University of New Hampshire

About: University of New Hampshire is a education organization based out in Durham, New Hampshire, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Solar wind. The organization has 9379 authors who have published 24025 publications receiving 1020112 citations. The organization is also known as: UNH.

The Marriage License as a Hitting License: A Comparison of Assaults in Dating, Cohabiting, and Married Couples

Abstract: There are many studies of marital and dating violence. However, methodological differences between these studies make it difficult to determine differences in the nature and extent of physical assault between marital status groups. This paper helps fill that gap by analyzing data from two surveys: a study of 526 dating couples at a large midwestern university, and a study of a national probability sample of 5005 married and 237 cohabiting couples. The results show that cohabiting couples have a higher rate of assault than dating and married couples. These findings persist after controls for age, education, and occupational status are introduced. Violence is also more severe in cohabiting than dating or married couples. A number of factors may account for the more frequent violence in cohabiting relationships. These include social isolation, the issue of autonomy and control, and the investment in the relationship.

Nitrogen isotopes link mycorrhizal fungi and plants to nitrogen dynamics

Abstract: Contents Summary 367 I. Introduction 367 II. Background on isotopes 368 III. Patterns of soil δ15N 370 IV. Patterns of fungal δ15N 372 V. Biochemical basis for the influence of fungi on δ15N patterns in plant–soil systems 373 VI. Patterns of δ15N in plant and fungal culture studies 374 VII. Mycoheterotrophic and parasitic plants 375 VIII. Patterns of foliar δ15N in autotrophic plants 376 IX. Controls over plant δ15N 377 X. Conclusions and research needs 378 Acknowledgements 379 References 379 Summary In this review, we synthesize field and culture studies of the 15N/14N (expressed as δ15N) of autotrophic plants, mycoheterotrophic plants, parasitic plants, soil, and mycorrhizal fungi to assess the major controls of isotopic patterns. One major control for plants and fungi is the partitioning of nitrogen (N) into either 15N-depleted chitin, ammonia, or transfer compounds or 15N-enriched proteinaceous N. For example, parasitic plants and autotrophic hosts are similar in δ15N (with no partitioning between chitin and protein), mycoheterotrophic plants are higher in δ15N than their fungal hosts, presumably with preferential assimilation of fungal protein, and autotrophic, mycorrhizal plants are lower in 15N than their fungal symbionts, with saprotrophic fungi intermediate, because mycorrhizal fungi transfer 15N-depleted ammonia or amino acids to plants. Similarly, nodules of N2-fixing bacteria transferring ammonia are often higher in δ15N than their plant hosts. N losses via denitrification greatly influence bulk soil δ15N, whereas δ15N patterns within soil profiles are influenced both by vertical patterns of N losses and by N transfers within the soil–plant system. Climate correlates poorly with soil δ15N; climate may primarily influence δ15N patterns in soils and plants by determining the primary loss mechanisms and which types of mycorrhizal fungi and associated vegetation dominate across climatic gradients.

The stages of vertebrate evolutionary radiation

Abstract: Evolutionists and ecologists are motivated to understand the forces that generate and maintain biological diversity. In turn, attention has focused on the relative roles of natural and sexual selection in vertebrate groups that are considered to be exemplars of evolutionary radiation. Here, we argue that recent phylogenetic and population genetic evidence shows that seemingly different vertebrate radiations follow similar evolutionary trajectories. Groups diverge along axes of habitat, trophic morphology and communication, often in that order. Notably, clades proceed to different stages of the radiation process, with the endpoint being correlated with species richness. Divergence along axes one and two (habitat and trophic morphology, respectively) is likely to follow ecological selection models; diversification along axis three (communication) probably proceeds according to sexual selection models. We speculate that a paucity of genetic variation for means of signaling that are independent of fitness traits might be the most important constraint limiting the diversification of vertebrate groups. The stages of evolutionary radiation discussed here do not apply to all organisms, but might represent a common trend.

Dependence of the Dissipation Range Spectrum of Interplanetary Magnetic Fluctuationson the Rate of Energy Cascade

Abstract: We investigate the nature of turbulent magnetic dissipation in the solar wind We employ a database describing the spectra of over 800 intervals of interplanetary magnetic field and solar wind measurements recorded by the ACE spacecraft at 1 AU We focus on the spectral properties of the dissipation range that forms at spacecraft frequencies ≥03 Hz and show that while the inertial range at lower frequencies displays a tightly constrained range of spectral indexes, the dissipation range exhibits a broad range of power-law indexes We show that the explanation for this variation lies with the dependence of the dissipation range spectrum on the rate of energy cascade through the inertial range such that steeper spectral forms result from greater cascade rates

IBEX-Interstellar Boundary Explorer

Abstract: The Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) is a small explorer mission that launched on 19 October 2008 with the sole, focused science objective to discover the global interaction between the solar wind and the interstellar medium. IBEX is designed to achieve this objective by answering four fundamental science questions: (1) What is the global strength and structure of the termination shock, (2) How are energetic protons accelerated at the termination shock, (3) What are the global properties of the solar wind flow beyond the termination shock and in the heliotail, and (4) How does the interstellar flow interact with the heliosphere beyond the heliopause? The answers to these questions rely on energy-resolved images of energetic neutral atoms (ENAs), which originate beyond the termination shock, in the inner heliosheath. To make these exploratory ENA observations IBEX carries two ultra-high sensitivity ENA cameras on a simple spinning spacecraft. IBEX’s very high apogee Earth orbit was achieved using a new and significantly enhanced method for launching small satellites; this orbit allows viewing of the outer heliosphere from beyond the Earth’s relatively bright magnetospheric ENA emissions. The combination of full-sky imaging and energy spectral measurements of ENAs over the range from ∼10 eV to 6 keV provides the critical information to allow us to achieve our science objective and understand this global interaction for the first time. The IBEX mission was developed to provide the first global views of the Sun’s interstellar boundaries, unveiling the physics of the heliosphere’s interstellar interaction, providing a deeper understanding of the heliosphere and thereby astrospheres throughout the galaxy, and creating the opportunity to make even greater unanticipated discoveries.