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Showing papers by "University of New Hampshire published in 1995"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The solar wind experiment (SWE) on the WIND spacecraft is a comprehensive, integrated set of sensors which is designed to investigate outstanding problems in solar wind physics as discussed by the authors, which consists of two Faraday cup (FC) sensors; a vector electron and ion spectrometer (VEIS); a strahl sensor, which is especially configured to study the electron ‘strahl’ close to the magnetic field direction; and an on-board calibration system.
Abstract: The Solar Wind Experiment (SWE) on the WIND spacecraft is a comprehensive, integrated set of sensors which is designed to investigate outstanding problems in solar wind physics. It consists of two Faraday cup (FC) sensors; a vector electron and ion spectrometer (VEIS); a strahl sensor, which is especially configured to study the electron ‘strahl’ close to the magnetic field direction; and an on-board calibration system. The energy/charge range of the Faraday cups is 150 V to 8 kV, and that of the VEIS is 7 V to 24.8 kV. The time resolution depends on the operational mode used, but can be of the order of a few seconds for 3-D measurements. ‘Key parameters’ which broadly characterize the solar wind positive ion velocity distribution function will be made available rapidly from the GGS Central Data Handling Facility.

1,206 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Three statistics (%GC, GC-skew, and AT-s Skew) can be used to describe the overall patterns of nucleotide composition in DNA sequences, which reflect the substitution process.
Abstract: Three statistics (%GC, GC-skew, and AT-skew) can be used to describe the overall patterns of nucleotide composition in DNA sequences. Fourfold degenerate third codon positions from 16 animal mitochondrial genomes were analyzed. The overall composition, as measured by %GC, varies from 3.6 %GC in the honeybee to 47.2 %GC in human mtDNA. Compositional differences between strands of the mitochondrial genome were quantified using the two skew statistics presented in this paper. Strand-specific distribution of bases varies among animal taxa independently of overall %GC. Compositional patterns reflect the substitution process. Description of these patterns may aid in the formation of hypotheses about substitutional mechanisms.

1,090 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
22 Dec 1995-Science
TL;DR: In this paper, the chemical composition of the atmosphere was dynamic during the Holocene epoch and concentrations of sea salt and terrestrial dusts increased in Summit snow during the periods 0 to 600, 2400 to 3100, 5000 to 6100, 7800 to 8800, and more than 11,300 years ago.
Abstract: Glaciochemical time series developed from Summit, Greenland, indicate that the chemical composition of the atmosphere was dynamic during the Holocene epoch. Concentrations of sea salt and terrestrial dusts increased in Summit snow during the periods 0 to 600, 2400 to 3100, 5000 to 6100, 7800 to 8800, and more than 11,300 years ago. The most recent increase, and also the most abrupt, coincides with the Little Ice Age. These changes imply that either the north polar vortex expanded or the meridional air flow intensified during these periods, and that temperatures in the mid to high northern latitudes were potentially the coldest since the Younger Dryas event.

913 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors define emotionally intelligent people as those who regulate their emotions according to a logically consistent model of emotional functioning, and apply that internally consistent model to the way a person can intervene in mood construction and regulation at non-, low-, and high-conscious levels of experience.
Abstract: Emotionally intelligent people are defined in part as those who regulate their emotions according to a logically consistent model of emotional functioning. We indentify and compare several models of emotion regulation; for example, one internally consistent model includes tenets such as “happiness should be optimized over the lifetime.” Next, we apply that internally consistent model to the way a person can intervene in mood construction and regulation at non-, low-, and high-conscious levels of experience. Research related to the construction and regulation of emotion at each of these levels is reviewed. Finally, we connect our concept of emotionally intelligent regulation to its potential applications to personality and clinical psychology.

693 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The mitochondrial control region from 23 species representing six families of teleost fish is amplified and sequenced, suggesting that particular care should be taken to identify the most appropriate segment for studies of intraspecific variation.
Abstract: We amplified and sequenced the mitochondrial control region from 23 species representing six families of teleost fish. The length of this segment is highly variable among even closely related species due to the presence of tandemly repeated sequences and large insertions. The position of the repetitive sequences suggests that they arise during replication both near the origin of replication and at the site of termination of the D-loop strand. Many of the conserved sequence blocks (CSBs) observed in mammals are also found among fish. In particular, the mammalian CSB-D is present in all of the fish species studied. Study of potential secondary structures of RNAs from the conserved regions provides little insight into the functional constraints on these regions. The variable structure of these control regions suggests that particular care should be taken to identify the most appropriate segment for studies of intraspecific variation.

669 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the lognormal distribution is presented as a useful model for bio-optical variability at a variety of spatial and temporal scales, and a parametric statistical framework is presented for using the LDA model to assess the effects of heterogeneity and scale on closure.
Abstract: The lognormal distribution is presented as a useful model for bio-optical variability at a variety of spatial and temporal scales. A parametric statistical framework is presented for using the lognormal model to assess the effects of heterogeneity and scale on closure. Variability at small scales affects but is unresolved by large-scale measurements. An assumed lognormal distribution allows one to integrate over small-scale variability to predict large-scale measurements. Examples are presented to demonstrate how knowledge of the variance can be incorporated into models to relate measurements made at different scales.

534 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The findings suggest that substantial mental health morbidity in the general child and adolescent population is associated with victimization, and sexual assault was associated with particularly high levels of symptomatology.
Abstract: In a national telephone sample of youths aged 10-16 years, over one third reported having been the victims of an assault. Victimized respondents displayed significantly more psychological and behavioral symptomatology than did nonvictimized respondents (more symptomatology related to posttraumatic stress disorder, more sadness, and more school difficulties), even after controlling for some other possible sources of distress. Sexual assault was associated with particularly high levels of symptomatology. However, victims of other forms of assault--nonfamily assaults involving weapons or physical injury (aggravated assaults), assaults by parents, violence to genitals, and attempted kidnappings--also evidenced levels of distress that were not statistically lower than those suffered by victims of sexual assault. The findings suggest that substantial mental health morbidity in the general child and adolescent population is associated with victimization. Language: en

513 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The need for more treatment outcome research is highlighted by the rising demand for accountability in the health care system that will increasingly require professionals in the field of sexual abuse treatment to justify their efforts and their methods.
Abstract: Objective To review findings and conclusions from 29 studies that evaluated with quantitative outcome measures the effectiveness of treatments for sexually abused children. Results The studies overall document improvements in sexually abused children consistent with the belief that therapy facilitates recovery, but only five of them marshal evidence that the recovery is not simply due to the passage of time or some factor outside therapy. There has yet to be a true large-scale, randomized trial of treatment versus control. The studies suggest that certain problems, such as aggressiveness and sexualized behavior, are particularly resistant to change and that some children do not improve. A number of considerations that merit special attention in future sexual abuse therapy outcome research are identified, including (1) the diversity of sexually abused children, (2) the problem of children with no symptoms, (3) the possible existence of serious “sleeper” effects, (4) the importance of family context on recovery, (5) the utility of abuse-focused therapy and targeted interventions, (6) the optimal length of treatment, (7) the problem of treatment dropouts, and (8) the development and use of abuse-specific outcome measures. Conclusion The need for more treatment outcome research is highlighted by the rising demand for accountability in the health care system that will increasingly require professionals in the field of sexual abuse treatment to justify their efforts and their methods.

384 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that increased nutrient loading results in less light for eelgrass and that eclgrass growth linearly decreases with reduced light, and suggests that the negative effect of algae on eel Grass occurs primarily through the reduction of light.
Abstract: Outdoor mesocosm experiments were used to examine the response of eelgrass communities to excess nutrient loading and reduced light that simulated coastal eutrophication. A series of replicated manipulations conducted between 1988 and 1990 demonstrated the effects of reduced available light and increased loading of nitrogen plus phosphorus on habitats dominated by eelgrass Zostera marina L. Shade and nutrients each significantly affected eelgrass growth, morphology, density, and biomass. WC found no significant interactions between the effects of shade and the effects of nutrients on any plant characteristics except leaf length. The growth rate of individual eelgrass shoots was linearly related to light, increasing throughout the range of available light. Biomass and daily biomass increase, or areal growth, were also linearly related to light, but specific growth showed no response to light. Shoot density increased with the log of light. Excess nutrient loading was shown to significantly reduce eelgrass growth and bed structure through stimulation of various forms of algae that effectively competed with eelgrass for light. The absence of significant interactions between the effects of shade and nutrients on eelgrass density, growth, and biomass suggests that the negative effect of algae on eelgrass occurs primarily through the reduction of light (i.e. shading). The outcome of nutrient enrichment was a shift in plant dominance from eelgrass to three algal forms: phytoplankton, epiphytic algae, and macroalgae. We quantified the effects of eutrophication and demonstrated that increased nutrient loading results in less light for eelgrass and that eclgrass growth linearly decreases with reduced light.

362 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an improved version of a forest carbon and water balance model (PnET-II) was proposed to predict stand and regional-level effects of changes in temperature, precipitation and atmospheric CO2 concentration.
Abstract: Rapid and simultaneous changes in temperature, precipitation and the atmospheric concentration of CO2 are predicted to occur over the next century. Simple, well-validated models of ecosystem function are required to predict the effects of these changes. This paper describes an improved version of a forest carbon and water balance model (PnET-II) and the application of the model to predict stand- and regional-level effects of changes in temperature, precipitation and atmospheric CO2 concentration. PnET-II is a simple, generalized, monthly time-step model of water and carbon balances (gross and net) driven by nitrogen availability as expressed through foliar N concentration. Improvements from the original model include a complete carbon balance and improvements in the prediction of canopy phenology, as well as in the computation of canopy structure and photosynthesis. The model was parameterized and run for 4 forest/site combinations and validated against available data for water yield, gross and net carbon exchange and biomass production. The validation exercise suggests that the determination of actual water availability to stands and the occurrence or non-occurrence of soil-based water stress are critical to accurate modeling of forest net primary production (NPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP). The model was then run for the entire NewEngland/New York (USA) region using a 1 km resolution geographic information system. Predicted long-term NEP ranged from -85 to +275 g C m-2 yr-1 for the 4 forest/site combinations, and from -150 to 350 g C m-2 yr-1 for the region, with a regional average of 76 g C m-2 yr-1. A combination of increased temperature (+6*C), decreased precipitation (-15%) and increased water use efficiency (2x, due to doubling of CO2) resulted generally in increases in NPP and decreases in water yield over the region.

339 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: There is evidence that some adults who claim to have recovered memories of sexual abuse recall actual events that occurred in childhood, according to interviews with women with documented histories of sexual victimization in childhood.
Abstract: This study provides evidence that some adults who claim to have recovered memories of sexual abuse recall actual events that occurred in childhood. One hundred twenty-nine women with documented histories of sexual victimization in childhood were interviewed and asked about abuse history. Seventeen years following the initial report of the abuse, 80 of the women recalled the victimization. One in 10 women (16% of those who recalled the abuse) reported that at some time in the past they had forgotten about the abuse. Those with a prior period of forgetting—the women with “recovered memories”—were younger at the time of abuse and were less likely to have received support from their mothers than the women who reported that they had always remembered their victimization. The women who had recovered memories and those who had always remembered had the same number of discrepancies when their accounts of the abuse were compared to the reports from the early 1970s.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The CELIAS experiment on SOHO is designed to measure the mass, ionic charge and energy of the low and high speed solar wind, of suprathermal ions, and of low energy flare particles as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The CELIAS experiment on SOHO is designed to measure the mass, ionic charge and energy of the low and high speed solar wind, of suprathermal ions, and of low energy flare particles. Through analysis of the elemental and isotopic abundances, the ionic charge state, and the velocity distributions of ions originating in the solar atmosphere, the investigation focuses on the plasma processes on various temporal and spatial scales in the solar chromosphere, transition zone, and corona. CELIAS includes 3 mass- and charge-discriminating sensors based on the time-of-flight technique: CTOF for the elemental, charge and velocity distribution of the solar wind, MTOF for the elemental and isotopic composition of the solar wind, and STOF for the mass, charge and energy distribution of suprathermal ions. The instrument will provide detailed in situ diagnostics of the solar wind and of accelerated particles, which will complement the optical and spectroscopic investigations of the solar atmosphere on SOHO. CELIAS also contains a Solar Extreme Ultraviolet Monitor, SEM, which continously measures the EUV flux in a wide band of 17 – 70 nm, and a narrow band around the 30.4 nm He II line.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors synthesize a set of summary relationships that define the temporal pattern of responses of N-limited systems to N additions, and synthesize these relationships into the set of proposed summary relationships.
Abstract: Results from four intensive site-level manipulations and one extensive field survey in northern temperate and boreal forests show a consistent set of responses to chronic N additions. These include 1) initial and often large increase in net N mineralization followed by decreases, 2) increases in net nitrification. 3) increases in N concentration in foliage, and 4) decreased Mg∶N and Ca∶Al ratios, and declining tree growth and vigor in all evergreen stands. These results are synthesized into a set of proposed summary relationships that define the temporal pattern of responses of N-limited systems to N additions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A framework is presented for a new field called developmental victomology, and two major branches are described, which would analyze developmental changes that affect children's risk for victimization, particularly in three areas: children's suitability as targets, their ability to protect themselves, and the environments they inhabit.
Abstract: A framework is presented for a new field called developmental victomology, and two major branches are described. One would analyze developmental changes that affect children's risk for victimization, particularly in three areas: children's suitability as targets, their ability to protect themselves, and the environments they inhabit. A second branch would focus on developmental processes that affect children's reactions to victimizations and in particular, developmental tasks and critical periods, the process of cognitive appraisal, and the forms of symptom expression.

Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the interaction between metal cations and dissolved polyfunctional organic compounds of low molecular weight and their potential role in heavy metal contamination of soil and groundwater.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the nature of interaction among trace metals in soil solution, dissolved organics in soil solution, and solid surfaces. The interaction between metal cations and dissolved polyfunctional organic compounds of low molecular weight is important because of its role in mineral-weathering and soil-forming processes and its potential role in heavy metal contamination of soil and groundwater. The chapter presents the organics and metals in the soil solution. Dissolved organics that interact with soil constituents and trace metal ions are of two major kinds: a range of low-molecular-weight organic acids—including polyphenols, simple aliphatic acids, amino acids, sugar acids, and hydroxamate siderophores; and a series of soluble humic/fulvic acids. Numerous environmental issues arise in relation to the interaction of metal ions with soluble organics. Some of these include the phytoavailability of metals, plant nutrient availability, toxicological effects of coordinated metal ions on aquatic and marine organisms, and transport of contaminants, particularly in relation to implications for surface and groundwater quality and soil genesis. All of these issues are highly dependent on the nature and concentration of the contaminant in the soil solution phase. Extant research indicates that low-molecular-weight ligands in soil solution may either enhance or retard reactions with solid surfaces—depending on the functional groups on the organic molecule, soil surface properties, and soil solution conditions. It is imperative that increased research efforts be devoted to evaluating the effects of these organics on metal reactions in the soil.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences shows that the mtDNA variation in Lake Malawi cichlids is nested monophyletically within the range of variation shown by Tanganyikan cichLids, and Divergences among tribes are consistent with an intralacustrine radiation within the past 10 million years.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The experience of prior victimization (sexual and nonsexual) was found to increase children's risk for experiencing later child sexual abuse (CSA) in a national random sample of 2,000 American children aged 10-16 years.

Journal ArticleDOI
04 May 1995-Nature
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report measurements of vent fluid temperature and chemistry from 9° 46.5′ N on the East Pacific Rise, which show unprecedented variability on timescales of only a week.
Abstract: STUDIES of sea-floor hydrothermal vent fluids have shown them to have stable characteristics on a decade timescale1, with temperatures in the range 350 ± 30 °C (ref. 2) and chemistries2 that vary from vent to vent, which have most recently been interpreted to reflect phase separation within the hydrothermal system3a€-7. Here we report measurements of vent fluid temperature and chemistry from 9° 46.5′ N on the East Pacific Rise, which show unprecedented variability on timescales of only a week. Our measured temperatures range up to 403 °C, placing the fluids unequivocally in the vapour field at the sampling conditions. Consistent with the fluids being in the vapour phase are the lowest chlorinities and silica contents, and highest hydrogen sulphide contents, yet reported for sea-floor vent fluids. These unusual fluid characteristics are the result of a volcanic eruption having occurred at this site, within weeks of when the first measurements were made8. The hydrothermal system in the immediate post-eruptive period is thus characterized by previously unknown temperature and chemical characteristics, necessitating revisions to models of hydrothermal fluxes to the oceans.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: HYDRA is an experimental hot plasma investigation for the POLAR spacecraft of the GGS program as discussed by the authors, with a suite of particle analyzers that sample the velocity space of electron and ions between 2 keV/q and 35 keV /q in three dimensions, with a routine time resolution of 05 s.
Abstract: HYDRA is an experimental hot plasma investigation for the POLAR spacecraft of the GGS program A consortium of institutions has designed a suite of particle analyzers that sample the velocity space of electron and ions between ≃2 keV/q – 35 keV/q in three dimensions, with a routine time resolution of 05 s Routine coverage of velocity space will be accomplished with an angular homogeneity assumption of ≃16°, appropriate for subsonic plasmas, but with special ≃15° resolution for electrons with energies between 100 eV and 10 keV along and opposed to the local magnetic field This instrument produces 49 kilobits s−1 to the telemetry, consumes on average 14 W and requires 187 kg for deployment including its internal shielding The scientific objectives for the polar magnetosphere fall into four broad categories: (1) those to define the ambient kinetic regimes of ions and electrons; (2) those to elucidate the magnetohydrodynamic responses in these regimes; (3) those to assess the particle populations with high time resolution; and (4) those to determine the global topology of the magnetic field In thefirst group are issues of identifying the origins of particles at high magnetic latitudes, their energization, the altitude dependence of the forces, including parallel electric fields they have traversed In thesecond group are the physics of the fluid flows, regimes of current, and plasma depletion zones during quiescent and disturbed magnetic conditions In thethird group is the exploration of the processes that accompany the rapid time variations known to occur in the auroral zone, cusp and entry layers as they affect the flow of mass, momentum and energy in the auroral region In thefourth class of objectives are studies in conjunction with the SWE measurements of the Strahl in the solar wind that exploit the small gyroradius of thermal electrons to detect those magnetic field lines that penetrate the auroral region that are directly ‘open’ to interplanetary space where, for example, the Polar Rain is observed

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors extend the analysis by Sakurai, Goossens, and Hollweg (1991) on resonant Alfven waves in nonuniform magnetic flux tubes.
Abstract: The present paper extends the analysis by Sakurai, Goossens, and Hollweg (1991) on resonant Alfven waves in nonuniform magnetic flux tubes. It proves that the fundamental conservation law for resonant Alfven waves found in ideal MHD by Sakurai, Goossens, and Hollweg remains valid in dissipative MHD. This guarantees that the jump conditions of Sakurai, Goossens, and Hollweg, that connect the ideal MHD solutions forξr, andP′ across the dissipative layer, are correct. In addition, the present paper replaces the complicated dissipative MHD solutions obtained by Sakurai, Goossens, and Hollweg forξr, andP′ in terms of double integrals of Hankel functions of complex argument of order\(\frac{1}{3}\) with compact analytical solutions that allow a straightforward mathematical and physical interpretation. Finally, it presents an analytical dissipative MHD solution for the component of the Lagrangian displacement in the magnetic surfaces perpendicular to the magnetic field linesξ⊥ which enables us to determine the dominant dynamics of resonant Alfven waves in dissipative MHD.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Feb 1995-Genetics
TL;DR: The complete nucleotide sequence of a sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) mitochondrial genome has been determined, demonstrating that the common mitochondrial gene organization of vertebrates was established at an early stage of vertebrate evolution.
Abstract: The complete nucleotide sequence of a sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) mitochondrial genome has been determined. The lamprey genome is 16,201 bp in length and contains genes for 13 proteins, two rRNAs, 22 tRNAs and two major noncoding regions. The order and transcriptional polarities of protein-coding genes are basically identical to those of other chordate mtDNAs, demonstrating that the common mitochondrial gene organization of vertebrates was established at an early stage of vertebrate evolution. The two major noncoding regions are separated by two tRNA genes. The first region probably functions as the control region because it contains distinctive conserved sequence blocks (CSB-II and III) common to other vertebrate control regions. The central conserved domain observed in other vertebrate control regions is not found in the lamprey, suggesting that it is a recently evolved functional domain in vertebrates. Noncoding segments are not found in the expected position of the origin of replication for the second strand, suggesting either that one of the tRNA genes has a dual function or that the second noncoding region may function as the second-strand origin. The base composition at the wobble positions of fourfold degenerate codon families is highly biased toward thymine (32.7%). Values of GC- and AT-skew are typical of vertebrate mitochondrial genomes.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The role of private investors in the equity financing of new technology-based ventures is examined in this paper, where the authors study the market from a demand and supply perspective and delineate the role of the private investor with that of the more visible venture capital funds.
Abstract: The role of private investors in the equity financing of new technology-based ventures is examined. The research studies the venture capital market from a demand and supply perspective and delineates the role of the private investor with that of the more visible venture capital funds. The entrepreneur's perceptions of raising venture capital are also examined. The research suggests that the private investor is the most common source of seed and start-up financing, especially if the round of financing is less than US$500 000. While private investors are harder to find than their venture capital fund counterparts, it appears to take less time to close a deal with private investors and the financing is less expensive than financing from venture capital funds. Both private investors and venture capital funds add value to their investments through the establishment of working relationships with the ventures they finance, and entrepreneurs perceive these working relationships to be a productive component of the...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The low heterozygosity of a Melanochromis auratus brood is consistent with reduced levels of mtDNA polymorphism previously documented in this species, suggesting microsatellite variation may provide insight into the genetic history of these populations.
Abstract: The genotypes of two microsatellite loci were determined for the mouthbrooded progeny of 13 females, representing seven species of both rock- and sand-dwelling Lake Malawi cichlid fishes. Multiple paternity is clearly demonstrated for all but two broods. One brood contained the progeny of at least six males. Heterozygosity of these two microsatellite loci in a sample of 18 male Copadichromis cyclicos was 89% and 83%, respectively. Each locus displayed 16 alleles among the 18 males. The expected average exclusion probability using both loci, given a mother/offspring pair, is 0.968, suggesting that microsatellite variation will be useful for quantifying mate choice in these taxa. The low heterozygosity of a Melanochromis auratus brood is consistent with reduced levels of mtDNA polymorphism previously documented in this species. Thus microsatellite variation may provide insight into the genetic history of these populations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Although satisfaction levels were generally high for all groups, girls, black children, and children from lower socioeconomic status families, as well as their parents, had more positive reactions and reported more skill utilization in programs that gave children a chance to practice and prompted discussions with parents.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Oct 1995-Nature
TL;DR: This article showed that when exposed to a variety of soil types at low mixing ratios, CH3Br is rapidly and irreversibly removed to below the levels found in the global atmosphere.
Abstract: METHYL bromide (CH3Br), a widely used agricultural fumigant, may be an important source of atmospheric bromine radicals, which destroy stratospheric ozone1–10. In current models of this compound's atmospheric behaviour, the main sinks are taken to be oxidation by hydroxyl radicals, photolysis and uptake by the oceans1–5,7,9,10. But there is also evidence that CH3Br is consumed in soils8,11–13. Here we report laboratory and field experiments which show that, when exposed to a variety of soil types at low mixing ratios, CH3Br is rapidly and irreversibly removed to below the levels found in the global atmosphere. We show that the uptake process is bacterially mediated. We estimate the global annual soil sink to be 42 ± 32 Gg; coupled with other removal mechanisms, this suggests an atmospheric lifetime for CH3Br of about 0.8 yr, just half the previous best estimate9, and an ozone depletion potential that is about 30% smaller than the previous estimate1.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors followed the movements of 15N-labelled nitrate additions into biomass and soil pools of experimental plots (15×15 m each) in a mid-successional beech-maple-birch-spruce forest in order to identify sinks for nitrate inputs to a forest ecosystem.
Abstract: We followed the movements of 15N-labelled nitrate additions into biomass and soil pools of experimental plots (15×15 m each) in a mid-successional beech-maple-birch-spruce forest in order to identify sinks for nitrate inputs to a forest ecosystem Replicate plots (n=3) were spray-irrigated with either 28 or 56 kg N ha-1 year-1 using 15N-labelled nitric acid solutions (δ15N = 344‰ ) during four successive growing seasons (April-October) The 15N contents of foliage, bolewood, forests floor and mineral soil (0-5 cm) increased during the course of treatments Mass balance calculations showed that one-fourth to one-third of the nitrate applied to forest plots was assimilated into and retained by above ground plant tissues and surface soil horizons at both rates of nitrate application Plant and microbial assimilation were of approximately equal importance in retaining nitrate additions to this forest Nitrate use among tree species varied, however, with red spruce showing lower rates of nitrate assimilation into foliage and bolewood than American beech and other deciduous species

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Children exposed to school-based prevention programs and at home about how to prevent victimization performed better on a short test of knowledge about sexual victimization; when victimized or threatened were more likely to use the self-protection strategies recommended by prevention educators; and were morelikely to disclose to someone about the victimization attempts.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results indicated that generative women have prosocial personality characteristics, express generative attitudes through their work, are invested in the parenting process, and exhibit an expanded radius of care.
Abstract: On the basis of E. H. Erikson's (1950/1963) theory of midlife development, a measure of generativity realization was constructed with items from J. Block's (1961/1978) California Adult Q-Set (CAQ). Convergent and discriminant validity for the new CAQ measure were established through a survey of 2 samples of educated women at about 43 years of age (N = 208). These 2 samples, 1 from a study of Mills College graduates and the other from a study of Radcliffe College graduates, were also used to examine the personality, attitudinal, and life outcome correlates of generativity at midlife. Results indicated that generative women have prosocial personality characteristics, express generative attitudes through their work, are invested in the parenting process, and exhibit an expanded radius of care. In general, results conceptually replicated in the Mills and Radcliffe samples.

Proceedings Article
20 Aug 1995
TL;DR: A specific algorithm, AC-7, is presented, which takes advantage of a simple property common to all binary constraints to eliminate constraint checks that other arc consistency algorithms perform.
Abstract: Constraint satisfaction problems are widely used in artificial intelligence They involve finding values for problem variables subject to constraints that specify which combinations of values are consistent Knowledge about properties of the constraints can permit inferences that reduce the cost of consistency checking In particular, such inferences can be used to reduce the number of constraint checks required in establishing arc consistency, a fundamental constraint-based reasoning technique A general AC-Inference schema is presented and various forms of inference discussed A specific algorithm, AC-7, is presented, which takes advantage of a simple property common to all binary constraints to eliminate constraint checks that other arc consistency algorithms perform The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated analytically, and experimentally on real-world problems

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: The ability to measure bacterial phylogenetic relationships, and those among microscopic eukaryotes, has had a direct impact on systematics that extends well into microbial ecology.
Abstract: Emergence of the major outlines of bacterial phylogenetic relationships marks a defining advancement in the recent history of microbiology. This was made possible through the work of Woese and his colleagues who pioneered the comparison of rRNA sequences [30]. The ability to measure bacterial phylogenetic relationships, and those among microscopic eukaryotes, has had a direct impact on systematics that extends well into microbial ecology. While the driving force has been basic phylogenetic research, application of molecular techniques based on rRNA sequence comparisons to determinative and environmental microbiology is a blossoming area [9,26].