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Showing papers by "University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill published in 1976"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: I count myself honored indeed to be included among those who have been chosen to present this, the Wade Hampton Frost Lecture, and for this I must thank my very wise chief, Dr. Sidney L. Kark, who introduced me to the papers, particularly the section on tuberculosis.

2,051 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: To determine a standard for infants delivered at about sea level the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles of fetal weight for each menstrual week of gestation were calculated from 430 fetuses at 8 to 20 menstrual weeks' gestation aborted with prostaglandins.

835 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The fluorescence deplorarization associated with the hydrophobic fluorescent probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene is used to monitor changes in fluidity accompanying the gel-liquid crystalline phase transition in phosphatidylcholine dispersions, and phase diagrams are interpreted to suggest that the miscibilities of the lipids studied are markedly different in small, single-lamellar vesicles and large multilameLLar lip
Abstract: The fluorescence depolarization associated with the hydrophobic fluorescent probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene is used to monitor the changes in fluidity accompanying the gel-liquid crystalline phase transition in synthetic phosphatidycholine dispersions. The parameters of the phase transition are determined for both large, multilamellar liposomes and small, single-lamellar vesicles. These parameters are compared with those obtained using other techniques. In addition, the data are interpreted in terms of two limiting molecular models, which in turn offer insight into the structural differences between multilammelar liposomes and small vesicles.

749 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: When compared with paraffin, GMA offers opportunities for simpler, quicker procedures and yields sections of superior quality, greater information content, and less distortion.
Abstract: Plastic embedding preserves tissue structure much more faithfully than does paraffin. Acrylic polymerization is innocuous to dye-binding groups in sections. The water solubility of glycol methacrylate monomer and the hydrophilic properties of the polymer allow for convenience in dehydration and for versatility in staining sections. Five years of experience with glycol methacrylate (GMA) embedding for light microscopy is summarized. Methods for purifying GMA monomer are cited. Procedures for fixing, dehydrating, embedding, polymerizing, sectioning and staining, using GMA, are explained. A method is provided for making glass knives long enough to cut large blocks. Simple, reliable, quick staining methods are outlined. When compared with paraffin, GMA offers opportunities for simpler, quicker procedures and yields sections of superior quality, greater information content, and less distortion.

561 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Emerging evidence suggests that with passive coping such as classical aversive conditioning, the heart is more under vagal control which is directionally linked with somatic activity, while blood pressure is more dominated by vascular processes.
Abstract: Research is reviewed concerning the interrelationships among cardiodynamics, blood pressure control mechanisms, somatic activity, and the stimulus parameter of active vs passive coping. Emerging evidence suggests that with passive coping such as classical aversive conditioning, the heart is more under vagal control which is directionally linked with somatic activity, while blood pressure is more dominated by vascular processes. With active coping such as shock avoidance, the heart is under greater sympathetic control which is directionally independent of concomitant somatic activity, while cardiac influences on blood pressure become more dominant. Several current psycho physiological issues are discussed including the possible significance of these effects for cardiovascular disease processes.

544 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The process of cellulose synthesis in Acetobacter is compared with that in eukaryotic plant cells and the presence of approximately 50 individual synthetic sites organized in a row along the longitudinal axis of the bacterial rod and in close association with the outer envelope is compared.
Abstract: In vivo synthesis of cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum was monitored by darkfield light microscopy. Cellulose is synthesized in the form of a ribbon projecting from the pole of the bacterial rod. The ribbon elongates at a rate of 2 mum min-1. The ribbon consists of approximately 46 microfibrils which average 1.6 X 5.8 nm in cross section. The observed microfibrillar elongation rate corresponds to 470 amol of glucose/cell per hr assimilated into cellulose. Electron microscopy of the process using negative staining, sectioning, and freeze-etching indicated the presence of approximately 50 individual synthetic sites organized in a row along the longitudinal axis of the bacterial rod and in close association with the outer envelope. The process of cellulose synthesis in Acetobacter is compared with that in eukaryotic plant cells.

447 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Using a sensitive radioimmunoassay, the level of substance P is higher in the mesencephalon, hypothalamus and preoptic area than in other regions of the brain and is found in especially high concentrations in the reticular part of the substantia nigra and the interpeduncular nucleus.

413 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
15 Apr 1976-Lithos
TL;DR: The most common alteration assemblage produced by serpentinization of ultramafic rocks is: lizardite, chrysotile, magnetite±brucite±antigorite.

334 citations


Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: This article provided an annotated bibliography of theoretical, review, and research papers, published and unpublished, on equity, and annotated the annotations for research papers describe the essential contents: tasks, independent and dependent variables, results, and, for populations of possible special interest, subject characteristics.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter offers a few comments on existing equity theory and research. Notwithstanding the optimism generated by equity theory, there are lacunae that appear to deserve attention. In particular, theoretical and research effort might profitably be directed to the phenomenological experience of inequity, how inequity may be used instrumentally, the analysis of the interactive dynamics of inequity reduction, and the quantification of inequity. The chapter provides an extensive annotated bibliography of theoretical, review, and research papers, published and unpublished, on equity. The annotations for research papers describe the essential contents: tasks, independent and dependent variables, results, and, for populations of possible special interest, subject characteristics.

334 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
04 Nov 1976-Nature
TL;DR: Bacteriophage φX174 genes D and E are translated from the same DNA sequence but in different reading frames, leading to confusion in the translation of these genes.
Abstract: Bacteriophage φX174 genes D and E are translated from the same DNA sequence but in different reading frames.


Journal ArticleDOI
12 Aug 1976-Nature
TL;DR: Using a sensitive and specific radio immunoassay, Carraway and Leeman have demonstrated immunoreactive neurotensin in hypothalamic extracts of rat, mouse, rabbit and human tissue.
Abstract: NEUROTENSIN is a tridecapeptide (pGlu–Leu–Tyr–Glu–Asn–Lys–Pro–Arg–Arg–Pro–Tyr–Ile–Leu–COOH)1 isolated from bovine hypothalami2. Using a sensitive and specific radio immunoassay, Carraway and Leeman have demonstrated immunoreactive neurotensin in hypothalamic extracts of rat, mouse, rabbit and human tissue3. Intravenous (i.v.) administration of neurotensin to rats has been reported to cause hypotension (minimum effective dose 100 pmol kg−1 = 0.167 µg kg−1), cyanosis (minimum effective dose 1 nmol kg−1 = 1.67 µg kg−1)2, and hyperglycaemia (minimum effective dose 200 pmol kg−1 = 0.33 µg kg−1)4. These effects are not prevented by adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy. The hypotensive effects are not altered by α- or β-adrenergic blockers. Neurotensin also stimulates the contraction of guinea pig ileum while relaxing rat duodenum in vitro. Neurotensin is as potent as bradykinin in its effects on guinea pig ileum and rat duodenum and thus is classified as a kinin2. It increases plasma gonadotropin levels in ovariectomised, oestrogen–progesterone-treated rats after intravenous injection (minimum effective dose 5 nmol kg−1 = 8.4 µg kg−1)5. Intravenous administration of a dose of 3 µg kg−1 to rats produces hypoinsulinaemia, hyperglycaemia and hyperglucagonaemia6.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A model for microfibril synthesis and orientation is proposed and correlated with current hypotheses regarding cellulose biosynthesis in higher plants.
Abstract: Cellulose microfibril biosynthesis, assembly, and orientation in the unicellular green alga, Oocystis, is visualized in association with a linear enzyme complex embedded in the B face of the plasma membrane. Granule bands of the A face and complementary ridges of the B face are postulated to assist in the orientation of recently synthesized microfibrils. A model for microfibril synthesis and orientation is proposed and correlated with current hypotheses regarding cellulose biosynthesis in higher plants.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the linkages and underlying structure of a comprehensive model relating role conflict to its antecedents and consequences were tested using multivariate behavioral research methodology using data drawn from professional-level employees representing five major roles in nine organizations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The data are consistent with a simple binding scheme incorporating no changes in gating kinetics which conceives of aminopyridine molecules binding to closed K channels and being released from open channels in a voltage-dependent manner.
Abstract: Aminopyridines (2-AP, 3-AP, and 4-AP) selectively block K channels of squid axon membranes in a manner dependent upon the membrane potential and the duration and frequency of voltage clamp pulses. They are effective when applied to either the internal or the external membrane surface. The steady-state block of K channels by aminopyridines is more complete for low depolarizations, and is gradually relieved at higher depolarizations. The K current in the presence of aminopyridines rises more slowly than in control, the change being more conspicuous in 3-AP and 4-AP than in 2-AP. Repetitive pulsing relieves the block in a manner dependent upon the duration and interval of pulses. The recovery from block during a given test pulse is enhanced by increasing the duration of a conditioning depolarizing prepulse. The time constant for this recovery is in the range of 10-20 ms in 3-AP and 4-AP, and shorter in 2-AP. Twin pulse experiments with variable pulse intervals have revealed that the time course for re-establishment of block is much slower in 3-AP and 4-AP than in 2-AP. These results suggest that 2-AP interacts with the K channel more rapidly than 3-AP and 4-AP. The more rapid interaction of 2-AP with K channels is reflected in the kinetics of K current which is faster than that observed in 3-AP or 4-AP, and in the pattern of frequency-dependent block which is different from that in 3-AP or 4-AP. The experimental observations are not satisfactorily described by alterations of Hodgkin-Huxley n-type gating units. Rather, the data are consistent with a simple binding scheme incorporating no changes in gating kinetics which conceives of aminopyridine molecules binding to closed K channels and being released from open channels in a voltage-dependent manner.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the additive structure of data that can be measured at the nominal, ordinal or cardinal levels, may be obtained from either a discrete or continuous source, and may have known degrees of imprecision.
Abstract: A method is developed to investigate the additive structure of data that (a) may be measured at the nominal, ordinal or cardinal levels, (b) may be obtained from either a discrete or continuous source, (c) may have known degrees of imprecision, or (d) may be obtained in unbalanced designs. The method also permits experimental variables to be measured at the ordinal level. It is shown that the method is convergent, and includes several previously proposed methods as special cases. Both Monte Carlo and empirical evaluations indicate that the method is robust.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a method is discussed which extends canonical regression analysis to the situation where the variables may be measured at a variety of levels (nominal, ordinal, or interval), and where they may be either continuous or discrete.
Abstract: A method is discussed which extends canonical regression analysis to the situation where the variables may be measured at a variety of levels (nominal, ordinal, or interval), and where they may be either continuous or discrete. There is no restriction on the mix of measurement characteristics (i.e., some variables may be discrete-ordinal, others continuous-nominal, and yet others discrete-interval). The method, which is purely descriptive, scales the observations on each variable, within the restriction imposed by the variable's measurement characteristics, so that the canonical correlation is maximal. The alternating least squares algorithm is discussed. Several examples are presented. It is concluded that the method is very robust. Inferential aspects of the method are not discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: RHEINGOLD et al. as discussed by the authors found that sharing was a characteristic activity of children 18 months of age and younger and that these early manifestations of sharing qualify as developmental milestones of social behavior.
Abstract: RHEINGOLD, HARRIET L.; HAY, DALE F.; and WEST, MEREDITH J. Sharing in the Second Year of Life. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1976, 47, 1148-1158. A series of experiments demonstrated that sharing was a characteristic activity of children 18 months of age and younger. In play situations in the laboratory the 111 children shared with others what they saw and found of interest by the 3 behaviors of showing, giving, and partner play. They shared whatever objects the environment provided with their mothers, fathers, and unfamiliar persons. Changes in the recipients' behavior or in the familiarity of toys did not affect their sharing. Informal observations in the field and laboratory corroborated the findings of the experiments. We therefore propose that these early manifestations of sharing qualify as developmental milestones of social behavior.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The ratio of weight/height emerges from varied epidemiological studies as the most generally useful index of relative body mass in adults and the authors present a nomograph to facilitate use of this relationship in clinical situations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that ℰ k(X, Y) is a monotone functional of the joint distribution function of X and Y and that its infimum and supremum correspond to explicitly described joint distribution functions.
Abstract: When k(x, y) is a quasi-monotone function and the random variables X and Y have fixed distributions, it is shown under some further mild conditions that ℰ k(X, Y) is a monotone functional of the joint distribution function of X and Y. Its infimum and supremum are both attained and correspond to explicitly described joint distribution functions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the economic aspects of households' decisions to produce more or less refuse were studied, and the resource implications of current local government policy, which eschews the pricing of public refuse service to households, were discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A differential surface contraction hypothesis is proposed, according to which cell sorting and related phenomena are the results of cell surface contractions induced to occur over those portions of the cell surface which are exposed to the surrounding culture medium.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the RESET test for specification error in a linear regression model is modified based on OLS residuals, and it is shown that the modified test is equivalent to a test based on BLUS residuals.
Abstract: This paper considers the test RESET, which is a test for specification error in a linear regression model. It makes a modification in the test based on OLS residuals, and shows that the modified test is equivalent to a test based on BLUS residuals.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A digital method to evaluate the accuracy of commonly used dosing nomograms based on the uncertainty of gentamicin serum concentrations has been developed.
Abstract: Recent studies that emphasize the unpredictability of gentamicin serum concentrations have cast doubt on the accuracy of commonly used dosing nomograms. We therefore developed a digital co...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the relationship between sexual status and self-reported delinquent action was explored and a small statistically significant relationship persisted and can be given a variety of sociological and nonspciological interpretations.
Abstract: This paper explores a much neglected issue in delinquency research—the relationship between sexual status and self-reported delinquent action. Utilizing questionnaire data from a large sample of black and white adolescents, females were found to report less delinquent activity than males. However, sexual status explained very little variance in delinquent action and when controls for “intervening” sociological variables were implemented the impact of sexual status ws reduced even more. When introduced in a multivariate analysis together with measures of an adolescent's relationships with conventional and unconventional persons, values and institutions sexual status explained between 0.5% and 2% of the variance in delinquency within the two racial categories. Nevertheless, a small statistically significant relationship persisted and can be given a variety of sociological and nonspciological interpretations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The studies reported here show that it is feasible to find and observe Neurospora in the field, and that populations can readily be sampled by obtaining cultures that have originated from single ascospores and can contribute information of value to evolutionary biology.
Abstract: The fungus Neurospora is genetically and biochemically one of the most studied eukaryotic microorganisms. However, little is known of natural populations, and there has been little systematic collecting or study to provide information on population genetics or ecology. This study was undertaken with the hope that investigations of Neurospora from nature might contribute significantly to evolutionary biology in several ways. It seemed of interest to examine some of the tenets of population genetics using an organism whose life cycle and life style are radically different from those of the diploid organisms conventionally considered. It was hoped specifically to gather information on the role and significance of sexual reproduction, heterokaryosis, and vegetative incompatibility, on genic and chromosomal variability within and between Mendelian populations, on reproductive isolation, and on systematic relationships. The studies reported here show that it is feasible to find and observe Neurospora in the field, and that populations can readily be sampled by obtaining cultures that have originated from single ascospores. The results indicate clearly that Neurospora can contribute information of value to evolutionary biology. At the same time, an evolutionary perspective promises to enrich laboratory investigations of the fungi. Researches on nutritional and regulatory variants, variations in chromosome structure and behavior, heterokaryon compatibility, and the sexual mating types, have been largely concerned in the past with mechanisms, and have given little

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Findings suggest that antemortem diagnosis would be improved in one-third of cases of invasive Candida infection detected by the hemagglutination inhibition assay, which would be an early and specific signal of invasive disease.
Abstract: Because it is often difficult to diagnose invasive Candida infections, a sensitive hemagglutination inhibition assay to detect the surface antigen, mannan, was developed. Mannan antigenemia was detected early in the course of infection in 4 of 14 patients with systemic candidiasis and 2 of 5 patients with invasive gastrointestinal candidiasis. Mannan was not detected in 48 patients with noninvasive Candida or other systemic mycotic infections or in 99% of 234 patients in other control groups. Mannan antibodies were almost universally present in both candidiasis and control groups. In four patients with systemic candidiasis, an early period of mannan antigenemia was followed by a rapid rise in mannan antibody titer. These findings suggest that antemortem diagnosis would be improved in one-third of cases of invasive Candida infection detected by the hemagglutination inhibition assay. A positive test for serum mannan would be an early and specific signal of invasive disease.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors found that negative attitudes toward homosexuals are associated with lack of support for equality between the sexes, and the correlation between negative attitudes towards homosexuals and support for equal rights for women was found to be correlated with the Potency dimension of the semantic differential.
Abstract: This study (presented as a paradigm in the area of majority-minority relations) replicates previous findings that negative attitudes toward homosexuals are associated with lack of support for equality between the sexes. It includes a multidimensional measure of support for equality between the sexes; Semantic Differentials for Man, Woman, Male Homosexual, and Lesbian; four value factors derived from Rokeach's 36 Instrumental and Terminal Values; measures of authoritarianism, cognitive rigidity, and ambiguity tolerance; a premarital sexual permissiveness scale; and attitudes toward male and female homosexuality scales. Most interesting among the findings are the correlations to the Potency dimension of the Semantic Differential. Implications for the gay and feminist movements are briefly discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that androgen receptors are essential to androgen action on the anterior pituitary and central nervous system in the rat and that very high doses of androgens would be required to achieve hormonal effects.
Abstract: The cytosol fractions of the anterior pituitary, hypothalamus, preoptic area and brain cortex of androgen “insensitive” (Tfm) rats possess androgen receptors. However, in the Tfm rats the androgen binding per mg protein was only 10–15% of that in the corresponding normal littermates (Nl). The physicochemical properties of the androgen receptors in the anterior pituitary of the Tfm rat were indistinguishable from those of the normal rat. Thus, no distinctive differences were observed with regard to electrophoretic mobility in 3.25% polyacrylamide gels, isoelectric point (pI = 5.8), binding affinity (KD = 1.5 × 10−9M), temperature stability, sulfhydryl dependence and steroid specificity. It is, therefore, likely that the very low androgen binding capacity by the anterior pituitary and the central nervous system is due to an extreme reduction in the receptor number rather than to the presence of abnormal receptors. Since in the Tfm animals the androgen receptor number is reduced by 85–90%, il: is to be expec...