Showing papers by "University of New Hampshire published in 1994"
TL;DR: Surveys of child sexual abuse in large nonclinical populations of adults have been conducted in at least 19 countries in addition to the United States and Canada, including 10 national probability samples, and clearly confirm sexual abuse to be an international problem.
1,019 citations
TL;DR: Overall, there is little evidence to suggest that either the child welfare system or the criminal justice system abandons its usual standards of operation and acts hysterically when confronted with sexual abuse.
Abstract: Approximately 150,000 confirmed cases of child sexual abuse were reported to child welfare authorities in the United States during 1993. This number represents about 15% of the more than one million confirmed cases of all child abuse and neglect. But the true scope of this problem is better reflected in retrospective surveys of adults, and this article summarizes data from 19 of these surveys. Considerable evidence exists to show that at least 20% of American women and 5% to 10% of American men experienced some form of sexual abuse as children. The rates are somewhat lower among people born before World War II, but there is little evidence of a dramatic increase for recent generations. The studies provide little evidence that race or socioeconomic circumstances are major risk factors. They do show elevated risk for children who experienced parental inadequacy, unavailability, conflict, harsh punishment, and emotional deprivation. Adult retrospective studies are also good sources of information about the characteristics of abuse. Most sexual abuse is committed by men (90%) and by persons known to the child (70% to 90%), with family members constituting one-third to one-half of the perpetrators against girls and 10% to 20% of the perpetrators against boys. Family members constitute a higher percentage of the perpetrators in child protective agency cases because the mandate of these agencies generally precludes their involvement in extrafamily abuse. Around 20% to 25% of child sexual abuse cases involve penetration or oral-genital contact. The peak age of vulnerability is between 7 and 13. Studies of the criminal justice processing of sexual abusers suggest that, compared with other violent criminals, slightly fewer are prosecuted, but of those prosecuted, slightly more are convicted. Studies conducted in the 1980s also showed that, once convicted, relatively few sexual abusers receive sentences longer than one year, while 32% to 46% serve no jail time. Overall, there is little evidence to suggest that either the child welfare system or the criminal justice system abandons its usual standards of operation and acts hysterically when confronted with sexual abuse. Language: en
811 citations
TL;DR: Sulfate concentrations from continuous biyearly sampling of the GISP2 Greenland ice core provide a record of potential climate-forcing volcanism since 7000 B.C. with sulfate deposition equal to or up to five times that of the largest known historical eruptions.
Abstract: Sulfate concentrations from continuous biyearly sampling of the GISP2 Greenland ice core provide a record of potential climate-forcing volcanism since 7000 B.C. Although 85 percent of the events recorded over the last 2000 years were matched to documented volcanic eruptions, only about 30 percent of the events from 1 to 7000 B.C. were matched to such events. Several historic eruptions may have been greater sulfur producers than previously thought. There are three times as many events from 5000 to 7000 B.C. as over the last two millennia with sulfate deposition equal to or up to five times that of the largest known historical eruptions. This increased volcanism in the early Holocene may have contributed to climatic cooling.
450 citations
TL;DR: This paper explored links between Greenland and Antarctic climate during the last glaciation using a high-resolution chronology derived by correlating oxygen isotope data for trapped O2 in the GISP2 and Vostok cores.
Abstract: THE ice cores recovered from central Greenland by the GRIP1,2 and GISP23 projects record 22 interstadial (warm) events during the part of the last glaciation spanning 20–105 kyr before present. The ice core from Vostok, east Antarctica, records nine interstadials during this period4,5. Here we explore links between Greenland and Antarctic climate during the last glaciation using a high-resolution chronology derived by correlating oxygen isotope data for trapped O2 in the GISP2 and Vostok cores. We find that interstadials occurred in east Antarctica whenever those in Greenland lasted longer than 2,000 years. Our results suggest that partial deglaciation and changes in ocean circulation are partly responsible for the climate teleconnection between Greenland and Antarctica. Ice older than 115 kyr in the GISP2 core shows rapid variations in the δ18O of O2 that have no counterpart in the Vostok record. The age–depth relationship, and thus the climate record, in this part of the GISP2, core appears to be significantly disturbed.
443 citations
Proceedings Article•
08 Aug 1994TL;DR: Evidence contradicting both pieces of conventional wisdom is presented, and renewed consideration of an approach which fully maintains arc consistency during backtrack search is suggested.
Abstract: Constraint satisfaction problems have wide application in artificial intelligence. They involve finding values for problem variables where the values must be consistent in that they satisfy restrictions on which combinations of values are allowed. Two standard techniques used in solving such problems are backtrack search and consistency inference. Conventional wisdom in the constraint satisfaction community suggests: 1) using consistency inference as preprocessing before search to prune values from consideration reduces subsequent search effort and 2) using consistency inference during search to prune values from consideration is best done at the limited level embodied in the forward checking algorithm. We present evidence contradicting both pieces of conventional wisdom, and suggesting renewed consideration of an approach which fully maintains arc consistency during backtrack search.
430 citations
TL;DR: A field called the victimology of childhood should be defined that adopts a developmental approach to understanding children's vulnerability to different types of victimizations and their different effects.
Abstract: Children suffer more victimizations than do adults, including more conventional crimes, more family violence, and some forms virtually unique to children, such as family abduction. On the basis of national statistics, these victimizations can be grouped into three broad categories: the pandemic, such as sibling assault, affecting most children; the acute, such as physical abuse, affecting a fractional but significant percentage; and the extraordinary, such as homicide, affecting a very small group. They can also be differentiated by the degree to which they result from the unique dependency status of children. A field called the victimology of childhood should be defined that adopts a developmental approach to understanding children's vulnerability to different types of victimizations and their different effects.
418 citations
TL;DR: The victimization of children occurs to a greater extent than has been previously reported and is poorly represented in official statistics.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE. The goal of this study was to gain a more comprehensive perspective on the scope, variety, and consequences of child victimization, which has been obscured by a fragmentation into specific problems like sexual abuse or kidnapping. METHODS. Two thousand children aged 10 to 16 years were interviewed in a national telephone survey of children. RESULTS. In the previous year, a quarter of the children had experienced a completed victimization, one in eight had experienced an injury, and one in a hundred required medical attention as a result. Nonfamily physical assaults were the most numerous. Contact sexual abuse occurred to 3.2% of girls and 0.6% of boys. There were also substantial numbers of incidents of attempted kidnappings and violence directed to children's genitals. CONCLUSION. The victimization of children occurs to a greater extent than has been previously reported and is poorly represented in official statistics. IMPLICATION. The authors argue for a more comprehensive interest in children's victimization including better national statistics about the problem. Language: en
399 citations
02 May 1994
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present evidence contradicting both pieces of conventional wisdom, and suggest renewed consideration of an approach which fully maintains arc consistency during backtrack search, which is best done at the limited level embodied in the forward checking algorithm.
Abstract: Constraint satisfaction problems have wide application in artificial intelligence. They involve finding values for problem variables where the values must be consistent in that they satisfy restrictions on which combinations of values are allowed. Two standard techniques used in solving such problems are backtrack search and consistency inference. Conventional wisdom in the constraint satisfaction community suggests: 1) using consistency inference as preprocessing before search to prune values from consideration reduces subsequent search effort and 2) using consistency inference during search to prune values from consideration is best done at the limited level embodied in the forward checking algorithm. We present evidence contradicting both pieces of conventional wisdom, and suggesting renewed consideration of an approach which fully maintains arc consistency during backtrack search.
391 citations
TL;DR: High-resolution, continuous multivariate chemical records from a central Greenland ice core provide a sensitive measure of climate change and chemical composition of the atmosphere over the last 41,000 years.
Abstract: High-resolution, continuous multivariate chemical records from a central Greenland ice core provide a sensitive measure of climate change and chemical composition of the atmosphere over the last 41,000 years. These chemical series reveal a record of change in the relative size and intensity of the circulation system that transported air masses to Greenland [defined here as the polar circulation index (PCI)] and in the extent of ocean ice cover. Massive iceberg discharge events previously defined from the marine record are correlated with notable expansions of ocean ice cover and increases in PCI. During stadials without discharge events, ocean ice cover appears to reach some common maximum level. The massive aerosol loadings and dramatic variations in ocean ice cover documented in ice cores should be included in climate modeling.
390 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed an interdisciplinary approach for analyzing tropical deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon and proposed an explanatory model, considering the relationship among deforestation and large scale social, economic, and institutional factors.
Abstract: In the Brazilian Amazon, regional trends are influenced by large scale external forces but mediated by local conditions. Tropical deforestation has a large influence on global hydrology, climate and biogeochemical cycles, but understanding is inadequate because of a lack of accurate measurements of rate, geographic extent and spatial patterns and lack of insight into its causes including interrelated social, economic and environmental factors. This article proposes an interdisciplinary approach for analyzing tropical deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. The first part shows how deforestation can be measured from satellite remote sensing and sociodemographic and economic data. The second part proposes an explanatory model, considering the relationship among deforestation and large scale social, economic, and institutional factors. 43 refs., 8 figs.
359 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured suspended sediment, dissolved and particulate C and N, dissolved N and P, and major cations and anions were measured in three montane tropical rain forest watersheds in Puerto Rico during 1983-1986.
Abstract: Annual exports of suspended sediment, dissolved and particulate C and N, dissolved N and P, and major cations and anions were measured in three montane tropical rain forest watersheds in Puerto Rico during 1983-1986. Organic C was primarily exported in the form of DOC, and DOC export (33-94 kg ha-’ yr -I) was similar to values in larger tropical watersheds with similar runoff. Particulate and dissolved organic N accounted for 60-70% of the 4-9 kg ha ’ yr-I of total N exported. Export of base cations and rates of weathering varied with bedrock geology in the three watersheds. Concentrations of suspended sediment, particulate C and N, and DOC increased as a function of discharge in all three streams. NH, +, N03-, Sod2 , and K I concentrations showed little or no response to variations in discharge; Na+, Ca2-+, Mg2 ’ , Cl - , HCO,J -, and SiO, all dccrcased at high flows. After removing the effects of discharge, residual NO, concentrations in each stream were inversely related to estimated rates of leaf fall. On a watershed basis, export and accumulation of N in biomass were greater than precipitation inputs, suggesting that unmeasured inputs (8-16 kg ha ’ yr ‘) were large.
TL;DR: It is found that being born in the United States increases the risk of wife assaults by Mexican- and Puerto Rican-American husbands, and the presence of norms sanctioning wife assaults within any group, regardless of socioeconomic status, is a risk factor for wife abuse.
Abstract: It is not clear whether traditional cultural ideology influences wife assaults in Hispanic-American families, or if culture is confounded with the stresses of poverty, unemployment, and immigration status. Our 1992 study of 1,970 families, including a national oversample of Hispanic families, examines the incidence of marital violence in the three major Hispanic-American subgroups and in Anglo-American families, and considers how sociocultural status and attitudes towards violence affect wife assaults differentially. The findings show that Hispanic Americans, as a whole, do not differ significantly from Anglo Americans in their odds of wife assaults when norms regarding violence approval, age, and economic stressors are held constant. At the same time, considerable heterogeneity was apparent among ethnic subgroups on a number of measures. We also found that being born in the United States increases the risk of wife assaults by Mexican- and Puerto Rican- American husbands. However, the presence of norms sanctioning wife assaults within any group, regardless of socioeconomic status, is a risk factor for wife abuse. Language: en
TL;DR: A depth-age scale and an accumulation history for the Holocene have been established on the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2) deep core, providing the most continuously dated record of annual layer accumulation currently available.
Abstract: A depth-age scale and an accumulation history for the Holocene have been established on the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2) deep core, providing the most continuously dated record of annual layer accumulation currently available. The depth-age scale was obtained with the use of various independent techniques to count annual layers in the core. An annual record of surface accumulation during the Holocene was obtained by correcting the observed layer thicknesses for flow-thinning. Fluctuations in accumulation provide a continuous and detailed record of climate variability over central Greenland during the Holocene. Climate events, including "Little Ice Age" type events, are examined.
01 May 1994
TL;DR: A survey of multidimensional multivariate visualization techniques developed during the last three decades, roughly organized into four stages, within which major milestones are discussed.
Abstract: We present a survey of multidimensional multivariate (mdmv) visualization techniques developed during the last three decades. This subfield of scientific visualization deals with the analysis of data with multiple parameters or factors, and the key relationships among them. The course of development is roughly organized into four stages, within which major milestones are discussed. Recently developed techniques are explored with examples.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The analysis found that children who experienced corporal punishment in adolescence had an increased risk later in life of depressive symptoms, suicidal thoughts, alcohol abuse, physical abuse of children, and wife beating.
Abstract: Over 90% of parents of toddlers spank or use other forms of corporal punishment. Although the rate declines each year from about age five, this study of a large national sample of U.S. adults found that almost half recalled having been corporally punished during their teen years. This high prevalence indicates a need to investigate the possibility that corporal punishment puts adolescents at increased risk of developing mental health and social relationship problems later in life. The analysis, which controlled for a number of possible confounding risk factors such as low socioeconomic status, found that children who experienced corporal punishment in adolescence had an increased risk later in life of depressive symptoms, suicidal thoughts, alcohol abuse, physical abuse of children, and wife beating. The consistent association of corporal punishment with major adult problem behavior, together with the fact that at least half of all adolescents are victims of corporal punishment by their parents, indicates a need to replicate the study using longitudinal data. If the findings are confirmed, it suggests that a major step in primary prevention of violence and mental health problems can be achieved by a national effort to reduce or eliminate all use of corporal punishment.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that nutrient fluxes are often pulsed in tropical forests, and that pulsed versus gradual inputs have different effects on the fates of nutrients in the ecosystem.
Abstract: Recent research shows that nutrient fluxes are often pulsed In tropical forests, and that pulsed versus gradual inputs have different effects on the fates of nutrients in the ecosystem. Synchrony of nutrient mineralization with plant uptake can lower competition between microbes and plants for limiting nutrients while maintaining tight nutrient cycling, whereas asynchrony can lead to losses of nutrients from the system. Thus, nutrient pulses may play a critical role in maintaining productivity in tropical forests with tight nutrient cycling.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the characteristics of high-net-worth individuals regardless of their investment history or their interest in venture investing and found that the potential investor tends to view investing in entrepreneurial ventures on a smaller scale than the active investor, especially in terms of the dollar amount committed to any one investment.
TL;DR: This paper found that women report higher levels of depression than men, but they also generally report more social support, a factor found to reduce depressive symptoms, while negative interactions and conflict cannot explain gender differences in depression, they do help to explain how women can experience both more support and more depression.
Abstract: In examining past research, a paradox can be found in the relationships between gender, social support, and depression. Although women report higher levels of depression than men, they also generally report more social support—a factor found to reduce depressive symptoms. In efforts to explain this seeming inconsistency, it was hypothesized that women report both more support and more depression because they are more likely than men to experience both positive and negative aspects of social relationships. Based on a community sample of predominantly Caucasian respondents, findings indicate that greater perceived support among women can be explained by more frequent contact with network members and a tendency to possess relationships characterized by greater intimacy, emotional disclosure, and empathy. However, women also report more frequent negative interactions with network members and are more adversely affected by marital conflict than are men. While negative interactions and conflict cannot account for gender differences in depression, they do help to explain how women can experience both more support and more depression. Among women, the health-enhancing effects of support on depression may be balanced by the detrimental effect of conflict.
TL;DR: In this paper, the short-term effects of N addition on CH4 oxidation in a drained peat soil were investigated by incubation of peat material from fertilized and unfertilized plots in the laboratory.
Abstract: The short-term effects of N addition on CH4 oxidation in a drained peat soil were investigated by incubation of peat material from fertilized and unfertilized plots in the laboratory. CH4 oxidation was observed only in the surface depth interval (0–5 cm) of the peat profile. Rate constants as high as −0.084 h−1 g−1 d.w. were measured. Fertilization affected the magnitude of the reaction rate constants with the greatest inhibition observed in those samples that were amended with NH4Cl. KNO3 and urea addition resulted in less inhibition. A weak temperature effect on CH4 consumption was observed. Apparent activation energies (Ea') were measured at −54 to −16 kJ mol−1. Only the addition of KNO3 significantly affected the temperature response of the surface peats. The nitrogen fertilizers had also decreased the CH4 uptake in situ. However, our study showed that the effect is not simply dependent upon NH4+ concentrations, e.g. the added salts, K+ and Cl−, might possibly contribute to the inhibitory effect.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify a conscious, self-reflective level of mood regulation as one in which we are aware of both our mood and our thoughts about that mood, such as "I shouldn′t feel this way" and "I′m thinking good things to cheer up".
TL;DR: Research on algorithms for the generation of gouge-free, nonisoparametric 5-axis tool paths across composite surface patches is described, which includes the tesselation of the parametric surfaces into triangles.
Abstract: In theory, the 5-axis machining of sculptured surfaces offers many advantages over 3-axis machining, including faster material-removal rates, improved surface finish, and the elimination of hand finishing. In practice, 5-axis machining suffers from a number of drawbacks, which are mostly related to gouge avoidance. The paper describes research on algorithms for the generation of gouge-free, nonisoparametric 5-axis tool paths across composite surface patches. The approach includes (a) the tesselation of the parametric surfaces into triangles, (b) algorithms for the placement of a cylindrically shaped cutting tool onto the triangulated surface, and (c) interference detection and tool-position correction.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed that a global data set of the land surface is created from remotely sensed data from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) to support a number of IGBP's projects.
Abstract: Examination of the scientific priorities for the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP) reveals a requirement for global land data sets in several of its Core Projects. These data sets need to be at several space and time scales. Requirements are demonstrated for the regular acquisition of data at spatial resolutions of 1 km and finer and at high temporal frequencies. Global daily data at a resolution of approximately 1 km are sensed by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), but they have not been available in a single archive. It is proposed, that a global data set of the land surface is created from remotely sensed data from the AVHRR to support a number of IGBP's projects. This data set should have a spatial resolution of 1 km and should be generated at least once every 10 days for the entire globe. The minimum length of record should be a year, and ideally a system should be put in place which leads to the continuous acquisition of 1 km data to provide a base line d...
TL;DR: The model demonstrates that a matching law analysis of concurrent chains-the assumption that relative initial-link responding equals relative terminal-link value-remains quantitatively viable, and provides a quantitative integration of concurrent schedules and concurrent chains.
Abstract: An extension of the generalized matching law incorporating context effects on terminal-link sensitivity is proposed as a quantitative model of behavior under concurrent chains. The contextual choice model makes many of the same qualitative predictions as the delay-reduction hypothesis, and assumes that the crucial contextual variable in concurrent chains is the ratio of average times spent, per reinforcement, in the terminal and initial links; this ratio controls differential effectiveness of terminal-link stimuli as conditioned reinforcers. Ninety-two concurrent-chains data sets from 19 published studies were fitted to the model. Averaged across all studies, the model accounted for 90% of the variance in pigeons' relative initial-link responding. The model therefore demonstrates that a matching law analysis of concurrent chains-the assumption that relative initial-link responding equals relative terminal-link value-remains quantitatively viable. Because the model reduces to the generalized matching law when terminal-link duration is zero, it provides a quantitative integration of concurrent schedules and concurrent chains.
TL;DR: In this paper, a signal processing technique is presented and applied to annual patterns of the Global Vegetation Index (GVI) derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) to examine the frequency distribution of the multi-temporal signal.
Abstract: A signal processing technique is presented and applied to annual patterns of the Global Vegetation Index (GVI) derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) to examine the frequency distribution of the multi-temporal signal. It is shown that frequencies of the signal are linked to integrated GVI, seasonal variability and subseasonal variability of the land cover type. These characteristics are used to derive a land cover classification.
TL;DR: It is argued that the widespread interest in ethnography tends to reflect a usage of the concept of culture that distances and subordinates, impeding prevention efforts.
TL;DR: This article found that teacher self-disclosure would be positively associated with student classroom participation, consistent with the reciprocity effect that suggests that selfdisclosure by one person ail1 elicit self disclosure from another.
Abstract: We hypothesized that teacher self-disclosure would be positively associated with student classroom participation. This hypothesis is consistent with the reciprocity effect that suggests that self-disclosure by one person ail1 elicit self-disclosure from another. Teachers and studens in 64 undergraduate classes completed questionnaires that assessed teach self-disclosure, class participation, and students" willingness to participate in class. Correlated analyses support the central hypothesis. We suggest that the positive relation between teacher self-disclosure and class participation may not be solely a function of the examples of class concepts that such disclosures provide but maybe a function of the interpersonal atmosphere created by such disclosures. The applied implications of this research are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors made measurements of the 13 C 12 C fractionation of methane (CH4) during microbial oxidation by an upland temperate soil from College Woods, New Hampshire, using both in situ and laboratory incubation measurements.
TL;DR: Estimates of the proportion of the United States population that has provided informal care to persons with AIDS and socio-demographic characteristics of 'typical' AIDS caregivers in the U.S suggest that these caregivers may be at particular risk for detrimental consequences.
TL;DR: The authors found that older adults spent differentially more time reading the propositional dense sentences, and although the overall recall performance of older adults was slightly poorer than that of younger adults, age differences were constant across propositional density.
Abstract: Younger and older adults read and immediately recalled a set of sentences which varied in propositional density. Reading was self-paced and sentence reading time was measured. Older adults spent differentially more time reading the propositionally dense sentences, and although the overall recall performance of older adults was slightly poorer than that of younger adults, age differences were constant across propositional density. Consistent with the Slowing Hypothesis, an analysis of effective reading time (time spent per proposition recalled) demonstrated that older adults were spending proportionately more time to effectively encode the sentences. In addition, a relative memorability analysis (Stine & Wingfield, 1988, 1990a) suggested that the increase in propositional density did not particularly disrupt the organization of the text representation for older adults in this self-paced reading situation. This contrasts with earlier findings in a listening situation. These data provide support for...