Showing papers by "University of New Hampshire published in 2015"
Northern Arizona University1, University of Alaska Fairbanks2, University of Florida3, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research4, United States Geological Survey5, Oak Ridge National Laboratory6, Stockholm University7, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory8, National Center for Atmospheric Research9, Woods Hole Research Center10, University of Alberta11, Tyumen State Oil and Gas University12, University of Guelph13, University of New Hampshire14, Utrecht University15
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors find that current evidence suggests a gradual and prolonged release of greenhouse gas emissions in a warming climate and present a research strategy with which to target poorly understood aspects of permafrost carbon dynamics.
Abstract: Large quantities of organic carbon are stored in frozen soils (permafrost) within Arctic and sub-Arctic regions. A warming climate can induce environmental changes that accelerate the microbial breakdown of organic carbon and the release of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane. This feedback can accelerate climate change, but the magnitude and timing of greenhouse gas emission from these regions and their impact on climate change remain uncertain. Here we find that current evidence suggests a gradual and prolonged release of greenhouse gas emissions in a warming climate and present a research strategy with which to target poorly understood aspects of permafrost carbon dynamics.
2,282 citations
TL;DR: Children and youth are exposed to violence, abuse, and crime in varied and extensive ways, which justifies continued monitoring and prevention efforts.
Abstract: Importance It is important to estimate the burden of and trends for violence, crime, and abuse in the lives of children. Objective To provide health care professionals, policy makers, and parents with current estimates of exposure to violence, crime, and abuse across childhood and at different developmental stages. Design, Setting, and Participants The National Survey of Children’s Exposure to Violence (NatSCEV) includes a representative sample of US telephone numbers from August 28, 2013, to April 30, 2014. Via telephone interviews, information was obtained on 4000 children 0 to 17 years old, with information about exposure to violence, crime, and abuse provided by youth 10 to 17 years old and by caregivers for children 0 to 9 years old. Main Outcome and Measure Exposure to violence, crime, and abuse using the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire. Results In total, 37.3% of youth experienced a physical assault in the study year, and 9.3% of youth experienced an assault-related injury. Two percent of girls experienced sexual assault or sexual abuse in the study year, while the rate was 4.6% for girls 14 to 17 years old. Overall, 15.2% of children and youth experienced maltreatment by a caregiver, including 5.0% who experienced physical abuse. In total, 5.8% witnessed an assault between parents. Only 2 significant rate changes could be detected compared with the last survey in 2011, namely, declines in past-year exposure to dating violence and lifetime exposure to household theft. Conclusions and Relevance Children and youth are exposed to violence, abuse, and crime in varied and extensive ways, which justifies continued monitoring and prevention efforts.
846 citations
Chinese Academy of Sciences1, Canterbury of New Zealand2, Pennsylvania State University3, Cornell University4, University of Minnesota5, University of Helsinki6, University of New Hampshire7, Oak Ridge National Laboratory8, Stanford University9, Indiana University10, University of Idaho11, College of Charleston12, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna13, Polish Academy of Sciences14
TL;DR: It is demonstrated how order-based and functional classification frameworks improve the understanding of dynamic root processes in ecosystems dominated by perennial plants.
Abstract: Fine roots acquire essential soil resources and mediate biogeochemical cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Estimates of carbon and nutrient allocation to build and maintain these structures remain uncertain because of the challenges of consistently measuring and interpreting fine-root systems. Traditionally, fine roots have been defined as all roots 2mm in diameter, yet it is now recognized that this approach fails to capture the diversity of form and function observed among fine-root orders. Here, we demonstrate how order-based and functional classification frameworks improve our understanding of dynamic root processes in ecosystems dominated by perennial plants. In these frameworks, fine roots are either separated into individual root orders or functionally defined into a shorter-lived absorptive pool and a longer-lived transport fine-root pool. Using these frameworks, we estimate that fine-root production and turnover represent 22% of terrestrial net primary production globally - a c. 30% reduction from previous estimates assuming a single fine-root pool. Future work developing tools to rapidly differentiate functional fine-root classes, explicit incorporation of mycorrhizal fungi into fine-root studies, and wider adoption of a two-pool approach to model fine roots provide opportunities to better understand below-ground processes in the terrestrial biosphere.
834 citations
Illinois State University1, York University2, California University of Pennsylvania3, Washington State University4, United States Geological Survey5, Norwegian Institute for Air Research6, University of Wisconsin-Madison7, Uppsala University8, University of Konstanz9, University at Albany, SUNY10, Leibniz Association11, University of Waikato12, University of Helsinki13, University of Minnesota14, Indian Ministry of Environment and Forests15, Colorado State University16, University of Adelaide17, Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland18, University of Innsbruck19, University of Florida20, Cornell University21, International Institute for Sustainable Development22, California Institute of Technology23, Irkutsk State University24, Estonian University of Life Sciences25, Ritsumeikan University26, Finnish Environment Institute27, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory28, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology29, University of California, Santa Barbara30, University of Hamburg31, Russian Academy of Sciences32, Royal Museum for Central Africa33, National Research Council34, Ontario Ministry of the Environment35, University of New Hampshire36, University of Washington37, University of California, Davis38, Melikşah University39, University of Vienna40, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research41, University of Eastern Finland42, Seqwater43, Miami University44, Chinese Academy of Sciences45
TL;DR: In the first worldwide synthesis of in situ and satellite-derived lake data, this paper found that lake summer surface water temperatures rose rapidly (global mean = 0.34°C decade−1) between 1985 and 2009.
Abstract: In this first worldwide synthesis of in situ and satellite-derived lake data, we find that lake summer surface water temperatures rose rapidly (global mean = 0.34°C decade−1) between 1985 and 2009. Our analyses show that surface water warming rates are dependent on combinations of climate and local characteristics, rather than just lake location, leading to the counterintuitive result that regional consistency in lake warming is the exception, rather than the rule. The most rapidly warming lakes are widely geographically distributed, and their warming is associated with interactions among different climatic factors—from seasonally ice-covered lakes in areas where temperature and solar radiation are increasing while cloud cover is diminishing (0.72°C decade−1) to ice-free lakes experiencing increases in air temperature and solar radiation (0.53°C decade−1). The pervasive and rapid warming observed here signals the urgent need to incorporate climate impacts into vulnerability assessments and adaptation efforts for lakes.
822 citations
University of Connecticut1, Sacred Heart University2, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center3, University of South Florida4, University of New Hampshire5, Central Michigan University6, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences7, Georgia Institute of Technology8, University of South Carolina9
TL;DR: Recommendations to present best-practice recommendations for the prevention, recognition, and treatment of exertional heat illnesses (EHIs) and to describe the relevant physiology of thermoregulation.
Abstract: Objective: To present best-practice recommendations for the prevention, recognition, and treatment of exertional heat illnesses (EHIs) and to describe the relevant physiology of thermoregulation. ...
669 citations
TL;DR: The General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) as discussed by the authors has been updated with a new digital bathymetric model of the world ocean floor merged with land topography from publicly available digital elevation models.
Abstract: General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) has released the GEBCO_2014 grid, a new digital bathymetric model of the world ocean floor merged with land topography from publicly available digital elevation models. GEBCO_2014 has a grid spacing of 30 arc seconds, and updates the 2010 release (GEBCO_08) by incorporating new versions of regional bathymetric compilations from the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO), the International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean (IBCSO), the Baltic Sea Bathymetry Database (BSBD), and data from the European Marine Observation and Data network (EMODnet) bathymetry portal, among other data sources. Approximately 33% of ocean grid cells (not area) have been updated in GEBCO_2014 from the previous version, including both new interpolated depth values and added soundings. These updates include large amounts of multibeam data collected using modern equipment and navigation techniques, improving portrayed details of the world ocean floor. Of all non-land grid cells in GEBCO_2014, approximately 18% are based on bathymetric control data, i.e., primarily multibeam and single beam soundings, or pre-prepared grids which may contain some interpolated values. The GEBCO_2014 grid has a mean and median depth of 3897 m and 3441 m, respectively. Hypsometric analysis reveals that 50% of the Earth's surface is comprised of seafloor located 3200 m below mean sea level, and that ~900 ship-years of surveying would be needed to obtain complete multibeam coverage of the world's oceans.
647 citations
University of East Anglia1, University of Oslo2, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation3, University of Exeter4, Oak Ridge National Laboratory5, Woods Hole Research Center6, University of Bristol7, Scripps Institution of Oceanography8, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration9, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology10, University of Miami11, Centre national de la recherche scientifique12, University of Maryland, College Park13, Aix-Marseille University14, Flanders Marine Institute15, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research16, Max Planck Society17, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign18, Plymouth Marine Laboratory19, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency20, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory21, ETH Zurich22, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research23, University of Paris24, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution25, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research26, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology27, National Institute for Environmental Studies28, University of Washington29, University of Bergen30, Spanish National Research Council31, Montana State University32, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research33, Japan Meteorological Agency34, Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences35, Imperial College London36, University of Bern37, Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean38, Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory39, Hobart Corporation40, Wageningen University and Research Centre41, VU University Amsterdam42, University of New Hampshire43, Met Office44
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics, and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community.
Abstract: Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics, and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates as well as consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover-change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The mean ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in SOCEAN is evaluated with data products based on surveys of ocean CO2 measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of independent dynamic global vegetation models forced by observed climate, CO2, and land-cover change (some including nitrogen–carbon interactions). We compare the mean land and ocean fluxes and their variability to estimates from three atmospheric inverse methods for three broad latitude bands. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ, reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2005–2014), EFF was 9.0 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, ELUC was 0.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, GATM was 4.4 ± 0.1 GtC yr−1, SOCEAN was 2.6 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 3.0 ± 0.8 GtC yr−1. For the year 2014 alone, EFF grew to 9.8 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, 0.6 % above 2013, continuing the growth trend in these emissions, albeit at a slower rate compared to the average growth of 2.2 % yr−1 that took place during 2005–2014. Also, for 2014, ELUC was 1.1 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, GATM was 3.9 ± 0.2 GtC yr−1, SOCEAN was 2.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 4.1 ± 0.9 GtC yr−1. GATM was lower in 2014 compared to the past decade (2005–2014), reflecting a larger SLAND for that year. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 397.15 ± 0.10 ppm averaged over 2014. For 2015, preliminary data indicate that the growth in EFF will be near or slightly below zero, with a projection of −0.6 [range of −1.6 to +0.5] %, based on national emissions projections for China and the USA, and projections of gross domestic product corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the global economy for the rest of the world. From this projection of EFF and assumed constant ELUC for 2015, cumulative emissions of CO2 will reach about 555 ± 55 GtC (2035 ± 205 GtCO2) for 1870–2015, about 75 % from EFF and 25 % from ELUC. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new carbon budget compared with previous publications of this data set (Le Quere et al., 2015, 2014, 2013). All observations presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (doi:10.3334/CDIAC/GCP_2015).
644 citations
University of East Anglia1, University of Oslo2, Centre national de la recherche scientifique3, University of Exeter4, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration5, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology6, Oak Ridge National Laboratory7, University of Paris8, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation9, University of Maryland, College Park10, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research11, Woods Hole Research Center12, University of Bristol13, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign14, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen15, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research16, National Institute for Environmental Studies17, University of California, San Diego18, Plymouth Marine Laboratory19, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency20, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory21, ETH Zurich22, Hobart Corporation23, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution24, Appalachian State University25, Wageningen University and Research Centre26, Montana State University27, Australian National University28, Université libre de Bruxelles29, Max Planck Society30, Japan Meteorological Agency31, University of New Hampshire32, Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences33, Imperial College London34, Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research35, Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean36, Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory37, VU University Amsterdam38, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory39, Met Office40
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics, and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community.
Abstract: Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics, and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates, consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO 2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production (E FF ) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, respectively, while emissions from land-use change (E LUC ), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover-change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO 2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (G ATM ) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The mean ocean CO 2 sink (S OCEAN ) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in S OCEAN is evaluated with data products based on surveys of ocean CO 2 measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO 2 sink (S LAND ) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of independent dynamic global vegetation models forced by observed climate, CO 2 , and land-cover-change (some including nitrogen–carbon interactions). We compare the mean land and ocean fluxes and their variability to estimates from three atmospheric inverse methods for three broad latitude bands. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ, reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2004–2013), E FF was 8.9 ± 0.4 GtC yr −1 , E LUC 0.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr −1 , G ATM 4.3 ± 0.1 GtC yr −1 , S OCEAN 2.6 ± 0.5 GtC yr −1 , and S LAND 2.9 ± 0.8 GtC yr −1 . For year 2013 alone, E FF grew to 9.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr −1 , 2.3% above 2012, continuing the growth trend in these emissions, E LUC was 0.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr −1 , G ATM was 5.4 ± 0.2 GtC yr −1 , S OCEAN was 2.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr −1 and S LAND was 2.5 ± 0.9 GtC yr −1 . G ATM was high in 2013, reflecting a steady increase in E FF and smaller and opposite changes between S OCEAN and S LAND compared to the past decade (2004–2013). The global atmospheric CO 2 concentration reached 395.31 ± 0.10 ppm averaged over 2013. We estimate that E FF will increase by 2.5% (1.3–3.5%) to 10.1 ± 0.6 GtC in 2014 (37.0 ± 2.2 GtCO 2 yr −1 ), 65% above emissions in 1990, based on projections of world gross domestic product and recent changes in the carbon intensity of the global economy. From this projection of E FF and assumed constant E LUC for 2014, cumulative emissions of CO 2 will reach about 545 ± 55 GtC (2000 ± 200 GtCO 2 ) for 1870–2014, about 75% from EF FF and 25% from E LUC . This paper documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new carbon budget compared with previous publications of this living data set (Le Quere et al., 2013, 2014). All observations presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (doi:10.3334/CDIAC/GCP_2014).
639 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of increased diversity in an agroecosystem, where plant diversity is increased over time through crop rotation, were tested for the effect of aboveground biodiversity on belowground communities and processes.
Abstract: Biodiversity loss, an important consequence of agricultural intensification, can lead to reductions in agroecosystem functions and services. Increasing crop diversity through rotation may alleviate these negative consequences by restoring positive aboveground–belowground interactions. Positive impacts of aboveground biodiversity on belowground communities and processes have primarily been observed in natural systems. Here, we test for the effects of increased diversity in an agroecosystem, where plant diversity is increased over time through crop rotation. As crop diversity increased from one to five species, distinct soil microbial communities were related to increases in soil aggregation, organic carbon, total nitrogen, microbial activity and decreases in the carbon-to-nitrogen acquiring enzyme activity ratio. This study indicates positive biodiversity– function relationships in agroecosystems, driven by interactions between rotational and microbial diversity. By increasing the quantity, quality and chemical diversity of residues, high diversity rotations can sustain soil biological communities, with positive effects on soil organic matter and soil fertility.
429 citations
TL;DR: The addition of measures of peer victimization, peer isolation/rejection, and community violence exposure added significantly to the prediction of mental health symptoms, and the addition of a measure of low socioeconomic status (SES) added significantlyTo improve the predictions of health outcomes, a revised version of the ACES scale is proposed.
387 citations
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology1, University of Bremen2, Oregon State University3, Aarhus University4, J. Craig Venter Institute5, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology6, University of Aberdeen7, University of Leoben8, University of Birmingham9, Nanjing University10, Kōchi University11, Massachusetts Institute of Technology12, University of New Hampshire13, University of Nebraska–Lincoln14, University of California, Riverside15, University of Rhode Island16, Rice University17, University of Queensland18, Chiba University19, California Institute of Technology20, Kyoto University21
TL;DR: Evidence is provided for the existence of microbial communities in ~40° to 60°C sediment associated with lignite coal beds at ~1.5 to 2.5 km below the seafloor in the Pacific Ocean off Japan, which suggests that terrigenous sediments retain indigenous community members tens of millions of years after burial in the seabed.
Abstract: Microbial life inhabits deeply buried marine sediments, but the extent of this vast ecosystem remains poorly constrained. Here we provide evidence for the existence of microbial communities in ~40° to 60°C sediment associated with lignite coal beds at ~1.5 to 2.5 km below the seafloor in the Pacific Ocean off Japan. Microbial methanogenesis was indicated by the isotopic compositions of methane and carbon dioxide, biomarkers, cultivation data, and gas compositions. Concentrations of indigenous microbial cells below 1.5 km ranged from <10 to ~10^4 cells cm^(−3). Peak concentrations occurred in lignite layers, where communities differed markedly from shallower subseafloor communities and instead resembled organotrophic communities in forest soils. This suggests that terrigenous sediments retain indigenous community members tens of millions of years after burial in the seabed.
TL;DR: A community-centered socio-ecological model is proposed to factor in these dispositional characteristics of ICT adoption in future ICT training programs to reflect the older population's age, education, attitudes, and personalities.
Australian National University1, University of Minnesota2, University of Western Sydney3, Carnegie Institution for Science4, Institut national de la recherche agronomique5, Max Planck Society6, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation7, James Cook University8, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru9, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto10, Purdue University11, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens12, Princeton University13, University of Leeds14, Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory15, University of New Hampshire16, University of Edinburgh17, University of Western Australia18, Imperial College London19, University of Waikato20, Environmental Change Institute21, Macquarie University22, University of Exeter23, University of Toronto24, National Parks Board25, Estonian University of Life Sciences26, Wageningen University and Research Centre27, Colorado State University28, University of Florida29, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute30, University of Canterbury31, University of Regina32, Spanish National Research Council33, University of Peradeniya34, Leipzig University35, Chinese Academy of Sciences36
TL;DR: A new global database of Rdark and associated leaf traits is analyzed and values at any given Vcmax or leaf nitrogen concentration were higher in herbs than in woody plants, and variation in Rdark among species and across global gradients in T and aridity is highlighted.
Abstract: Leaf dark respiration (R-dark) is an important yet poorly quantified component of the global carbon cycle. Given this, we analyzed a new global database of R-dark and associated leaf traits. Data for 899 species were compiled from 100 sites (from the Arctic to the tropics). Several woody and nonwoody plant functional types (PFTs) were represented. Mixed-effects models were used to disentangle sources of variation in R-dark. Area-based R-dark at the prevailing average daily growth temperature (T) of each siteincreased only twofold from the Arctic to the tropics, despite a 20 degrees C increase in growing T (8-28 degrees C). By contrast, R-dark at a standard T (25 degrees C, R-dark(25)) was threefold higher in the Arctic than in the tropics, and twofold higher at arid than at mesic sites. Species and PFTs at cold sites exhibited higher R-dark(25) at a given photosynthetic capacity (V-cmax(25)) or leaf nitrogen concentration ([N]) than species at warmer sites. R-dark(25) values at any given V-cmax(25) or [N] were higher in herbs than in woody plants. The results highlight variation in R-dark among species and across global gradients in T and aridity. In addition to their ecological significance, the results provide a framework for improving representation of R-dark in terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) and associated land-surface components of Earth system models (ESMs).
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper provided the first comprehensive and robust evidence on the relationship between board independence and firm performance in China. And they found that independent directors play an important role in constraining insider self-dealing and improving investment efficiency.
Oregon State University1, United States Geological Survey2, Seoul National University3, Dartmouth College4, Pennsylvania State University5, University of California, San Diego6, University of California, Berkeley7, University of Wisconsin-Madison8, Desert Research Institute9, South Dakota State University10, University of Washington11, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology12, University of Copenhagen13, University of Colorado Boulder14, Columbia University15, University of Maine16, Victoria University of Wellington17, Université Paris-Saclay18, University of Alaska Fairbanks19, Montana State University20, University of New Hampshire21, Lake Superior State University22, Purdue University23
TL;DR: A north-to-south directionality of the abrupt climatic signal is demonstrated, which is propagated to the Southern Hemisphere high latitudes by oceanic rather than atmospheric processes, which confirms a central role for ocean circulation in the bipolar seesaw.
Abstract: A new ice core from West Antarctica shows that, during the last ice age, abrupt Northern Hemisphere climate variations were followed two centuries later by a response in Antarctica, suggesting an oceanic propagation of the climate signal to the Southern Hemisphere high latitudes.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured aerosol light absorption in the plumes with a half-life of 9 to 15 h, measured over day and night, during the 2013 NASA SEAC4RS mission.
Abstract: Particulate brown carbon (BrC) in the atmosphere absorbs light at subvisible wavelengths and has poorly constrained but potentially large climate forcing impacts. BrC from biomass burning has virtually unknown lifecycle and atmospheric stability. Here, BrC emitted from intense wildfires was measured in plumes transported over 2 days from two main fires, during the 2013 NASA SEAC4RS mission. Concurrent measurements of organic aerosol (OA) and black carbon (BC) mass concentration, BC coating thickness, absorption Angstrom exponent, and OA oxidation state reveal that the initial BrC emitted from the fires was largely unstable. Using back trajectories to estimate the transport time indicates that BrC aerosol light absorption decayed in the plumes with a half-life of 9 to 15 h, measured over day and night. Although most BrC was lost within a day, possibly through chemical loss and/or evaporation, the remaining persistent fraction likely determines the background BrC levels most relevant for climate forcing.
TL;DR: Increased bacterial evenness, shifting beta diversity, decreased fungal abundance and increased abundance of bacteria with low rRNA operon copy number together suggest that more or alternative niche space is being created over the course of long-term warming.
Abstract: Soil microbes are major drivers of soil carbon cycling, yet we lack an understanding of how climate warming will affect microbial communities. Three ongoing field studies at the Harvard Forest Long-term Ecological Research (LTER) site (Petersham, MA) have warmed soils 5oC above ambient temperatures for 5, 8 and 20 years. We used this chronosequence to examine soil microbial communities in response to chronic warming. Bacterial community composition was studied using Illumina sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene, and bacterial and fungal abundance were assessed using quantitative PCR. Only the 20-year warmed site exhibited significant change in bacterial community structure in the organic soil horizon, with no significant changes in the mineral soil. The dominant taxa, abundant at 0.1% or greater, represented 0.3% of the richness but nearly 50% of the observations (sequences). Individual members of the Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria and Acidobacteria showed strong warming responses, with one Actinomycete decreasing from 10% to 2% relative abundance with warming. We also observed a significant decrease in mean bacterial ribosomal RNA gene copy number in warming plots compared to controls, a trait linked to maximum growth rate or trophic strategy among bacteria. Increased bacterial alpha diversity, shifting beta diversity, decreased fungal abundance and increased abundance of bacteria with low rRNA operon copy number, including Alphaproteobacteria and Acidobacteria suggest that more or alternative niche space is being created over the course of long-term warming.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors draw upon the most reliable and valid estimates of IPV among LGB individuals, and how these estimates vary asa function of sexual orientation and gender, and show that milder forms of violence in IPV perpetration and victimizationcales can lead to higher rates of reported violence.
Abstract: Summary of the Research Literature on IPV AmongLGB PersonsIncidence and Prevalence Rates Sixty-two studies have reported on the incidence and/or preva-lence rates of IPV among LGB individuals. Rates of IPV rangefrom 1% (e.g., Turell [2000] measuring forced sex perpetration incurrent relationships among LGBT individuals) to more than 97%(i.e.,Hequembourg,Parks,V Straus, Hamby, Boney-McCoy, & Sugarman, 1996) find-ing that 33.3% of men in same-sex relationships reporting victim-ization (Craft & Serovich, 2005), and 9.5% of gay and bisexualmen reporting sexual victimization using author-created questions(Feldman, Ream, Diaz, & El-Bassel, 2008). Similar to the higherrates reported by Craft and Serovich (2005), these researchers alsofound that 27.5% of men in same-sex relationships reported sexualIPV perpetration (Craft & Serovich, 2005). Finally, research in-vestigating physical IPV has found that 41.0% of gay and bisexualmen report being the victim and 35.0% report being the perpetratorof at least one act of physical IPV in their lifetime (Bartholomew,Regan, White, & Oram, 2008), and Craft and Serovich (2005)found similar rates, with 45.1% of men in same-sex relationshipsreporting physical IPV victimization and 39.2% reporting perpe-tration. Although discrepancies appear to be a result of the differ-entformsofIPVbeingmeasuredandsomeresearchers’tendenciesto aggregate multiple forms of IPV when reporting rates, themeasures used can also influence rates. For instance, includingmilder forms of violence in IPV perpetration and victimizationscales can lead to higher rates of reported violence. Specifically,Miller, Greene, Causby, White, and Lockhart (2001) found that46.1% of the lesbians in their study reported some form of mod-erate physical IPV, whereas 14.1% reported severe physical IPV.As shown above, the gaping discrepancy in rates of IPV isattributable to variability in how IPV is defined (IPV victimizationand/or perpetration; physical, sexual, psychological, and/or stalk-ingIPV;lifetime,currentrelationship,lastyear,orsomeothertimeframe) and measured (standardized measurement, most commonlythe Conflict Tactics Scale Revised [Straus et al., 1996], or itemscreated for the individual study by researchers) as well as thesample used (e.g., demographic make-up, national vs. conveniencesample, clinical vs. community sample). Not surprising, the high-est rates of IPV are documented when the measures and definitionsused by researchers are more inclusive and include a longer timeframe. The highest rates of IPV victimization are also documentedin samples evidencing higher levels of IPV risk factors (e.g.,clinical and criminal justice system samples).IPV estimates ranging from 1% to more than 97% tell usextremely little about the scope of the problem. Consistent withother reviews (e.g., Finkelhor, 2011), herein we draw upon themost recent, nationally representative epidemiological data to pro-vide what we consider to be the most reliable and valid estimatesof IPV among LGB individuals, and how these estimates vary asa function of sexual orientation and gender. The CDC releasedsome of the most recent data from the National Intimate Partnerand Sexual Violence Survey, which documented that lifetimeprevalence rates of IPV (inclusive of physical, sexual, stalkingvictimization, but not psychological victimization) occurred atsimilar to higher rates among self-identified LGB adults (bisexualwomen: 61.1%; lesbian women: 43.8%; bisexual men: 37.3%; gaymen: 26.0%) than heterosexual adults (women: 35.0%; men:29.0%)(Walters,Chen,B lesbian women: 29.4%; gaymen: 16.4%) than heterosexual adults (women: 23.6%; men:13.9%). The findings reported by Walters et al. (2013) are some-what consistent with Messinger’s (2011) analysis of the NationalViolence Against Women Survey, in which Messinger docu-mented that means for all forms of IPV victimization (inclusive ofphysical, psychological, and sexual) were greater for LGB indi-viduals than heterosexual individuals. Messinger also documentedthat sexual minority women were most likely to be victims ofsexual IPV, followed by heterosexual women, sexual minoritymen, and heterosexual men. Further, bisexual individuals weremore likely to be victimized than all other groups, and bisexualwomen were more likely to be victimized than bisexual men for allforms of IPV, except psychological IPV.Data from the National Longitudinal Study of AdolescentHealth provide information on IPV among adolescents and youngadults as a function of gender and sexual orientation (Halpern,Young, Waller, Martin, & Kupper, 2004; Renner & Whitney,2010). Using Wave II, Halpern et al. (2004) found that 24% ofadolescents who were in same-sex relationships during the past 18months reported physical and/or psychological IPV victimization.Girls in same-sex relationships reported higher rates of physical
Michigan Technological University1, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources2, Goddard Space Flight Center3, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration4, University of Massachusetts Boston5, Environment Canada6, University of South Florida7, Chinese Academy of Sciences8, University of New Hampshire9, United States Naval Research Laboratory10, Dalhousie University11
TL;DR: Aquatic color radiometry remote sensing of coastal and inland water bodies is of great interest to a wide variety of research, management, and commercial entities as well as the general public as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: The various methods that have been explored to synthesize architecturally defined nanoparticles from discrete polymer chains are outlined, the methods of characterization that are required to prove their formation and probe their morphology are summarized, and a number of potential applications that are being explored currently are introduced.
TL;DR: It is shown that this method can be used in real-time to track tool wear and detect the transition point from the gradual wear region to the failure region in which the rate of wear accelerates.
Abstract: This paper describes a new method to monitor end milling tool wear in real-time by tracking force model coefficients during the cutting process. The behavior of these coefficients are shown to be independent from the cutting conditions and correlated with the wear state of the cutting tool. The tangential and radial force model coefficients are normalized and combined into a single parameter for wear monitoring. A number of experiments with different workpiece materials are run to investigate the feasibility of tool wear monitoring using this method. We show that this method can be used in real-time to track tool wear and detect the transition point from the gradual wear region to the failure region in which the rate of wear accelerates.
TL;DR: Experimental observation of the skyrmion chain in FeGe nanostripes by using high-resolution Lorentz transmission electron microscopy demonstrates a way of skyrMion formation through the edge effect, and might, in the long term, shed light on potential applications.
Abstract: The emergence of a topologically nontrivial vortex-like magnetic structure, the magnetic skyrmion, has launched new concepts for memory devices. Extensive studies have theoretically demonstrated the ability to encode information bits by using a chain of skyrmions in one-dimensional nanostripes. Here, we report experimental observation of the skyrmion chain in FeGe nanostripes by using high-resolution Lorentz transmission electron microscopy. Under an applied magnetic field, we observe that the helical ground states with distorted edge spins evolve into individual skyrmions, which assemble in the form of a chain at low field and move collectively into the interior of the nanostripes at elevated fields. Such a skyrmion chain survives even when the width of the nanostripe is much larger than the size of single skyrmion. This discovery demonstrates a way of skyrmion formation through the edge effect, and might, in the long term, shed light on potential applications.
University of California, Santa Cruz1, University College Dublin2, University of New Hampshire3, Northern Arizona University4, Bat Conservation Trust5, Masaryk University6, Maryland Department of Natural Resources Police7, Radboud University Nijmegen8, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation9, Charles University in Prague10, National Museum of Natural History11, Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries12, West Virginia Division of Natural Resources13, Pennsylvania Game Commission14
TL;DR: The effects of disease on the local abundances and distributions of species at continental scales are investigated by examining the impacts of white-nose syndrome, an infectious disease of hibernating bats, which has recently emerged in Europe.
Abstract: Aim We investigated the effects of disease on the local abundances and distributions of species at continental scales by examining the impacts of white-nose syndrome, an infectious disease of hibernating bats, which has recently emerged in
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined microbial physiology as an alternate mechanism of soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation under organic (ORG) compared to conventional (CT) agricultural management practices, where ORG is accumulating C despite fewer total C inputs and greater soil tillage.
Abstract: Strategies for mitigating soil organic carbon (SOC) losses in intensively managed agricultural systems typically draw from traditional concepts of soil organic matter formation, and thus emphasize increasing C inputs, especially from slowly decomposing crop residues, and reducing soil disturbance. However these approaches are often ineffective and do not adequately reflect current views of SOC cycling, which stress the important contributions of microbial biomass (MB) inputs to SOC. We examined microbial physiology as an alternate mechanism of SOC accumulation under organic (ORG) compared to conventional (CT) agricultural management practices, where ORG is accumulating C despite fewer total C inputs and greater soil tillage. We hypothesized that microbial communities in ORG have higher growth rates (MGR) and C use efficiencies (CUE) and that this relates to greater MB production and ultimately higher retention of new C inputs. We show that ORG had 50% higher CUE (±8 se) and 56% higher MGR (±22 se) relative to CT (p
Australian National University1, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology2, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology3, Texas A&M University4, California Institute of Technology5, Florida International University6, Florida State University7, University of Western Australia8, Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis9, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg10, Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory11, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos12, Chinese Academy of Sciences13, Kanazawa University14, British Geological Survey15, University of Nottingham16, University of New Hampshire17, Utrecht University18, California State University19, University of Lausanne20, University of Tasmania21, University of Plymouth22, Braunschweig University of Technology23, University of Leeds24, University of Aveiro25, Oregon State University26, University of Newcastle27, University of South Carolina28, Nanjing University29
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyse the geochemical characteristics of igneous basement rocks and overlying sediments, sampled from the Amami Sankaku Basin in the northwest Philippine Sea.
Abstract: The initiation of tectonic plate subduction into the mantle is poorly understood. If subduction is induced by the push of a distant mid-ocean ridge or subducted slab pull, we expect compression and uplift of the overriding plate. In contrast, spontaneous subduction initiation, driven by subsidence of dense lithosphere along faults adjacent to buoyant lithosphere, would result in extension and magmatism. The rock record of subduction initiation is typically obscured by younger deposits, so evaluating these possibilities has proved elusive. Here we analyse the geochemical characteristics of igneous basement rocks and overlying sediments, sampled from the Amami Sankaku Basin in the northwest Philippine Sea. The uppermost basement rocks are areally widespread and supplied via dykes. They are similar in composition and age—as constrained by the biostratigraphy of the overlying sediments—to the 52–48-million-year-old basalts in the adjacent Izu–Bonin–Mariana fore-arc. The geochemical characteristics of the basement lavas indicate that a component of subducted lithosphere was involved in their genesis, and the lavas were derived from mantle source rocks that were more melt-depleted than those tapped at mid-ocean ridges. We propose that the basement lavas formed during the inception of Izu–Bonin–Mariana subduction in a mode consistent with the spontaneous initiation of subduction.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the temperature and rate dependence of slip, twinning, and secondary twinning in high-purity hexagonal close packed α-Zr over a wide range of temperatures and strain rates.
TL;DR: The moderating role of gender was explored and it was found that female SMS reported significantly higher rates of physical DV than female N-SMS, whereas male SMS and male N-NMS reported similar rates ofPhysical DV.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to estimate the 6-month incidence rates of sexual assault, physical dating violence (DV), and unwanted pursuit (e.g., stalking) victimization among sexual-minority (i.e., individuals with any same-sex sexual experiences) college students with comparison data from non-sexual-minority (i.e., individuals with only heterosexual sexual experiences) college students. Participants (N = 6,030) were primarily Caucasian (92.7%) and non-sexual-minority (82.3%). Compared with non-sexual-minority students (N-SMS; n = 4,961), sexual-minority students (SMS; n = 1,069) reported significantly higher 6-month incidence rates of physical DV (SMS: 30.3%; N-SMS: 18.5%), sexual assault (SMS: 24.3%; N-SMS: 11.0%), and unwanted pursuit (SMS: 53.1%; N-SMS: 36.0%) victimization. We also explored the moderating role of gender and found that female SMS reported significantly higher rates of physical DV than female N-SMS, whereas male SMS and male N-SMS reported similar rates of physical DV. Gender did not moderate the relationship between sexual-minority status and victimization experiences for either unwanted pursuit or sexual victimization. These findings underscore the alarmingly high rates of interpersonal victimization among SMS and the critical need for research to better understand the explanatory factors that place SMS at increased risk for interpersonal victimization.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used meta-analysis to test whether team cohesion and performance were related reciprocally over multiple time periods, the relative magnitude of those relationships, and whether they were stable over time.
Abstract: Despite the lengthy history of team cohesion-performance research, little is known about their reciprocal relationships over time. Using meta-analysis, we synthesize findings from 17 CLP design studies, and analyze their results using SEM. Results support that team cohesion and performance are related reciprocally with each other over time. We then used longitudinal data from 205 members of 57 student teams who competed in a complex business simulation over 10 weeks, to test: (a) whether team cohesion and performance were related reciprocally over multiple time periods, (b) the relative magnitude of those relationships, and (c) whether they were stable over time. We also considered the influence of team members' academic competence and degree of shared leadership on these dynamics. As anticipated, cohesion and performance were related positively, and reciprocally, over time. However, the cohesion → performance relationship was significantly higher than the performance → cohesion relationship. Moreover, the cohesion → performance relationship grew stronger over time whereas the performance → cohesion relationship remained fairly consistent over time. As expected, shared leadership related positively to team cohesion but not directly to their performance; whereas average team member academic competence related positively to team performance but was unrelated to team cohesion. Finally, we conducted and report a replication using a second sample of students competing in a business simulation. Our earlier substantive relationships were mostly replicated, and we illustrated the dynamic temporal properties of shared leadership. We discuss these findings in terms of theoretical importance, applied implications, and directions for future research.
TL;DR: The results show that global mapping of irrigated, rain-fed, and paddy croplands is possible by combining information from multiple data sources, however, regions with rapidly changing irrigation or complex mixtures of irrigations and non-irrigated crops present significant challenges and require more and better data to support high quality mapping of irrigation.
TL;DR: This study is the first, to the best of the knowledge, to describe the seasonality of transmission in this emerging wildlife disease, and suggests the dominant driver of seasonal transmission dynamics was a change in host physiology, specifically hibernation.
Abstract: Seasonal patterns in pathogen transmission can influence the impact of disease on populations and the speed of spatial spread Increases in host contact rates or births drive seasonal epidemics in some systems, but other factors may occasionally override these influences White-nose syndrome, caused by the emerging fungal pathogen Pseudogymnoascus destructans, is spreading across North America and threatens several bat species with extinction We examined patterns and drivers of seasonal transmission of P destructans by measuring infection prevalence and pathogen loads in six bat species at 30 sites across the eastern United States Bats became transiently infected in autumn, and transmission spiked in early winter when bats began hibernating Nearly all bats in six species became infected by late winter when infection intensity peaked In summer, despite high contact rates and a birth pulse, most bats cleared infections and prevalence dropped to zero These data suggest the dominant driver of seasonal transmission dynamics was a change in host physiology, specifically hibernation Our study is the first, to the best of our knowledge, to describe the seasonality of transmission in this emerging wildlife disease The timing of infection and fungal growth resulted in maximal population impacts, but only moderate rates of spatial spread