District of Columbia. Legitimate violence was measured with a Legitimate Violence Index that combines 12 indicators of noncriminal violence and a Violence Approval Index that combines 14 indicators of the social approval of violence. A theoretical model hypothesizing the relationship of these two measures of legitimate violence and seven control variables to rape was developed and tested using path analysis. The results show that legitimate violence is directly related to the rape rate. The degree of social disorganization, urbanization, and economic inequality, and the percent of single males are also directly related to rape. The population’s youthfulness and percent of blacks affeft rape indirectly through their association with legitimate violence. These findings are interpreted as providing support for structural explanations of the origins of cultural support for violence and for a cultural spillover theory of rape.
TL;DR: The high outcrossing rate of Bertholletia excelsa indicates that even though dispersion of individuals is very low within populations of this tropical rain forest tree, pollen dispersal mechanisms appear to be adequate to enable crosses with a relatively large number of potential mates.
Abstract: Here we report the results of a mating system analysis of an Amazonian population of Bertholletia excelsa, a tropical rain forest canopy tree species. Using progeny data from 29 seed parents, two highly polymorphic isozymes were analyzed to derive single locus and multilocus estimates of outcrossing, based on a mixed mating model. The two single locus estimates were very similar, and both were somewhat smaller than the multilocus estimate, indicating the possibility that the populations are genetically structured. The multilocus outcrossing estimate (tm=0.85±0.03) reveals that outcrossing is prevalent, but that a significantly low level of inbreeding may be occurring. The high outcrossing rate indicates that even though dispersion of individuals is very low within populations of this tropical rain forest tree, pollen dispersal mechanisms appear to be adequate to enable crosses with a relatively large number of potential mates.
TL;DR: An evolutionary model of sexual behavior was used to generate predictions about sex differences in sexual arousal and survey instruments were used to test these predictions, finding that women's sexual arousal was significantly more partner-dependent than men's.
Abstract: An evolutionary model of sexual behavior was used to generate predictions about sex differences in sexual arousal. Survey instruments were used to test these predictions with 388 adolescents, aged 12–18, from varying socioeconomic strata and geographic regions. Boys reported that their first arousal occurred at the start of puberty or before, usually in response to a visual stimulus, whereas girls generally reported first arousal as occurring 2–3 or more years after puberty, within a social/romantic context. The modal boy reported sexual arousal as occurring several times daily, the modal girl once or twice a week. Boys reported their arousal to be more discriminable, of greater intensity, and more distracting than the girls'. The sexes differed in attitudes related to sexual behavior. However, when reporting emotions and feelings coterminous with sexual arousal, the sexes did not differ. Retrospective college samples of 262 students from West Coast colleges replicated the adolescent data. A survey of 280...
TL;DR: A detailed analysis of the history of land-use change in the Soviet Union that included tree cutting and regrowth, oxidation of woody debris, decay of wood products, and clearing of lands for agricultural expansion showed that the net carbon flux between the USSR and the atmosphere resulting from these activities was approximately zero in 1980; that is, there was only a small net flux of 0.037 x 10 15 g carbon from the land to the atmosphere in that year as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A detailed analysis of the history of land-use change in the Soviet Union that included tree cutting and regrowth, oxidation of woody debris, decay of wood products, and clearing of lands for agricultural expansion showed that the net carbon flux between the USSR and the atmosphere resulting from these activities was approximately zero in 1980; that is, there was only a small net flux of 0.037 x 10 15 g carbon from the land to the atmosphere in that year. These results are in contrast with previous analyses that found the USSR to be a net carbon sink. In our analysis, we found that regrowth of forest vegetation following harvest, when considered alone, was responsible for an annual net storage in the USSR of about 0.136 x 10 15 g C for the period 1955-1975. a value intermediate between estimates derived from a previous analysis. This storage was balanced by a net release to the atmosphere of about the same amount of carbon from a variety of processes, including the oxidation of woody debris and decay of wood products. In 1980, the carbon flux between the land and the atmosphere due to land-use change throughout the entire northern hemisphere’s temperate and boreal systems was also small, as these systems accumulated only 0.025 x 10 15 g C that year. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1988.tb00215.x
TL;DR: The authors suggests that a regional culture of violence underlies high rates of homicide, whereas other research suggests that cultural or economic factors are more likely to explain the increase in homicides in certain regions of the US.
Abstract: Are high rates of homicide better explained by cultural or economic factors? Some research suggests that a regional culture of violence underlies high rates of homicide, whereas other research sugg...
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Moderate treadmill exercise increased the incidence and number of cancers induced and shortened cancer latency in comparison to animals that received either the high fat or low fat diet and were sedentary, document a heretofore unreported effect of a moderate level of aerobic work on breast cancer induction.
Abstract: Although data reported in several epidemiological investigations indicate that reduced consumption of dietary fat and increased levels of physical activity are associated with reduced risk for breast cancer, the results of some studies do not support these observations. Underlying this situation is the unanswered question about whether degree of body fatness, which is affected by dietary composition, total caloric intake, and energy expenditure, is the critical determinant affecting breast cancer risk. The objective of this work was to establish whether increasing energy expenditure by exercise would reduce the occurrence of mammary carcinomas induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[ a ]anthracene (DMBA) in animals consuming a high fat diet to the level of occurrence observed in sedentary animals consuming a low fat diet. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were obtained at 21 days of age and maintained on a 5% (w/w) corn oil diet (AIN-76A) until they were 64 days of age. At 50 days of age, rats received either 5 mg DMBA or the solvent in which the carcinogen was dissolved. Fourteen days after DMBA intubation they were randomized into one of three groups: 5% fat (w/w), sedentary; 24.6% fat (w/w), sedentary; or 24.6% fat (w/w), exercised. Animals were exercised on a motor-driven treadmill at a belt speed of 20 m/min and a 1-degree incline for 15 min/day, 5 days/week for 18 weeks. Feeding a high fat versus a low fat diet increased the number of breast cancers induced and the rate at which they appeared in agreement with previous investigations. However, rather than retarding the development of tumors as was hypothesized, moderate treadmill exercise increased the incidence and number of cancers induced and shortened cancer latency in comparison to animals that received either the high fat or low fat diet and were sedentary. Body composition was not altered by the exercise regime imposed, although these animals weighed more than either sedentary group. These data document a heretofore unreported effect of a moderate level of aerobic work on breast cancer induction.
TL;DR: From measurements of the spallation cross sections of carbon, oxygen, and iron in helium and hydrogen, at beam energies from 540 to 1600 MeV/nucleon, an empirical formula is derived that is found in good agreement with available isotopic cross sections data from radioactivity and radiochemical techniques.
Abstract: We present measurements of the spallation cross sections of carbon, oxygen, and iron in helium and hydrogen, at beam energies from 540 to 1600 MeV/nucleon, performed by exposing liquid helium, CH2, and C targets. Charge changing cross sections are reported for fragments down to Ne for Fe + alpha and Fe + p reactions, and down to B for O + alpha, O + p, C + alpha, and C + p reactions. Alpha- to p-induced cross section ratios (sigma(sub alpha)/sigma(sub p)) are determined at the same energy per nucleon. From these measurements an empirical formula for the (sigma(sub alpha)/sigma(sub p)) ratios is derived and is found in good agreement with available isotopic cross sections data from radioactivity and radiochemical techniques. These results are applied to the propagation of heavy charged cosmic rays in an interstellar medium with a helium to hydrogen abundance ratio of 0.10. It is shown that the Sc-Mn/Fe ratio prediction is decreased relative to the B/C ratio when compared to propagation calculations in a pure hydrogen interstellar medium.
01 Apr 1988
TL;DR: The term "sexual harassment" covers a wide range of activities and behaviour as discussed by the authors, including sexual overtures to women students and coercive conditions attached such as failure of a course, failure to be recommended for graduate school or for a job, or making sure that the student is not free to pursue her o w n work i n the way she chooses.
Abstract: T h e term "sexual harassment" covers a wide range of activities and behaviour. A t the extreme we have cases i n w h i c h men blatantly force themselves u p o n women, us ing their power to establish coercive condit ions such as loss of a job, a demotion, or a reassignment to work conditions that are intolerable as penalty for a failure to be cooperative w i t h sexual demands. W i t h i n the university, the extreme cases include m a k i n g sexual overtures to women students w i t h coercive conditions attached such as failure i n a course, failure to be recommended for graduate school or for a job, or s imply m a k i n g sure that the student is not free to pursue her o w n work i n the way she chooses.
TL;DR: An impairment of representational memory (PR-1, PR-2) with a spared capacity for dispositional memory (LD, LD-R, SD, SD-R) as defined by Thomas and Spafford is indicated.
TL;DR: The presence of fully processed, mature decapeptide is indicated within neuronal perikarya, as well as in projecting nerve fibers and terminals within the brain of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus.
Abstract: The role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in mammalian reproduction has been studied extensively; however, the role of a structurally different, but related, decapeptide is not well characterized in the most primitive class of vertebrates, Agnatha. Utilizing an antiserum directed to the recently characterized lamprey GnRH, we examined immunoreactive neuronal perikarya and nerve fibers in sections from the brain of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, using the unlabeled peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. Neuronal perikarya and fibers were immunopositive with antisera generated to lamprey GnRH and also to certain antisera generated to mammalian GnRH. Immunopositive neuronal perikarya were detected in an arcshaped population extending from ventral to dorsal preoptic areas. Fibers from these cells projected to the neurohypophysis via the preoptico-hypophyseal tract, but in addition also protruded into the third ventricle. Additionally, some fibers coursed along the external surface of the brain, and may also release GnRH into meningeal compartments. The presence of fully processed, mature decapeptide is indicated within neuronal perikarya, as well as in projecting nerve fibers and terminals. No reaction product was detected in sections incubated with an antiserum to the interior amino acid sequences of mammalian LHRH. This finding supports the structure reported for lamprey GnRH by Sherwood et al. (1986).
TL;DR: This paper will begin to delineate more of the elements of an epidemiologic and social psychological approach to the problem of child molesting and try to show that it may be indeed feasible to look at child molestation in this way.
Abstract: In the last decade, research on sexual assault has increasingly shifted from an orientation that was clinical and criminologic toward one that was epidemiologic. In concrete terms, studies from prisons, police blotters, and hospital emergency rooms have been replaced by surveys. The clinical and criminologic studies have provided and continue to provide rich findings for the field. But there is increasing recognition that samples from prisons, police, and hospitals do not represent the whole picture. Concern has grown about the large quantity of rape, child sexual abuse, and sexual harassment that goes unreported and undetected. The shift to epidemiologic methods has been matched by a shift to more social psychological concepts. Talk of sociopaths, the criminal personality, pedophilia, sadism, and masochism has given way to talk about rape myths, peer pressure, media exposure, attitudes, and beliefs. The new sense of the scope of the problem has been reflected in a new level of analysis. As much as the field has changed, however, it has not changed uniformly. The epidemiologic shift has been more advanced in the study of victims than of offenders. For example, there has been a large increase in the number of new victims surveys,’-‘ while efforts to study undetected offenders or rape-prone individuals are still fairly new. And within offender research, the shift has been much less developed in the area of child sexual abuse than in the area of rape. A number of techniques have been developed and refined for gaining self-reports from undetected rapists and many analyses treat rape as a behavior of “ordinary” men;>’ but almost no such devices and analyses have been developed for child sexual abusers. In this paper, we will begin to delineate more of the elements of an epidemiologic and social psychological approach to the problem of child molesting. We will try to show that it may be indeed feasible to look at child molesting in this way. In the first section of paper, we will present a study that illustrates how feasible it may be to