Showing papers by "University of New Mexico published in 1983"
TL;DR: Motivational interviewing is an approach based upon principles of experimental social psychology, applying processes such as attribution, cognitive dissonance, and self-efficacy as discussed by the authors, which is conceptualized not as a personality trait but as an interpersonal process.
Abstract: Motivational interviewing is an approach based upon principles of experimental social psychology, applying processes such as attribution, cognitive dissonance, and self-efficacy. Motivation is conceptualized not as a personality trait but as an interpersonal process. The model deemphasizes labeling and places heavy emphasis on individual responsibility and internal attribution of change. Cognitive dissonance is created by contrasting the ongoing problem behavior with salient awareness of the behavior's negative consequences. Empathic processes from the methods of Carl Rogers, social psychological principles of motivation, and objective assessment feedback are employed to channel this dissonance toward a behavior change solution, avoiding the “short circuits” of low self-esteem, low self-efficacy, and denial. This motivational process is understood within a larger developmental model of change in which contemplation and determination are important early steps which can be influenced by therapist interventions. A schematic diagram of the motivational process and a six-step sequence for implementing motivational interviewing are suggested.
1,395 citations
TL;DR: Of all the arachidonic acid metabolites, only prostaglandin E (PGE) has been shown to have a clear role in the regulation of cellular and humoral immune responses.
Abstract: Of all the arachidonic acid metabolites, only prostaglandin E (PGE) has been shown to have a clear role in the regulation of cellular and humoral immune responses. In cellular immune responses such as T cell proliferation, lymphokine production, and cytotoxicity, PGE usually acts as a feedback inhibor of the response. This is also true of macrophage and natural killer cytotoxicity. In some instances PGE is responsible for cellular activation rather than inhibition. This is clearest in the control of humoral immunity, where PGE production is a necessary component in the generation of some type of T suppressor cells. Disturbances in immune function found in several human conditions and diseases have been linked to changes in PGE mediated immunoregulation. Either increased production of PGE or increased sensitivity to PGE results in depressed cellular immunity. Conversely drugs which inhibit PGE production act as stimulants of cellular immune functionin vitro andin vivo.
703 citations
TL;DR: The data indicate that grades 1 and 2 CVH do not increase an infant's risk for major handicaps, and there is a direct relationship of grades 3 and 4 CVH and major handicap.
483 citations
TL;DR: "Subclinical" malnutrition may play a small role in the depression of cognitive function detectable in some elderly individuals, or depressed cognitive function may result in reduced nutrient intake.
Abstract: We evaluated the association between nutritional status and cognitive functioning in 260 noninstitutionalized men and women older than 60 years who had no known physical illnesses and were receiving no medications Nutritional status was evaluated by three-day food records and also by biochemical determination of blood levels of specific nutrients Cognitive status was evaluated by the Halstead-Reitan Categories Test (a nonverbal test of abstract thinking ability) and by the Wechsler Memory Test Subjects with low blood levels of vitamins C or B 12 scored worse on both tests Subjects with low levels of riboflavin or folic acid scored worse on the categories test These differences remained significant after controlling for age, gender, level of income, and amount of education "Subclinical" malnutrition may play a small role in the depression of cognitive function detectable in some elderly individuals, or depressed cognitive function may result in reduced nutrient intake ( JAMA 1983;249:2917-2921)
471 citations
TL;DR: A modification of the Campbell technique for radical retropubic prostatectomy used in 75 consecutive patients undergoing surgical extirpation of the malignant gland provides for predictable and careful anatomic removal of the prostate.
372 citations
TL;DR: This study indicates that an evolutionary view promises considerable understanding of rape and related phenomena and provides predictions about the rapist's and victim's behavior and about rape laws and taboos, several of which are tested.
340 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that mean skeletal age is approximately equivalent to the reciprocal of the birth rate and is not correlated with the death rate, so the practice of inferring changes in life span and death rates from changes in mean age at death is not reliable and most conclusions of paleodemographic studies should be revised.
Abstract: A common procedure in paleodemography is to use meon skeletal age to estimate the expectation of life at birth in a population. This paper shows that skeletal age and expectation of life at birth are not equivalent unless the population is stationary. This assumption is not justified for most real populations. We show that mean skeletal age is approximately equivalent to the reciprocal of the birth rate and is not correlated with the death rate. Thus, the practice of inferring changes in life span and death rates from changes in mean age at death is not reliable and most conclusions of paleodemographic studies should be revised. On the other hand, skeletal age may provide high-quality information about fertility in archaeological populations. Several published paleodemographic studies are reinterpreted in light of the model presented. A COMMON PROCEDURE in paleodemography is to use mean skeletal age to estimate the expectation of life at birth of a population. The validity of this method depends upon the assumption of a stationary population in which birth and death rates are equal and population size remains constant. This assumption is not justified for most real populations-in most cases mean age at death and expectation of life at birth are somewhat different. For example, for the stable population corresponding to the vital rates of Sweden in 1778-1782 the mean age at death was 32.7 years, while the expectation of life at birth was 38.5 years (Keyfitz and Flieger 1971). This random example of a premodern, moderately growing population (p - .006) shows that the practice in paleodemography of using mean skeletal age to estimate expectation of life deserves careful examination. We wish to show with simple models and with empirical data that (a) for moderately growing or declining populations the effect of a change in mortality on age at death is nearly nil, while changes in birth rate lead to proportional changes at age at death, and (b) the appropriate inference from mean age at death is that it is the inverse of the birth rate. Thus when, in a temporal series, mean skeletal age increases it means that the birth rate decreased, not that the expectation of life increased. With present methods skeletal ages provide no useful information about mortality or growth rate. The traditional interpretation of mean age at death as expectation of life proceeds from the assumption of a stationary population. In a stationary stable population the mean age at death is equal to the inverse of the birth rate and to the inverse of the death rate as well as to the expectation of life at birth. Stationary populations are rare, however, and under conditions of population growth or decline these statistics are no longer equivalent to each other. In general mean age at death (hence mean skeletal age) tracks the inverse of the birth rate and is effectively independent of the expectation of life and of the crude death rate. Skeletal age reflects expectation of life only if the death rate happens to be precisely equal to the birth rate. This is not very likely. This conclusion is not intuitive to us. The relations among demographic statistics are complex, and we have found no single simple and elegant way to relate skeletal age to other demographic parameters. We present instead in this paper two approaches to assessing the implications of skeletal age for paleodemography. First, we will examine an oversimplified and unrealistic model of a stable population characterized by a uniform age-specific death rate. This particular model is amenable to algebraic analysis, and we hope that the results of analyzing such an oversimplified
201 citations
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: Motivational interviewing is an approach based upon principles of experimental social psychology, applying processes such as attribution, cognitive dissonance, and self-efficacy as mentioned in this paper, which is conceptualized not as a personality trait but as an interpersonal process.
Abstract: Motivational interviewing is an approach based upon principles of experimental social psychology, applying processes such as attribution, cognitive dissonance, and self-efficacy. Motivation is conceptualized not as a personality trait but as an interpersonal process. The model deemphasizes labeling and places heavy emphasis on individual responsibility and internal attribution of change. Cognitive dissonance is created by contrasting the ongoing problem behavior with salient awareness of the behavior's negative consequences. Empathic processes from the methods of Carl Rogers, social psychological principles of motivation, and objective assessment feedback are employed to channel this dissonance toward a behavior change solution, avoiding the “short circuits” of low self-esteem, low self-efficacy, and denial. This motivational process is understood within a larger developmental model of change in which contemplation and determination are important early steps which can be influenced by therapist interventions. A schematic diagram of the motivational process and a six-step sequence for implementing motivational interviewing are suggested.
190 citations
TL;DR: In this article, two-year blind fllow-up interviews were completed with 69 of 82 problem drinkers treated by behavioral self-control training offered in various formats including bibliotherapy, individual counseling, and group therapy.
186 citations
TL;DR: The epidemiological features of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome were examined among American Indians in the southwestern United States, and the pattern of age‐specific prevalence indicates an increase over the past fifteen years.
Abstract: The epidemiological features of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) were examined among American Indians in the southwestern United States. All FAS suspects were screened in specific populations of Navajo, Pueblo, and Plains culture tribes. A total of 115 alcohol‐affected children were identified. The incidence of FAS was found to be highly variable from one cultural group to the next, ranging from 1.3 per 1,000 births (1/749) for the Navajo to 10.3 (1/97) for the Plains. The pattern of age‐specific prevalence indicates an increase over the past fifteen years. The overall rate of mothers who have produced fetal alcohol children was 6.1 per 1,000 women of childbearing age with a range of 4 to 33 per 1,000. These maternal prevalence rates were important for the accurate prediction of public health risk because 25 per cent of all mothers who had produced one affected child had also produced others. The average per mother was 1.3 alcohol‐affected children. Other findings indicate that the mothers of these c...
182 citations
TL;DR: Electron microscopy of re-embedded light-microscopic radioautographic sections confirms that granule neurons in the rodent are newly formed up until 9 months after birth.
Abstract: Nine-month-old rats were injected with 5 μCi 3H-thymidine (3H-Tdr) and allowed to survive for 20 days In light-microscopic radioautographs, labeled cells were found in the granule cell layer of the hippocampus Analysis of electron micrographs of the labeled cells, taken from re-embedded 15 μm radioautographic sections, clearly demonstrated their neuronal nature with synapses along their cell bodies and dendrites Our results indicate that 0025% of the granule neurons are heavily labeled in the dorsal hippocampus Electron microscopy of re-embedded light-microscopic radioautographic sections confirms that granule neurons in the rodent are newly formed up until 9 months after birth
Stanford University1, University of California, Berkeley2, Cornell University3, Missouri Botanical Garden4, Marine Biological Laboratory5, Carnegie Institution for Science6, Smithsonian Institution7, Harvard University8, University of New Mexico9, Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research10, Princeton University11, National Research Council12, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution13
TL;DR: Subfreezing temperatures, low light levels, and high doses of ionizing and ultraviolet radiation extending for many months after a large-scale nuclear war could destroy the biological support systems of civilization, at least in the Northern Hemisphere.
Abstract: Subfreezing temperatures, low light levels, and high doses of ionizing and ultraviolet radiation extending for many months after a large-scale nuclear war could destroy the biological support systems of civilization, at least in the Northern Hemisphere. Productivity in natural and agricultural ecosystems could be severely restricted for a year or more. Postwar survivors would face starvation as well as freezing conditions in the dark and be exposed to near-lethal doses of radiation. If, as now seems possible, the Southern Hemisphere were affected also, global disruption of the biosphere could ensue. In any event, there would be severe consequences, even in the areas not affected directly, because of the interdependence of the world economy. In either case the extinction of a large fraction of the Earth's animals, plants, and microorganisms seems possible. The population size of Homo sapiens conceivably could be reduced to prehistoric levels or below, and extinction of the human species itself cannot be excluded.
TL;DR: The results quantitate hepatic exposure of insulin in man during differing stimuli of endogenous insulin secretion, and demonstrate reduced fractional hepatic extraction with increasing insulin exposure.
Abstract: The hepatic extraction of insulin in normal man was evaluated by kinetic analysis of peripheral insulin behavior in the plasma following stimulation of endogenous insulin secretion. Prehepatic insulin production was determined by deconvolution of plasma connecting peptide behavior (C-peptide) and hepatic extraction of the secreted insulin determined with a three-compartment model for hepatic, vascular, and extravascular plasma spaces. Three dosages of oral glucose (10, 25, and 100 g) administered to normal volunteers resulted in 1.8 +/- 0.5, 2.7 +/- 1.1, and 7.2 +/- 1.6 U endogenous insulin secretion, respectively. Total hepatic exposure to insulin exceeded the endogenous secretion due to recycling to the liver from the systemic circulation. Decreasing insulin extraction by the liver (67-53-42%) in the presence of increasing insulin exposure (2.6-4.4-13.2 U) was observed during the dose-response to glucose. The rates of hepatic insulin extraction observed with arginine (58 +/- 9% with 3.2 U), and a normal meal (50 +/- 9% with 7.6 U) were intermediate between the extremes seen with the 10- and 100-g glucose challenge. These results quantitate hepatic exposure of insulin in man during differing stimuli of endogenous insulin secretion, and demonstrate reduced fractional hepatic extraction with increasing insulin exposure.
TL;DR: The clinical presentation of upper tract deterioration after many years of normality, and occurring as late as the mid teenage years, demonstrates that these patients require prolonged and careful urologic and radiographic followup.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Experimental allergic orchitis was induced consistently in BALB/c mice by immunization with homologous testicular tissue homogenate emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant providing that the animals had received simultaneously at least 1 microgram of an extract of Bordetella pertussis rich in pertussigen.
Abstract: Experimental allergic orchitis (EAO) was induced consistently in BALB/c mice by immunization with homologous testicular tissue homogenate emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) providing that the animals had received simultaneously at least 1 microgram of an extract of Bordetella pertussis rich in pertussigen All animals thus treated developed orchitis and serum antibody to testicular antigens within 20 days after immunization The lesions were located in testis (100%), rete testis (37%), cauda epididymis (21%), and vas deferens (37%) Ductus efferentes and caput epididymis were only rarely affected Early lesions in the seminiferous tubules were characterized by peritubular and/or intratubular accumulation of eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages This was followed by aspermatogenesis Late lesions included massive necrosis and extensive fibrosis of the seminiferous tubules Disruption of blood-testis barrier on day 20 was evidenced by the detection of 1) perfused lanthanum deposits between Sertoli cells and surrounding inflammatory cells inside the seminiferous tubules, 2) deposits of endogenous mouse IgG in germinal epithelium, and 3) probable immune complexes (granular C3) surrounding seminiferous tubules Murine EAO differed from that of the guinea pig in the lack of involvement of the ductus efferentes, the extensive necrosis, the abundant polymorphonuclear eosinophils in the lesion, and the exquisite requirement of concomitant injection of B pertussis extract
TL;DR: A migration matrix model is used to investigate the behavior of neutral polygenic characters in subdivided populations and it is shown that gametic disequilibrium has a large effect on the variance among groups but none at all on its expectation.
Abstract: A migration matrix model is used to investigate the behavior of neutral polygenic characters in subdivided populations. It is shown that gametic disequilibrium has a large effect on the variance among groups but none at all on its expectation. The variance of among-group variance is substantial and does not depend on the number of loci contributing to variance in the character. It is just as large for polygenic characters as for single loci with the same additive variance. This implies that one polygenic character contains exactly as much information about population relationships as one single-locus marker. The theory is compared with observed differentiation of dermatoglyphic and anthropometric characters among Bougainville islanders.
TL;DR: In this paper, changes in chiropteran species diversity and richness along a generalized transect up the eastern slopes of the Peruvian Andes are described and explanations for these patterns are offered based on significant correlations of temperature and foliage height diversity with both overall richness and number of species in major feeding guilds.
Abstract: Changes in chiropteran species diversity and richness along a generalized transect up the eastern slopes of the Peruvian Andes are described. Variation in overall species diversity, species richness, and evenness are closely correlated with elevation. A decrease in bat density along the gradient is indicated by elevational decrease in sample size and by significant elevational reduction in the number of bats netted per unit effort. Explanations for these patterns are offered based on significant correlations of temperature and foliage height diversity with both overall richness and number of species in major feeding guilds. The conclusion is that diversity changes in the bat community along the gradient are caused by many factors, both historical and contemporary. The slopes of the Andes probably were colonized, for the most part, from the adjacent older lowlands of the Amazon Basin where most of the speciation took place. Immigration into the highlands has been (is) impeded by the reductions in temperature, habitat complexity, and levels of food abundance acting independently or collectively.
TL;DR: Functionals for the development of associative strength and associative interference are presented and global precedence is dependent on factors tending to degrade small stimuli more than large ones.
Abstract: Because it may be deduced from the more elementary principles of visual processing, global precedence (Navon, 1977) is not a primary perceptual principle. Subjects were presented with a large letter made out of small ones and asked to make an identification response on the basis of either the large or small letter. When fixation was controlled to provide adequate stimulation from the small letter, there was no difference in reaction time (RT) between the large and small targets. Also, there was no difference in interference due to response incompatibility of the unattended letter based on target size. However, when the stimulus was presented peripherally, unpredictably to the right or left of fixation, RT was faster to the large target and interference was substantially greater for the small target. Functions for the development of associative strength and associative interference are presented. Global precedence is dependent on factors tending to degrade small stimuli more than large ones.
TL;DR: Anomalous pump-depletion reversal in stimulated Raman scattering has been observed and is interpreted as the development of a soliton induced by a random phase shift in the injected Stokes beam.
Abstract: Anomalous pump-depletion reversal in stimulated Raman scattering has been observed and is interpreted as the development of a soliton induced by a random phase shift in the injected Stokes beam. The experimental findings are presented and compared with the analytical solutions to the undamped stimulated Raman scattering equations as well as with a numerical study of the damped equations.
TL;DR: Two self-rating scales of psychological distress, the SRT and the SQ, have been validated in translations in Italy and are found to be useful in research in psychiatry and psychosomatic medicine.
Abstract: Two self-rating scales of psychological distress, the Symptom Rating Test (SRT) and the Symptom Questionnaire (SQ), have been validated in translations in Italy. They were administered in several studies to psychiatric patients (neurotics and depressives), matched controls, and patients suffering from various organic illnesses (dermatologic disorders, hypertension, secondary amenorrhea and patients undergoing amniocentesis). The SRT and the SQ sensitively discriminated between psychiatric patients and normals, between different levels of psychological distress in several of the somatic illnesses, and detected significant changes in the psychological status of patients participating in medical procedures such as amniocentesis. The scales were found to be useful in research in psychiatry and psychosomatic medicine. The findings suggest that the Italian translations are valid and sensitive scales of distress and can apparently be used as effectively in research as the original. They are likely to be of value in cross-cultural research in Canada. Both scales may be helpful in the psychological assessment of Italian immigrants in North America and Australia, especially in those whose English is poor.
TL;DR: Le comportement fratricide chez les Accipitridae apparait lie a des differences relatives de taille au sein of the fratrie, differences elles-memes liees au temps ecoule entre les eclosions.
Abstract: Le comportement fratricide chez les Accipitridae apparait lie a des differences relatives de taille au sein de la fratrie, differences elles-memes liees au temps ecoule entre les eclosions, aux differences de poids a l'eclosion, peut-etre au sexe
TL;DR: It is suggested that those with a hearing loss perform less well on verbal but not on nonverbal tests of cognition, as well as on the Wechsler Memory Scale.
Abstract: Hearing acuity and the relationships between untreated hearing deficits and emotional state, cognitive functioning, and social integration were examined in 239 physically healthy, independent-living elderly men and women with a mean age of 72 years. Air-conduction, pure-tone thresholds in both ears were determined at high- and mid-frequencies, and participants were also given the Speech Perception in Noise test. Multivariate techniques were used to test for associations between hearing acuity and scores from the Kellner-Sheffield Symptom Questionnaire, the Jacobs Cognitive Screening Exam, the Halstead Category Test, the Wechsler Memory Scale, and the Interview Schedule for Social Interaction. No deleterious effects of untreated hearing deficits on emotional status or social integration were found. The findings suggest that those with a hearing loss perform less well on verbal but not on nonverbal tests of cognition.
TL;DR: Pristine granite clasts in Apollo-14 breccias 14321 and 14303 have estimated masses of 1.8 and 0.17 g, respectively, as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of high-dose radiation on the crystal structure of natural zirconolites were studied by transmission electron microscopy and it was shown that the structure of the monoclinic ZIRconolite crystal structure is retained up to doses of 4.4 × 1024 alphas/m3.
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of conspicuous consumption is presented, with a focus on exceptional consumer behavior, and the authors propose Conspicuous Consumption: A Study of Exceptional Consumer Behavior.
Abstract: (1983). Conspicuous Consumption: A Study of Exceptional Consumer Behavior. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 791-799.
TL;DR: This work presents a method for reducing subaperture testing data that requires no a priori knowledge of the relative piston and tilt of the subAPertures, and results of applying this method to analyze subaparture testing interferograms are presented.
Abstract: Subaperture testing provides an attractive alternative to large monolithic test optics for evaluation of large optical systems. We present a method for reducing subaperture testing data that requires no a priori knowledge of the relative piston and tilt of the subapertures. Results of applying this method to analyze subaperture testing interferograms are presented. In particular, the behavior of this method in the presence of data noise and for different subaperture configurations is studied.
TL;DR: Methodological issues raised during the conduct of the study: response rates, potential language barriers and bias, and identification of Hispanics by surnames are focused on.
Abstract: A prevalence survey of respiratory diseases was conducted in Albuquerque, New Mexico, with the objective of explaining differing patterns of respiratory disease epidemiology in Hispanic and non-Hispanic whites (Anglos). The study population was selected at random from the 1978 R.L. Polk & Co. Directory. This paper focuses on methodological issues raised during the conduct of the study: response rates, potential language barriers and bias, and identification of Hispanics by surnames. Mail, telephone, and personal interview approaches were used to obtain adequate response rates, which ranged from 60% in Hispanic males to 78% in Anglo females; 22% of Hispanic males refused interview. Fewer Hispanics returned mailed questionnaires than responded to telephone interviewing. Spanish language was increasingly preferred as the respondent's age increased. Two methods of ethnic identification by surname (1980 Census List of Spanish Surnames and a computer program, GUESS (Generally Useful Ethnic Search System) were compared to the self-reported ethnicity of respondents. The GUESS Program was more sensitive than the census list, but the census list was more specific. The combination of both methods produced a 90% sensitivity and 97% specificity in males. Intermarriage reduced the accuracy in females.
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to assess the effects of self-reported media usage and fandom on perceived gratifications provided by each of eight media: books, magazines, films, television, newspapers, radio, recorded music, and friends. Subjects indicated the amount they used each medium, had positive or negative affect for it, and the extent to which each was perceived as providing ten gratifications. Results indicated that seven groups of subjects—high, moderate and low users, high moderate and low fans, and the results from an earlier investigation by Elliott and Quattlebaum—did not differ in their perception of each medium's ability to provide specific gratifications. Also, each medium appeared to have an image related to its functions that was independent of both individual use and attitude. The consistency of these images among the seven groups suggested that what prior researchers referred to as “audience needs” may be no more than “audience agreement” based on common learned responses.
TL;DR: In this paper, the energy of the first excited state of the nuclear core was found to be very close to the energy in the presence of the nucleus's nuclear core particle, and the size of the shift places limits on the strength of the spin-dependent interaction.
Abstract: $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray transitions of energy 2034 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0023 MeV in the hypernucleus $_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ and 3079 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0040 MeV in the hypernucleus $_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{9}\mathrm{Be}$ are observed In both cases, the energy of the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ ray in the hypernucleus $_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{A}Z$ is very close to the energy of the first excited state of the nuclear core The $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays are interpreted as arising from core transitions in the presence of the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ particle The size of the shift places limits on the strength of the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}N$ spin-dependent interaction