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Showing papers by "University of New South Wales published in 1990"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: N-terminal region sequence analysis of the molecule has identified the cofactor as beta 2-glycoprotein I (beta 2GPI) (apolipoprotein H), a plasma protein known to bind to anionic phospholipids, indicating that the presence of beta 2G PI is an absolute requirement for antibody-phospholipid interaction.
Abstract: Anti-phospholipid (aPL) antibodies that exhibit binding in cardiolipin (CL) ELISA can be purified to greater than 95% purity by sequential phospholipid affinity and ion-exchange chromatography. However, these highly purified aPL antibodies do not bind to the CL antigen when assayed by a modified CL ELISA in which the blocking agent does not contain bovine serum, nor do they bind to phospholipid affinity columns. Binding to the phospholipid antigen will only occur if normal human plasma, human serum, or bovine serum is present, suggesting that the binding of aPL antibodies to CL requires the presence of a plasma/serum cofactor. Using sequential phospholipid affinity, gel-filtration, and ion-exchange chromatography, we have purified this cofactor to homogeneity and shown that the binding of aPL antibodies to CL requires the presence of this cofactor in a dose-dependent manner. N-terminal region sequence analysis of the molecule has identified the cofactor as beta 2-glycoprotein I (beta 2GPI) (apolipoprotein H), a plasma protein known to bind to anionic phospholipids. These findings indicate that the presence of beta 2GPI is an absolute requirement for antibody-phospholipid interaction, suggesting that bound beta 2GPI forms the antigen to which aPL antibodies are directed. Recent evidence indicates that beta 2GPI exerts multiple inhibitory effects on the coagulation pathway and platelet aggregation. Interference with the function of beta 2GPI by aPL antibodies could explain the thrombotic diathesis seen in association with these antibodies.

1,598 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the problem of robustly stabilizing a linear uncertain system is considered with emphasis on the interplay between the time-domain results on the quadratic stabilization of uncertain systems and the frequency domain results on H/sup infinity / optimization.
Abstract: The problem of robustly stabilizing a linear uncertain system is considered with emphasis on the interplay between the time-domain results on the quadratic stabilization of uncertain systems and the frequency-domain results on H/sup infinity / optimization. A complete solution to a certain quadratic stabilization problem in which uncertainty enters both the state and the input matrices of the system is given. Relations between these robust stabilization problems and H/sup infinity / control theory are explored. It is also shown that in a number of cases, if a robust stabilization problem can be solved via Lyapunov methods, then it can be also be solved via H/sup infinity / control theory-based methods. >

1,464 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The regulating valve, in addition to regulating the vacuum during the vacuum cycle, continuously vents the system to atmosphere when a patient venting solenoid valve vents the patient to atmosphere to reduce the load on a vacuum pump.

1,447 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The potentialities and pitfalls of organizational economics are illustrated by reference to matrix organization structures, vertical disintegration in insurance organizations, and corporate governance as mentioned in this paper, and the potential to make a constructive contribution to management theory.
Abstract: Organizational economics, as a newer theory, has the potential to make a constructive contribution to management theory. Nevertheless, there are several inherent problems regarding its narrow model of human motivation and behavior, its negative moral characterization of managers, and its methodological individualist bias. One solution is to embrace the positive approach of the original economic formulations. The potentialities and pitfalls of organizational economics are illustrated by reference to matrix organization structures, vertical disintegration in insurance organizations, and corporate governance.

1,022 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Arterial stiffening is the principal cause of increasing systolic pressure with advancing years and in patients with arterial hypertension, and drugs have little or no direct effect on arterial stiffness but can markedly reduce wave reflection.
Abstract: Arterial stiffening is the principal cause of increasing systolic pressure with advancing years and in patients with arterial hypertension. It is associated with progressive arterial dilation and is due to degeneration of the arterial wall, probably as a consequence of repetitive cyclic stress; it increases systolic pressure directly by increasing amplitude of the pressure wave generated by a given flow impulse from the heart and indirectly by increasing wave velocity so that wave reflection from the periphery occurs earlier, augmenting pressure in late systole. The first mechanism affects pressure in both the central and peripheral arteries, the second predominantly in the central arteries. Change in brachial systolic pressure with age underestimates the rise in systolic pressure in the aorta and left ventricle. Arterial stiffness is reduced passively with reduction in arterial pressure. Drugs have little or no direct effect on arterial stiffness but can markedly reduce wave reflection. In patients with stiffened arteries, reduction in wave reflection decreases aortic systolic pressure augmentation. The decreased systolic pressure in central arteries brought about by this mechanism is not detected when systolic pressure is measured in a peripheral (brachial or radial) artery but can be inferred from change in contour of the pressure wave recorded in peripheral arteries.

617 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The serotonergic (5-hydroxytryptaminergic, 5-HT) system is one of the diffusively organized projection systems of the brain and the full description of its neuronal localization and projections has only become possible with the availability of the histoflu~rescence’ and immunohistochemical techniques.
Abstract: The serotonergic (5-hydroxytryptaminergic, 5-HT) system is one of the diffusively organized projection systems of the brain. Although the presence of serotonin itself was demonstrated in the brain more than thirty years ago’,* the full description of its neuronal localization and projections has only become possible with the availability of the histoflu~rescence’~~ and immunohistochemical’ techniques. Indeed it was only by the use of antibodies against serotonin that the detailed anatomy and topography of the serotonergic cells and their projections throughout the brain could be described. Therefore, the description of the 5-HT system below is based entirely on immunohistochemical data although some reference is made to other anatomical observations based on traditional neurohistological and histochemical techniques. The 5-HT system consists of a morphologically diverse group of neurons the cell bodies of which are located in the brainstem raphe nuclei and some regions of the reticular formation, and complex axonal systems which innervate virtually all regions of the central nervous system, but with particular density the cerebral cortex, limbic structures, basal ganglia, many regions of the brainstem and the gray matter of the spinal cord.’-’’ This review discusses, from a structural as well as hodological viewpoint, the organizational principles of the 5-HT system. Since several detailed reviews are available on the serotonergic system, the repetition of all data is largely avoided. Rather, a more salient description of the general features of the brainstem 5-HT neurons and their terminal fields is attempted. All investigators of the mammalian brain have agreed on the finding that the 5-HT system consists of two distinct subdivisions: a rostral division, with cell bodies localized in the midbrain and rostral pons and providing projections to the forebrain, and a caudal division, located primarily in the medulla oblongata, with major descending projections directed principally to the spinal cord.”.” Target areas within the brainstem itself and in the cerebellum are shared by these two divisions. The description given below is in part based on original experimental material (with particular reference to the human brain) prepared to illustrate the general morphology of the serotonergic neurons. For this reason, a brief description of the methodology used in our laboratory for the demonstration of the 5-HT neurons is given below.

569 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that many current assessment practices are incompatible with the goals of independence, thoughtfulness and critical analysis to which most academics would subscribe; that forms of assessment which are commonplace are not consistent with the behaviour of academics in their own contributions to knowledge; and that the assessment policy of many departments undermines deep approaches to learning on the part of students.
Abstract: This paper raises issues concerning the relationship between student assessment and the values which academic institutions propagate. It argues that many current assessment practices are incompatible with the goals of independence, thoughtfulness and critical analysis to which most academics would subscribe; that forms of assessment which are commonplace are not consistent with the behaviour of academics in their own contributions to knowledge; and that there is evidence to suggest that the assessment policy of many departments undermines deep approaches to learning on the part of students. Some indications are given of possible strategies to address the problems which have been identified, drawing upon ideas from academic and professional practice in general and self-assessment and peer review in particular.

421 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that the “insight” hypothesis of Lonergan (1958) better explains the flexibility and relativity of knowledge that the knowledge engineer experiences and may provide a more suitable philosophical environment for developing knowledge acquisition and representation tools.

402 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review focuses attention on the occurrence and importance of Yeasts in dairy products, highlighting their involvement in the spoilage of some products and their beneficial role in the fermentation of others.
Abstract: This review focuses attention on the occurrence and importance of Yeasts in dairy products, highlighting their involvement in the spoilage of some products and their beneficial role in the fermentation of others.

374 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The software life cycle, as described above, is frequently implemented based on a view of the world interpreted in terms of a functional decomposition; that is, the primary question addressed by the systems analysis and design is WHAT does the system do?
Abstract: In software engineering, the traditional description of the software life cycle is based on an underlying model, commonly referred to as the “waterfall” model (e.g., [4]). This model initially attempts to discretize the identifiable activities within the software development process as a linear series of actions, each of which must be completed before the next is commenced. Further refinements to this model appreciate that such completion is seldom absolute and that iteration back to a previous stage is likely. Various authors' descriptions of this model relate to the detailed level at which the software building process is viewed. At the most general level, three phases to the life cycle are generally agreed upon: 1) analysis, 2) design and 3) construction/implementation (e.g., [36], p. 262; [42]) (Figure 1(a)). The analysis phase covers from the initiation of the project, through to users-needs analysis and feasibility study (cf. [15]); the design phase covers the various concepts of system design, broad design, logical design, detailed design, program design and physical design. Following from the design stage(s), the computer program is written, the program tested, in terms of verification, validation and sensitivity testing, and when found acceptable, put into use and then maintained well into the future.In the more detailed description of the life cycle a number of subdivisions are identified (Figure 1(b)). The number of these subdivisions varies between authors. In general, the problem is first defined and an analysis of the requirements of current and future users undertaken, usually by direct and indirect questioning and iterative discussion. Included in this stage should be a feasibility study. Following this a user requirements definition and a software requirements specification, (SRS) [15], are written. The users requirements definition is in the language of the users so that this can be agreed upon by both the software engineer and the software user. The software requirements specification is written in the language of the programmer and details the precise requirements of the system. These two stages comprise an answer to the question of WHAT? (viz. problem definition). The user-needs analysis stage and examination of the solution space are still within the overall phase of analysis but are beginning to move toward not only problem decomposition, but also highlighting concepts which are likely to be of use in the subsequent system design; thus beginning to answer the question HOW? On the other hand, Davis [15] notes that this division into “what” and “how” can be subject to individual perception, giving six different what/how interpretations of an example telephone system. At this requirements stage, however, the domain of interest is still very much that of the problem space. Not until we move from (real-world) systems analysis to (software) systems design do we move from the problem space to the solution space (Figure 2). It is important to observe the occurrence and location of this interface. As noted by Booth [6], this provides a useful framework in object-oriented analysis and design.The design stage is perhaps the most loosely defined since it is a phase of progressive decomposition toward more and more detail (e.g., [41]) and is essentially a creative, not a mechanistic, process [42]. Consequently, systems design may also be referred to as “broad design” and program design as “detailed design” [20]. Brookes et al. [9] refer to these phases as “logical design” and “physical design.” In the traditional life cycle these two design stages can become both blurred and iterative; but in the object-oriented life cycle the boundary becomes even more indistinct.The software life cycle, as described above, is frequently implemented based on a view of the world interpreted in terms of a functional decomposition; that is, the primary question addressed by the systems analysis and design is WHAT does the system do viz. what is its function? Functional design, and the functional decomposition techniques used to achieve this, is based on the interpretation of the problem space and its translation to solution space as an interdependent set of functions or procedures. The final system is seen as a set of procedures which, apparently secondarily, operate on data.Functional decomposition is also a top-down analysis and design methodology. Although the two are not synonymous, most of the recently published systems analysis and design methods exhibit both characteristics (e.g., [14, 17]) and some also add a real-time component (e.g., [44]). Top-down design does impose some discipline on the systems analyst and program designer; yet it can be criticized as being too restrictive to support contemporary software engineering designs. Meyer [29] summarizes the flaws in top-down system design as follows: 1. top-down design takes no account of evolutionary changes;2. in top-down design, the system is characterized by a single function—a questionable concept;3. top-down design is based on a functional mindset, and consequently the data structure aspect is often completely neglected;4. top-down design does not encourage reusability. (See also discussion in [41], p. 352 et seq.)

311 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Nitroglycerin reduces left ventricular afterload through arterial dilation as well as preload through venous dilation, which effect on afterload is not apparent from measurement of pressure in the brachial artery.
Abstract: Nitroglycerin (0-3 mg) was administeredsublingually to 14patients undergoing cardiac catheterization, and pressure waves compared in the ascending aorta and brachial artery. After nitroglycerin, ascending aortic systolic pressure fell in all cases (by 6–44, average 22 mmHg) whereas brachial systolic pressure remained unchanged (in three) or fell to a lesser degree (4–33, average12 mmHg). Diastolic pressure did not change significantly. Alterations in pressure and in wave contour were explained on the basis of arterial dilation, with reduction in wave reflection. Nitroglycerin reduces left ventricular afterload through arterial dilation as well as preload through venous dilation. This effect on afterload is not apparent from measurement of pressure in the brachial artery.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it is shown that kernel estimators with a Guassian kernel are asymptotically suboptimal for smoothing parameter selection, and a method for choosing the smoothing parameters is proposed.
Abstract: For an estimator of quantiles, the efficiency of the sample quantile can be improved by considering linear combinations of order statistics, that is, L estimators. A variety of such methods have appeared in the literature; an important aspect of this article is that asymptotically several of these are shown to be kernel estimators with a Guassian kernel, and the bandwidths are identified. It is seen that some implicit choices of the smoothing parameter are asymptotically suboptimal. In addition, the theory of this article suggests a method for choosing the smoothing parameter. How much reliance should be placed on the theoretical results is investigated through a simulation study. Over a variety of distributions little consistent difference is found between various estimators. An important conclusion, made during the theoretical analysis, is that all of these estimators usually provide only modest improvement over the sample quantile. The results indicate that even if one knew the best estimator ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results indicated the possible existence of three subtypes of pathological gamblers, one group characterized by boredom, another by depression, and a third by a mixture of both depression and boredom.
Abstract: To test the hypothesis that pathological gamblers seek stimulation as a means of reducing aversive under-aroused states of boredom and/or depression, the Beck Depression Inventory, Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale and a Boredom Proneness Scale were administered to 48 diagnosed pathological gamblers and a control group of 40 family physician patients. Analyses of variance showed pathological gamblers obtained significantly higher boredom proneness and depression scores than those of controls. That the Boredom Proneness Scale failed to correlate with the Zuckerman Boredom Susceptibility subscale suggested the two measure differing dimensions. Results indicated the possible existence of three subtypes of pathological gamblers, one group characterized by boredom, another by depression, and a third by a mixture of both depression and boredom.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a model of the direct contact membrane distillation (MD) process is presented, and flux reduction for salt is largely due to vapour pressure reduction, and for sucrose is due to increased viscosity.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Gastric Helicobacter mustelae was present in 100% of 11 adult female ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) and showed a significant immune response to the organism.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is argued that the concept of a general neurotic syndrome depends in part on the presence of such predisposing personality factors, and that reduction in this predisposition to neurosis should be the focus of treatment.
Abstract: Neurotic syndromes are defined by characteristic patterns of symptoms, but the validity of the distinction between one syndrome and another depends on associations between the syndromes and clinical history, or treatment response factors that are independent of the defining phenomena. In both a group of twin volunteers and a group of patients with panic disorder/agoraphobia, the lifetime experience of more than one diagnosis of a neurotic syndrome was common but there was no evidence of patterns of co-occurrence of diagnoses being associated with particular syndromes. Receiving a diagnosis was associated with abnormal scores on measures of neuroticism and locus of control, the extent of the abnormality increasing with the number of different diagnoses satisfied. It is argued that the concept of a general neurotic syndrome depends in part on the presence of such predisposing personality factors, and that reduction in this predisposition to neurosis should be the focus of treatment.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that function points are a more consistent a priori measure of system size than the traditional lines-of-code measure.
Abstract: The authors report the results of an empirical research project on the consistency and limitations of the number of function points as an a priori measure of system size rather than the traditional lines-of-code measure. They conclude that function points are a more consistent a priori measure of system size. The results also indicate that the function-point estimate of size is lower for analysts experienced both in software development and in function-point estimation. >

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that while there is a genetic contribution to the predisposing trait, and therefore to the intermittent appearance of symptoms, this contribution is obscured by the grouping of symptoms into diagnoses and by the help seeking which is a prerequisite to clinical diagnosis.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The theory of the managerial grid, a model of interrelations among styles of management, was used as the criterion for validating the two best-known self-report measures of conflict management styles as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The theory of the managerial grid, a model of interrelations among styles of management, was used as the criterion for validating the two best-known self-report measures of conflict management styles. We re-analyzed six studies that used those measures and found that both appeared to be moderately valid. However, the measures failed to reflect the underlying theory in a few respects, which suggested specific areas for improving them.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: External jugular vein blood was sampled in the anesthetized cat during electrical stimulation of the superior sagittal sinus, and the levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP) and neuropeptides Y (NPY) were measured with sensitive radioimmunoassays.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a way of conceptualizing experience-based learning which considers the personal foundation of experience of learners, their intent and their interaction with a learning milieu.
Abstract: Increasing interest is now being focused on how adults learn from experience, but there is no adequate framework to assist learners and those who facilitate learning‐promote learning in the midst of experience. This paper provides a way of conceptualising experience‐based learningwhich considers the personal foundation of experience of learners, their intent and their interaction with a learning milieu. Two elements of the learning experience ‐‐ noticing and intervening–are discussed in detail. The implications for thefacilitation of learning are explored.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Cell death in the cerebellar medulla may serve to clear pathways for developing cortical afferents and efferents, or to increase the mechanical plasticity of the medulla during cortical folding.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Although subjects were not able to detect the masked, visual stimulus on forced-choice testing, they performed motor, reaction-time (RT) tasks in response to it, and the RTs for responses to the masked stimulus were the same as those for response to the easily perceived, nonmasked stimulus.
Abstract: 1. Visual stimuli were presented to normal human subjects to test simple and more complex voluntary motor responses. Large and small visual stimuli were presented. In some trials, the small stimulus was followed 50 ms later by the large stimulus, so that the small stimulus was not perceived; this is the phenomenon of "backward masking." 2. Although subjects were not able to detect the masked, visual stimulus on forced-choice testing, they performed motor, reaction-time (RT) tasks in response to it. The RTs for responses to the masked stimulus were the same as those for responses to the easily perceived, nonmasked stimulus. 3. This result confirms and extends the findings of Fehrer and Biederman and was demonstrated with both simple and more complex motor responses. 4. Discussion of the findings focuses on their implications for motor control, particularly with respect to the preprogramming of voluntary movement.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the transport of gases at sub-mospheric pressure through typical microporous membranes falls in the transition between Knudsen and Poiseuille flow.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a model for the form of the directional wavenumber spectrum slice in the dominant wave direction was proposed for ocean gravity wind waves, assuming an empirical spectral directional spreading function and the linear gravity wave dispersion relation.
Abstract: Equilibrium spectral behavior for ocean gravity wind waves has been investigated actively over the past three decades, yet fundamental problems remain in reconciling theory with observations. Predicted equilibrium spectral forms from physical models proposed recently by Kitaigorodskii and by Phillips are examined in the light of wavenumber and frequency spectra reported by several investigators. While frequency domain observations appear to support the model predictions, observed wavenumber spectra are found to differ both in the spectral dependence on wavenumber and on the wind speed. Based on observed wavenumber and frequency spectra for fetch-limited condition a model is proposed for the form of the directional wavenumber spectrum slice in the dominant wave direction. Reduced wavenumber and frequency spectra are calculated from this model, assuming an empirical spectral directional spreading function and the linear gravity wave dispersion relation. These calculations reveal the underlying infl...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In a healthy population LA is found predominantly in younger females and neither LA or ACA appear to identify subjects with other autoimmune parameters such as ANA or Rh factor or, for that matter, each other.
Abstract: This study was designed to explore the incidence of lupus anticoagulant (LA) and anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA) and their relationship to each other in a healthy population of 499 blood donors. Plasma samples were tested for LA activity and IgG, IgM and polyvalent ACA. Prolongation of the kaolin clotting time of a mixture of 80% normal plasma and 20% test plasma compared to the normal (dKCT) was used to detect LA activity. A normal distribution of dKCT was found with the mean 3.5 seconds +/- SD 10.6 seconds. Forty subjects (8%) were greater than 10% of the normal control; among these, 18 (3.6%) were outside the 95% confidence limits. The median age (29.3) and sex (M = 12, F = 28) of the 40 subjects with prolonged KCT were significantly different (p less than 0.001) from the group as a whole, younger females predominating. The frequency distribution of IgG, IgM and polyvalent ACA was skewed and the majority did not have detectable levels. ACA concentration falling within 95% of the population group were regarded as normal. Applying this definition, abnormal IgG ACA was greater than 4.33 U/ml, IgM ACA greater than 3.55 U/ml and polyvalent ACA greater than 4.55 U/ml with a prevalence of 4.6%, 4.6% and 5.6% respectively. Of the subjects with positive ACA of any class there was no significant association with either age or sex or the presence of LA. Only three plasma samples had both activities. Neither ACA nor LA were associated with antinuclear antibodies (ANA) or rheumatoid factor (Rh factor). Thus, in a healthy population LA is found predominantly in younger females and neither LA or ACA appear to identify subjects with other autoimmune parameters such as ANA or Rh factor or, for that matter, each other.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the electroacoustic effects in suspensions of electrically charged colloidal particles are calculated using a set of differential equations for the macroscopic pressure, velocity and electrical potential in the suspension.
Abstract: The term ‘electroacoustic’ is used in connection with phenomena that involve the interaction of sound waves and electric fields, such as the voltage difference generated across a transducer by the passage of a sound wave. This paper is concerned with electroacoustic effects in suspensions of electrically charged colloidal particles. The existing methods for calculating electroacoustic effects in suspensions are limited either to the dilute case, or to one particular effect, namely the open-circuit voltage generated between two parallel wire probes by a locally plane sound wave, propagating perpendicular to the wires. In this paper we present a procedure for calculating any electroacoustic effects in suspensions of arbitrary concentration. The only restriction on the method is that the particles must be small compared with the sound wavelength. The procedure involves the solution of a set of differential equations – referred to here as the ‘electroacoustic equations’ – for the macroscopic pressure, velocity and electrical potential in the suspension. The derivation of these equations and the associated boundary conditions form the major part of this paper. General features of the solution are also discussed, and an application is given involving a novel electroacoustic measurement.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of studies that focus on the use of budgetary information in performance evaluation can be found in this article, where the authors identify various psychological and behavioural effects of alternative uses as well as factors that give rise to a particular use.
Abstract: This paper provides a review of studies that focus on the use of budgetary information in performance evaluation. Our survey shows that studies have recognized that this information is used in a variety of ways. In addition, various psychological and behavioural effects of alternative uses as well as factors that give rise to a particular use have been identified. Notwithstanding this breadth of analysis, a critical review of the literature shows that in recent years theoretical development has been piecemeal, and there are instances of selective referencing and an uncritical acceptance of theory statements in related literature. More generally, theoretical development has taken a secondary role to an emphasis on statistical analysis. Further, recent empirical studies tend to be method-driven in their selection of relevant phenomena and, in addition, include several characteristics that cause an uncoupling of the connection between theory statements and empirical tests. The present review interprets these limitations as providing opportunities for future research.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Oct 1990-Brain
TL;DR: The strength of muscles on the clinically unaffected side was reduced compared with control subjects, although no muscle groups were especially affected, and the distribution of weakness in the lower limb was determined.
Abstract: To determine the distribution of weakness in the lower limb after upper motoneuron lesions the strength of 8 muscle groups was measured. Four groups of patients were studied: 22 control subjects, 16 patients with unilateral leg paresis, 4 patients with severe unilateral paralysis and 5 patients with paraparesis. In the testing posture (seated), patients with cerebral upper motoneuron lesions showed no selective loss of power in flexors or extensors on the contralateral side. Gravitational torques were included in the measurements. However, proximal muscles (acting at hip and knee) were significantly less severely affected than more distal muscles (acting at ankle and hallux). At any particular joint, physiological flexors and extensors were affected equally in both the hemiparetic and paraparetic subjects. As in the upper limb (Colebatch and Gandevia, 1989), the strength of muscles on the clinically unaffected side was reduced compared with control subjects, although no muscle groups were especially affected.

Book
01 Sep 1990
TL;DR: In this article, the Smith chart and its uses hybrid-line couplers parallel-coupled lines and directional coupling filters are used for characterization of microstrip circuits and subsystems microstrip experiments.
Abstract: Transmission line theory two-port parameters microstrip transmission lines - basic theory microstrip transmission lines - further considerations discontinuities the Smith chart and its uses hybrid-line couplers parallel-coupled lines and directional couplers filters miscellaneous components active circuit characterization microstrip circuits and subsystems microstrip experiments.