University of New Mexico

About: University of New Mexico is a education organization based out in Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 28870 authors who have published 64767 publications receiving 2578371 citations. The organization is also known as: UNM & Universitatis Novus Mexico.

Energy Constraints on the Evolution of Gene Expression

Abstract: I here estimate the energy cost of changes in gene expression for several thousand genes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A doubling of gene expression, as it occurs in a gene duplication event, is significantly selected against for all genes for which expression data is available. It carries a median selective disadvantage of s > 10 - 5 , several times greater than the selection coefficient s = 1.47 × 10 - 7 below which genetic drift dominates a mutant's fate. When considered separately, increases in messenger RNA expression or protein expression by more than a factor 2 also have significant energy costs for most genes. This means that the evolution of transcription and translation rates is not an evolutionarily neutral process. They are under active selection opposing them. My estimates are based on genome-scale information of gene expression in the yeast S. cerevisiae as well as information on the energy cost of biosynthesizing amino acids and nucleotides.

Methods to Detect P-Glycoprotein-associated Multidrug Resistance in Patients' Tumors: Consensus Recommendations

Abstract: Multidrug resistance (MDR), especially that associated with overexpression of MDR1 and its product, P-glycoprotein (Pgp), is thought to play a role in the outcome of therapy for some human tumors; however, a consensus conclusion has been difficult to reach, owing to the variable results published by different laboratories. Many factors appear to influence the detection of Pgp in clinical specimens, including its low and heterogeneous expression; conflicting definitions of detection end points; differences in methods of sample preparation, fixation, and analysis; use of immunological reagents with variable Pgp specificity and avidity and with different recognition epitopes; use of secondary reagents and chromogens; and differences in clinical end points. Also, mechanisms other than Pgp overexpression may contribute to clinical MDR. The combined effect of these factors is clearly important, especially among tumors with low expression of Pgp. Thus, a workshop was organized in Memphis, Tennessee, to promote the standardization of approaches to MDR1 and Pgp detection in clinical specimens. The 15 North American and European institutions that agreed to participate conducted three preworkshop trials with well-characterized MDR myeloma and carcinoma cell lines that expressed increasing amounts of Pgp. The intent was to establish standard materials and methods for a fourth trial, assays of Pgp and MDR1 in clinical specimens. The general conclusions emerging from these efforts led to a number of recommendations for future studies: (a) although detection of Pgp and MDR1 is at present likely to be more reliable in leukemias and lymphomas than in solid tumors, accurate measurement of low levels of Pgp expression under most conditions remains an elusive goal; (b) tissue-specific controls, antibody controls, and standardized MDR cell lines are essential for calibrating any detection method and for subsequent analyses of clinical samples; (c) use of two or more vendor-standardized anti-Pgp antibody reagents that recognize different epitopes improves the reliability of immunological detection of Pgp; (d) sample fixation and antigen preservation must be carefully controlled; (e) multiparameter analysis is useful in clinical assays of MDR1/Pgp expression; (f) immunostaining data are best reported as staining intensity and the percentage of positive cells; and (g) arbitrary minimal cutoff points for analysis compromise the reliability of conclusions. The recommendations made by workshop participants should enhance the quality of research on the role of Pgp in clinical MDR development and provide a paradigm for investigations of other drug resistance-associated proteins.

Human papillomavirus type 16 sequence variation in cervical cancers: a worldwide perspective.

Abstract: We examined intratype human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) sequence variation in tumor samples that were collected and analyzed in an international study of invasive cervical cancer. The collection included tumors from 22 countries in five continents. Using our recently developed E6 and L1 PCR-based hybridization systems to distinguish HPV-16 variant lineages, we analyzed material from tumors previously found to contain HPV-16 DNA. Of 408 specimens analyzed in the E6 hybridization assay, 376 (92.2%) belonged to previously reported HPV-16 variant lineages. The remaining 32 specimens (7.8%) harbored HPV-16 variants with novel hybridization patterns, novel nucleotide changes, or both. Nucleotide sequences (1,203 bp) were determined for the E6, the MY09/11 region of L1, and the long control region of each novel variant and representative specimens from each hybridization pattern observed. Based on E6 hybridization patterns, most of the variants from European and North American samples were phylogenetically classified as European prototype (E) while samples from Africa contained primarily African 1 (Af1) or African 2 (Af2) variants. The majority of Asian (As) variants were observed in Southeast Asia, and almost all Asian American (AA) variants were from Central and South America or Spain. A single North American 1 (NA1) variant was detected in a tumor from Argentina. Nucleotide changes previously shown to covary between the MY09/11 region of L1 and the E6 coding region were examined in a subset of 249 specimens. We observed 22 combined E6-L1 hybridization patterns, of which 11 (in 21 samples) were novel. No unanticipated nucleotide covariation was observed between the E class and the AA-Af1-Af2-NA1 classes, suggesting the absence or rarity of genomic recombination between HPV-16 lineages. This extensive description of HPV-16 variants forms a basis for further examining the relationship between intratype variation and basic functional differences in biological activities. HPV-16 variants may prove important for the determination of the risk of cervical neoplasia and for the design of HPV-16 vaccine strategies.

Search for new phenomena in final states with an energetic jet and large missing transverse momentum in pp collisions at √=s=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

Abstract: Results of a search for new phenomena in final states with an energetic jet and large missing transverse momentum are reported. The search uses 20.3 fb(-1) of root s = 8 TeV data collected in 2012 ...