Showing papers by "University of New Mexico published in 1971"

Petrology of mafic inclusions from Itinome-gata, Japan

Abstract: Various types of mafic inclusions up to 30 cm in size occur in lapilli tuff of alkali basalt at Itinome-gata crater, northeastern Japan. They are divided into the following four groups: amphibolite, hornblendite—hornblende gabbro, leucogabbro, and pyroxene gabbro. Also occurring with the mafic inclusions are lherzolite and websterite inclusions and megacrysts of Mg-rich olivine and chromian diopside. New analyses are presented for twenty five representative mafic inclusions, eight clinopyroxenes, six orthopyroxenes, and fifteen brown hornblendes.

Nomenclature and Correlation of Some Upper Precambrian and Basal Cambrian Sequences in Western Utah and Southeastern Idaho

Abstract: Recent stratigraphic studies in three widely separated localities in southeastern Idaho and western Utah have revealed a startling continuity of both individual rock units and of rock sequences over a distance of some 300 mi parallel to the strike of a late Precambrian and Cambrian depositional trough. Between 15,000 and 25,000 ft of beds were deposited in the axis of the trough, whereas only 1000 to 3300 ft of correlative rocks were laid down on the shelf to the east. In several areas a diamictite is present near the base of the sequence; this is underlain locally and overlain generally by argillites containing lenticular limestones and dolomites; these in turn are succeeded by quartzitic rocks containing a thick grayish-red to maroon unit—the Mutual Formation. In each area the sequence includes, at the top, quartzites typical of the basal Cambrian. Deposition in the basin was essentially continuous from late Precambrian into Cambrian time but was interrupted by uplift and erosion on the shelf. The hinge line of the ancient seaway is inferred to have coincided roughly with the present “Wasatch line,” but erosion prior to deposition of the Tintic Quartzite has removed most of the data needed to establish this with certainty. Rocks in each of the three areas described here in detail are regarded as allochthonous and appear to have been thrust eastward during the Sevier orogeny. A precise reconstruction of the sedimentary basin must therefore await not only additional stratigraphic studies in such areas as the Promontory Range of Utah and the Bannock and Malad Ranges of southern Idaho, but also final resolution of the structural events.

Contributions to the mineral chemistry of Hawaiian rocks

Abstract: Small gabbroic dikes of high TiO2 content transect massive hawaiite in the Kaena Quarry, Waianae Range, Oahu. One dike studied consists of two rock types: (a) border zone alkali gabbro of high titanomagnetite and titanaugite content and, (b) interior mugearite that contains iron-rich pyroxenes and K-feldspar. The dike probably formed as an in situ latestage segregation enriched in TiO2, SiO2, and alkalis.

The crystal structures of yavapaiite, KFe(SO4)2, and goldichite, KFe(SO4)2.4H2O

Abstract: Yavapaiite [KFe(SO+):l crystallizes in space group C2/m with two formula weights in a unit cell of dimensions a:8.152, b:5.153, c:7.877 A, B:O+.Of . The structure was solved by a three-dimensional Patterson synthesis and refined by the frill-matrix leastsquares method to R:3.27o. Goldichite [KFe(SOr)z.4HzO] in space group P21f c contains foui formrila weights in a unit cell with a:10.387,b:10.486, c:9.086 A,0:101.68". The structure was solved by hand application of the s;'rnbolic addition procedure for phase determination and refined by least squares to R:3.37o. In yavapaiite, ferric sulfate sheets of composition zlFe(Sor)glare linked to coplanar potassium ions; this arrangement accounts for the perfect [001] cleavage. Coordination polyhedra of iron and sulfur are distorted. In goldichite, corrugated sheets of composition n[Fe(SOr)z.2HzOlare linked to potassium and water molecules; this spatial arrangement of the distorted coordination polyhedra accounts for the excellent { 100} cleavage. Details of the observed polyhedral distortions are explained by the extended electrostatic valence rule. A plausible hydrogen bonding scheme is presented for goldichite and krausite

A simplex algorithm for on-line computation of time optimal controls

Abstract: The minimum-time regulator problem is solved computationally for general linear-discrete systems by a modification of the simplex algorithm of linear programming (LP). The algorithm presented is faster than the LP solutions devised previously, taking but a single application to solve for the optimal control. An extension of the LP bounded-variable technique further reduces computer time and storage requirements. Application to a sixth-order process with two control inputs shows that the algorithm is sufficiently economical of running time and storage to be implemented on-line with a small process-control computer.

Ecology of Myotis nigricans (Mammalia: Chiroptera) on Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone

Abstract: Myotis nigricans is a small vespertilionid bat limited in distribution to the neotropical zone. These bats are locally abundant in the Panama Canal Zone, and commonly roost in buildings such as the laboratory on Barro Colorado Island where this study was carried out. Homing experiments showed this species to be capable of returning to the roost from distances up to 50 km, but not from 104 km. Night roosting was not observed. Little is known of the food habits of M. nigricans, except that they are insectivorous and probably take some Lepidoptera. The young are left behind in the roost when the females leave to forage at night. Females nurse only their own young and are able to pick them out of a group of 50-100 youngsters upon returning in the mornings. During the day the bats undergo behavioural thermoregulation in the roost. These movements result in a mixing of the sexes which are otherwise segregated inside the roost, and copulation occurs at this time.

The isotopic composition of strontium in Central American ignimbrites

Abstract: Voluminous sheets of rhyolitic ignimbrites were crupted during Miocene time in a region of Central America that is underlain by a thick sequence of middle Paleozoic and older metamorphic and plutonic rocks. Strontium isotopic ratios of fifteen ignimbrites range from 0.7035 to as high as 0.7175. These values are markedly higher than those measured for cale-alkaline lavas of the same province, but overlap the range found in basement rocks that may have served as source rocks for anateetic magmas. This relationship is in contrast to that found in the western United States where siliceous ignimbrites are not significantly richer in radiogenic strontium than are the basalt erupted through the same basement series.

Retention of Discriminations and an Analysis of Learning Set

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the retention of discriminations and an analysis of learning set. Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) trained on numerous object-discrimination problems show progressive improvement in the rate of learning successive problems. If training is extended sufficiently, they eventually come to solve most problems with a maximum of one error, performance on subsequent trials being virtually errorless. The stimulus-preference error factor is only temporarily suppressed during learning-set performance. The mechanism involved in learning-set performance is based on conditional discriminations formed regarding prior-trial events stored in a relatively short-term storage. These conditional discriminations form the substance of hypothesis behavior, temporarily overriding other response tendencies, and masking the slow-rate habit-formation mechanism of the naive monkey, which remains unmodified in the learning-set-experienced monkey. Monkeys can shift the stimulus dimensions involved in a hypothesis with considerable facility, if the required pattern of response is maintained. Shifts between learning sets, requiring hypotheses involving contradictory response patterns, are of much greater difficulty.

Occurrence of protein a in staphylococcal strains: quantitative aspects and correlation to antigenic and bacteriophage types.

Abstract: Protein A of Staphylococcus aureus can be detected on cell walls of intact bacteria by use of radioactively labeled myeloma globulin. Of 156 strains of S. aureus, 141 (90%) contained protein A. None of 47 S. epidermidis strains was positive for protein A. The production of protein A was influenced by incubation temperature but not by differences in incubation time or inoculum size. A medium containing a high concentration of NaCl suppressed the production of protein A by 90%. Formalin treatment of protein A-containing strains caused a decrease in the amount detected, but no further decrease was detected after storage at 4 C. No correlation was found between absence or presence of protein A and phage type or phage group. Sixteen S. aureus strains were studied extensively. There was no correlation between protein A and any of the 26 antigenic characteristics which have been previously described in these strains.

Stereotypes of Scalp and Facial Hair as Measured by the Semantic Differential

Abstract: 36 male and 44 female college students were presented with a series of 15 stimuli which were designed to represent the variables of hair color, hair length, quantity of scalp hair, hair quality and amount of facial hair. Each stimulus was rated on scales representing the Evaluative, Potency, and Activity dimensions. The proposition that stereotypes are identifiable was strongly confirmed. Of 18 specific predictions 15 were also confirmed. Explanation in full of these findings was not effected.

Models, Norms and Sharing

Abstract: Third and fifth grade children were exposed to a model who either shared with them, gave to a mental health charity or refused to share. Their subsequent sharing with the model, mental health, or a Toys for Tots charity or their refusal to share was observed, along with their answers to a questionnaire designed to assess the salience of a norm of altruism for them. Both specific and generalized imitation of altruism was found, and salience of sharing appeared to be strongly related to actual sharing and weakly related to experimental conditions.

Effects of marihuana extract on the operant behavior of chimpanzees

Abstract: Six chimpanzees were trained to panel push under a food reinforcement baseline in which three operant schedules, each associated with a different stimulus, were presented successively. The fixed ratio (FR) reinforcement schedule required the emission of 40 responses for reinforcement. Reinforcement under the differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL) schedule was delivered only when successive responses were spaced by at least 10 sec. During the extinction or time out from positive reinforcement schedule (TO), no responses were reinforced. In Experiment 1, amounts of marihuana extract containing from 0.2 to 4.0 mg/kg (−)-Δ9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) were orally administered 1 h prior to experimentation. In Experiment 2, 1.0 mg/kg Δ9-THC was orally administered between 1 and 23 h prior to experimental sessions. No disruption of stimulus control or drug effects during TO were observed. Both DRL and FR response suppression occurred at the highest drug dose. Lower Δ9-THC doses produced facilitation of DRL responding up to 12 h following drug administration. Although FR responding was less sensitive, Δ9-THC stimulated FR behavior from 2 to 5 h following drug administration. It was concluded that marihuana has a biphasic effect on food reinforcement schedule controlled operant behavior.

Composition and origin of lithic fragments and glasses in apollo 11 samples

Abstract: Approximately 100 glasses and 52 lithic fragments from Apollo 11 lunar fines and microbreccias were analyzed with the electron microprobe. Ranges in bulk composition of lithic fragments are considerably outside the precision (<±1%) and accuracy (±2–5%) of the broad electron beam technique. Results of this study may be summarized as follows: i) A large variety of rock types different from the hand specimens (basalt) were found among the lithic fragments, namely anorthosites, troctolitic and noritic anorthosites, troctolites, and norites (different from Apollo 12 norites). ii) In analogy to the hand specimens, the basaltic lithic fragments may be subdivided into low-K and high-K groups, both of which extend considerably in composition beyond the hand specimens. iii) Glasses were divided into 6 groups: Group 1 are the compositional analogs of the anorthositic-troctolitic lithic fragments and were apparently formed in single-stage impact events directly from parent anorthosites and troctolites. iv) Group 2 glasses are identical in composition to Apollo 12 KREEP glass and noritic lithic fragments, but have no counterparts in our Apollo 11 lithic fragment suite. Occurrence of KREEP in Apollo 11,12, and 14 samples is indicative of its relatively high abundance and suggests that the lunar crust is less depleted in elements that are common in KREEP (e.g. K, rare earths, P) than was originally thought on the basis of Apollo 11 basalt studies. v) Group 3 glasses are the compositional analogs of the basaltic lithic fragments, but low-K and high-K glasses cannot be distinguished because of loss of K (and Na, P) by volatilization in the vitrification process. vi) Group 4 glasses have no compositional analogs among the lithic fragments and were probably derived from as yet unknown Fe-rich, moderately Ti-rich, Mg-poor basalts. vii) Group 5 (low Ti-high Mg peridotite equivalent) and 6 (ilmenite peridotite equivalent) glasses have no counterparts among the Apollo 11 lithic fragments, but rock equivalents to group 5 glasses were found in Apollo 12 samples. Group 6 glasses are abundant, have narrow compositional ranges, and are thought to be the products of impact melting of an as yet unrecognized ultramafic rock type. iix) The great variety of igneous rocks (e.g. anorthosites, troctolites, norites, basalts, peridotites) suggests that large scale melting or partial melting to considerable depth must have occurred on the moon.

Science is not value-free

Abstract: The scientific attitude involves a willingness to be objective. But many falsely assume additionally that such willingness implies being completely value-free. Actually, scientific research is value-saturated. At every step one faces the question, “Which is the best way?” Not only is it better to be than not to be scientific, scientists believe, but one ought to seek what is best relative to all aspects of science. Exploration is limited to (1) problems, (2) attitude and (3) methods. Even prejudice, which is evil when bias prevents or produces false results, may also be good when it helps produce true conclusions. Do policy scientists have special obligations regarding this issue?

Archeological methodology and remote sensing.

Abstract: We have shown that the different spectral surveying techniques and the resultant imagery vary in their applicability to archeological prediction and exploration, but their applications are far broader than we have indicated. Their full potential, to a considerable extent, still remains unexplored. Table 1 is a chart of the more common sensor systems useful to archeological investigators. Several kinds of photography, thermal infrared imagery, and radar imagery are listed. Checks in various categories of direct and indirect utility in archeological research indicate that the different systems do provide varying degrees of input for studies in these areas. Photography and multispectral photography have the broadest applications in this field. Standard black-and-white aerial photography generally serves the purposes of archeological exploration and site analysis better than infrared scanner imagery, radar, or color photography. However, the real value of remotesensing experimentation lies in the utilization of different instruments and in the comparison and correlation of their data output. It can be stated without doubt that there is no one all-purpose remotesensing device on which the archeologist can rely that will reveal all evidence of human occupations. Remote-sensing data will not replace the traditional ground-based site survey, but, used judiciously, data gathered from aerial reconnaissance can reveal many cultural features unsuspected from the ground. The spectral properties of sites distinguishable by various types of remote sensors may perhaps be one of their most characteristic features, and yet the meaning of the differential discrimnination of features has not been determined for the most part, since such spectral properties are poorly understood at this date. The difficulty in isolating the causes of acceptable definition in certain portion of the spectrum and the lack of acceptable definition in others suggests that the evaluation of remote-sensing devices discussed in this article is not always applicable to all environmental zones at all times and for all types of cultural features. The uncontrollable variables of terrain, ground cover, weather, types of archeological manifestations, and other factors all play an important role in the utility of the imagery to the archeologist. Factors within the control of the photographer or archeolgist, such as altitude, position of the sun, and the direction of flight, can greatly influence the utility of the sensor data. In addition, the variables should not be considered solely as they affect resolution. Resolution, per se, although an important photogrammetric parameter of remote-sensing imagery, is by no means the only important factor in data analysis. The synoptic overview, which is provided by aerial imagery, is frequently as necessary in interpretation as the spotting and identification of individual cultural features. Stated more simply, we might say: "To understand, one most certainly must see the forest as well as the individual trees." For maximum data retrieval, it is necessary that the archeologist attempt to utilize as many different types of remote-sensing devices under as many variable seasonal and climatic conditions as his resources and skill will allow. Only then he can select the most efficient system for the purpose in his area of study.

The connective tissue ground substance in the mouse uterine cervix: an electron microscopic histochemical study.

Abstract: Sections of uterine cervix from ovariectomized mice treated with relaxin (R) or estradiol benzoate (EB) alone or EB and R in combination were exposed to dialyzed iron solutions prior to epoxy embedding Control mice were untreated or received the hormone vehicles Prior to iron staining, some sections were exposed to: (1) 005% testicular hyaluronidase for four hours at 37°C; or (2) acidified methanol for four hours at 60°C Ultrastructurally, the uterine cervical walls from control mice and those treated with R contained densely packed bundles of collagenous fibrils and cells that resembled fibrocytes with few organelles Except for spurious intracellular iron deposits, there was no iron staining of extracellular components Fibroblasts of cervices from mice treated with EB or EB and R were larger with highly developed endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi components Small cytoplasmic vesicles were present close to the cell surface and each contained a thin inner rim of material The stroma was characterized by widely dispersed bundles of collagenous fibrils in a greatly expanded cervical wall where there was extracellular iron staining that was prominent near cell surfaces and between individual fibrils within an amorphous material Brief digestion with testicular hyaluronidase resulted in a reduction of extracellular iron staining, although deposits remained adjacent to cell surfaces, between fibrils and within cytoplasmic vesicles Acidic methylation caused severe tissue damage so that an assessment of iron deposition in thin sections was impossible