University of New Mexico

About: University of New Mexico is a education organization based out in Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 28870 authors who have published 64767 publications receiving 2578371 citations. The organization is also known as: UNM & Universitatis Novus Mexico.

Rates of opioid misuse, abuse, and addiction in chronic pain: a systematic review and data synthesis.

Abstract: Opioid use in chronic pain treatment is complex, as patients may derive both benefit and harm. Identification of individuals currently using opioids in a problematic way is important given the substantial recent increases in prescription rates and consequent increases in morbidity and mortality. The present review provides updated and expanded information regarding rates of problematic opioid use in chronic pain. Because previous reviews have indicated substantial variability in this literature, several steps were taken to enhance precision and utility. First, problematic use was coded using explicitly defined terms, referring to different patterns of use (ie, misuse, abuse, and addiction). Second, average prevalence rates were calculated and weighted by sample size and study quality. Third, the influence of differences in study methodology was examined. In total, data from 38 studies were included. Rates of problematic use were quite broad, ranging from <1% to 81% across studies. Across most calculations, rates of misuse averaged between 21% and 29% (range, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 13%-38%). Rates of addiction averaged between 8% and 12% (range, 95% CI: 3%-17%). Abuse was reported in only a single study. Only 1 difference emerged when study methods were examined, where rates of addiction were lower in studies that identified prevalence assessment as a primary, rather than secondary, objective. Although significant variability remains in this literature, this review provides guidance regarding possible average rates of opioid misuse and addiction and also highlights areas in need of further clarification.

Enhancing motivation for change in problem drinking: A controlled comparison of two therapist styles.

Abstract: To investigate the impact of counselor style, a 2-session motivational checkup was offered to 42 problem drinkers (18 women and 24 men) who were randomly assigned to 3 groups: (a) immediate checkup with directive-confrontational counseling, (b) immediate checkup with client-centered counseling, or (c) delayed checkup (waiting-list control). Overall, the intervention resulted in a 57% reduction in drinking within 6 weeks, which was maintained at 1 year. Clients receiving immediate checkup showed significant reduction in drinking relative to controls. The 2 counseling styles were discriminable on therapist behaviors coded from audiotapes. The directive-confrontational style yielded significantly more resistance from clients, which in turn predicted poorer outcomes at 1 year. Therapist styles did not differ in overall impact on drinking, but a single therapist behavior was predictive (r = .65) of 1-year outcome such that the more the therapist confronted, the more the client drank.

Chorioamnionitis and Early Lung Inflammation in Infants in Whom Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Develops

Abstract: OBJECTIVE The development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) often has been attributed to injury from mechanical ventilation and supplemental oxygen. Early lung inflammation in infants with BPD has been thought to be secondary to these factors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether preexisting (prenatal) inflammation may be a primary causative factor in the development of BPD. METHODS Intubated newborns of less than 2,000 g birth weight were prospectively enrolled. The presence or absence of chorioamnionitis was documented. Lung inflammation was evaluated on days 1, 2, and 4 of intubation by assaying concentrations of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta), thromboxane B2, leukotriene B4, and prostaglandin E2 in tracheal lavages. Infants in whom BPD developed were compared with those in whom it did not using these measures. RESULTS Fifty-three infants were enrolled; 41 survived. Thirty-eight had respiratory distress syndrome; 15 were intubated for other diagnoses. Infants prenatally exposed to chorioamnionitis were less likely to present with respiratory distress syndrome; however, chorioamnionitis was significantly associated with both the presence of IL-1 beta from the first day of intubation and the development of BPD. Tracheal lavage concentrations of IL-1 beta were higher in infants in whom BPD developed. Thromboxane B2 concentrations were similar on day 1 but were higher on days 2 and 4 in infants in whom BPD developed. CONCLUSIONS In this study, intubated infants weighing less than 2,000 g at birth in whom BPD developed had increased exposure to inflammation prenatally (chorioamnionitis) and evidence of increased lung inflammation from the first postnatal day. We speculate that chorioamnionitis may accelerate lung maturation but that it also causes lung inflammation and subsequent lung injury in intubated infants, fostering the development of BPD.

Allometric scaling of plant energetics and population density

Abstract: Scaling relationships that describe variation in population density with body size in ecological communities, such as the thinning law in plant ecology1,2,3, can be explained in terms of how individuals use resources as a function of their size. Data for rates of xylem transport as a function of stem diameter show that rates of resource use in individual plants scale as approximately the 3/4 power of body mass, which is the same as metabolic rates of animals4,5,6,7. Here we use this relationship to develop a mechanistic model for relationships between density and mass in resource-limited plants. It predicts that average plant size should scale as the −4/3 power of maximum population density, in agreement with empirical evidence and comparable relationships in animals5,6,8, but significantly less than the −3/2 power predicted by geometric models1. Our model implies that fundamental constraints on metabolic rate are reflected in the scaling of population density and other ecological and evolutionary phenomena, including the finding that resource allocation among species in ecosystems is independent of body size5,6,8.