Showing papers by "University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill published in 1988"
TL;DR: Numerical calculations on a number of atoms, positive ions, and molecules, of both open- and closed-shell type, show that density-functional formulas for the correlation energy and correlation potential give correlation energies within a few percent.
Abstract: A correlation-energy formula due to Colle and Salvetti [Theor. Chim. Acta 37, 329 (1975)], in which the correlation energy density is expressed in terms of the electron density and a Laplacian of the second-order Hartree-Fock density matrix, is restated as a formula involving the density and local kinetic-energy density. On insertion of gradient expansions for the local kinetic-energy density, density-functional formulas for the correlation energy and correlation potential are then obtained. Through numerical calculations on a number of atoms, positive ions, and molecules, of both open- and closed-shell type, it is demonstrated that these formulas, like the original Colle-Salvetti formulas, give correlation energies within a few percent.
84,646 citations
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: An ecological model for health promotion is proposed which focuses on both individual and social environmental factors as targets for health promotions and addresses the importance of interventions directed at changing interpersonal, organizational, community, and public policy factors which support and maintain unhealthy behaviors.
Abstract: During the past 20 years there has been a dramatic increase in societal interest in preventing disability and death in the United States by changing individual behaviors linked to the risk of contracting chronic diseases. This renewed interest in health promotion and disease prevention has not been without its critics. Some critics have accused proponents of life-style interventions of promoting a victim-blaming ideology by neglecting the importance of social influences on health and disease. This article proposes an ecological model for health promotion which focuses attention on both individual and social environmental factors as targets for health promotion interventions. It addresses the importance of interventions directed at changing interpersonal, organizational, community, and public policy, factors which support and maintain unhealthy behaviors. The model assumes that appropriate changes in the social environment will produce changes in individuals, and that the support of individuals in the population is essential for implementing environmental changes.
6,234 citations
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: This article posits a revised explanatory model which incorporates self-efficacy into the Health Belief Model, and predicts that the new formulation will more fully account for health-related behavior than did earlier formulations, and will suggest more effective behavioral interventions than have hitherto been available to health educators.
Abstract: The Health Belief Model, social learning theory (recently relabelled social cognitive theory), self-efficacy, and locus of control have all been applied with varying success to problems of explaining, predicting, and influencing behavior. Yet, there is conceptual confusion among researchers and practitioners about the interrelationships of these theories and variables. This article attempts to show how these explanatory factors may be related, and in so doing, posits a revised explanatory model which incorporates self-efficacy into the Health Belief Model. Specifically, self-efficacy is proposed as a separate independent variable along with the traditional health belief variables of perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers. Incentive to behave (health motivation) is also a component of the model. Locus of control is not included explicitly because it is believed to be incorporated within other elements of the model. It is predicted that the new formulation will more fully account for health-related behavior than did earlier formulations, and will suggest more effective behavioral interventions than have hitherto been available to health educators.
4,772 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a volume-rendering technique for the display of surfaces from sampled scalar functions of 3D spatial dimensions is discussed, which is not necessary to fit geometric primitives to the sampled data; images are formed by directly shading each sample and projecting it onto the picture plane.
Abstract: The application of volume-rendering techniques to the display of surfaces from sampled scalar functions of three spatial dimensions is discussed. It is not necessary to fit geometric primitives to the sampled data; images are formed by directly shading each sample and projecting it onto the picture plane. Surface-shading calculations are performed at every voxel with local gradient vectors serving as surface normals. In a separate step, surface classification operators are applied to compute a partial opacity of every voxel. Operators that detect isovalue contour surfaces and region boundary surfaces are examined. The technique is simple and fast, yet displays surfaces exhibiting smooth silhouettes and few other aliasing artifacts. The use of selective blurring and supersampling to further improve image quality is described. Examples from molecular graphics and medical imaging are given. >
2,437 citations
TL;DR: This paper presents a meta-analysis of the phytochemical properties of phosphorous and its applications in the context of Alzheimer’s disease.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION 487 MORPHOLOGY AND OBSERVATION OF FOCAL ADHESIONS 488 FORMATION OF FOCAL ADHESIONS 490 DYNAMICS OF FOCAL ADHESION COMPONENTS ...... 491
2,148 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present evidence from a survey of 872 employees of four firms that ethical work climates are both multidimensional and multidetermined, and that there is variance in the ethical climate within organizations by position, tenure, and workgroup membership.
Abstract: This research was funded through the Interdisciplinary Program in Applied Ethics, College of Law, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, by a grant from the Peter Kiewit Sons, Inc. Foundation and the Peter Kiewit Foundation. The authors gratefully acknowledge the valuable guidance and insights provided by Marshall Meyer and four anonymous ASQ reviewers. We would also like to thank Tomoaki Sakano and Daniel Ganster for their helpful comments during the formative stages of this manuscript. Using a modification of a recently developed measure of ethical climates, this paper presents evidence from a survey of 872 employees of four firms that ethical work climates are both multidimensional and multidetermined. The study demonstrates that organizations have distinct types of ethical climates and that there is variance in the ethical climate within organizations by position, tenure, and workgroup membership. Five empirically derived dimensions of ethical climate are described: law and code, caring, instrumentalism, independence, and rules. Analyses of variance reveal significant differences in ethical climates both across and within firms. A theory of ethical climates is developed from organization and economic theory to describe the determinants of ethical climates in organizations. In particular, the sociocultural environment, organizational form, and organization-specific history are identified as determinants of the ethical climates in organizations. The implications of ethical climate for organizational theory are also discussed.'
1,757 citations
TL;DR: In voltage-clamped oocytes, neither perfusion nor rapid pressure application of NMDA onto messenger RNA-injected oocytes caused a distinct ionic current without added glycine, but when glycine was added, NMDA evoked large inward currents.
Abstract: Receptors for N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) are involved in many plastic and pathological processes in the brain. Glycine has been reported to potentiate NMDA responses in neurons and in Xenopus oocytes injected with rat brain messenger RNA. Glycine is now shown to be absolutely required for activation of NMDA receptors in oocytes. In voltage-clamped oocytes, neither perfusion nor rapid pressure application of NMDA onto messenger RNA-injected oocytes caused a distinct ionic current without added glycine. When glycine was added, however, NMDA evoked large inward currents. The concentration of glycine required to produce a half-maximal response was 670 nanomolar, and the glycine dose-response curve extrapolated to zero in the absence of glycine. Several analogs of glycine could substitute for glycine, among which D-serine and D-alanine were the most effective. The observation that D-amino acids are effective will be important in developing drugs targeted at the glycine site.
1,416 citations
TL;DR: The presence of the same serologic marker in patients with kidney-limited and arteritis-associated necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis, including Wegener's granulomatosis and polyarteritis nodosa, suggests that these clinically diverse diseases may have a similar pathogenesis, initiated by autoantibody-mediated activation of neutrophils.
Abstract: Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies have been found in patients with systemic arteritis and glomerulonephritis We studied the disease distribution and antigen specificity of these autoantibodies Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies were identified by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy in 27 of 35 patients with idiopathic necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis, in whom the manifestations of disease ranged from injury limited to the kidney to systemic arteritis The incidence and titers of the autoantibodies did not differ between patients with disease limited to the kidney and those with systemic disease Anti-neutrophil immunostaining was detected in 5 of 11 patients with lupus nephritis, 4 of 71 patients with other renal diseases, and none of 50 normal controls This distribution of autoantibodies was confirmed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using neutrophil lysate as antigen According to ELISA, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies were found to be specific for constituents of primary granules Two types of autoantibodies were identified; one with reactivity with myeloperoxidase on ELISA produced an artifactual perinuclear immunostaining of alcohol-fixed neutrophils, and another with no reactivity with myeloperoxidase on ELISA produced diffuse cytoplasmic immunostaining The presence of the same serologic marker in patients with kidney-limited and arteritis-associated necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis, including Wegener's granulomatosis and polyarteritis nodosa, suggests that these clinically diverse diseases may have a similar pathogenesis, initiated by autoantibody-mediated activation of neutrophils
1,343 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify and address general applicable criteria for deeming a water body “bloom sensitive” and incorporate such criteria into the design of water quality management strategies applicable to both coastal marine and freshwater habitats.
Abstract: Multiple interacting physical, chemical, and biotic factors, in proper combination, lead to the development and persistence of nuisance algal blooms. Upon examining combinations of environmental conditions most likely to elicit nuisance blooms, commonalities and analog situations become more apparent among coastal marine (dinoflagellate-dominated), estuarine (dinoflagellate- and cyanobacteria-dominated), and freshwater (cyanobacteria-dominated) ecosystems. A combination of the following hydrological, chemical, and biotic factors will most likely lead to bloom-sensitive waters: a horizontally distinct water mass; a vertically stratified water column; warm weather conditions, as typified by dry monsoon tropical climates and summer seasons in temperate zones; high incident photosynthetically active radiation (PAR); enhanced allochthonous organic matter loading (both as DOC and POC); enhanced allochthonous inorganic nutrient loading (nitrogen and/or phosphorus); adequate availability of essential metals, supplied by terrigenous inputs or upwelling; underlying sediments physically and nutritionally suitable as “seed beds” for resting cysts and akinetes; algal-bacterial synergism, which exhibits positive impacts on phycosphere nutrient cycling; algal-micrograzer (protists and rotifers) synergism, which also enhances nutrient cycling without consumption of filamentous and colonial nuisance taxa; and selective (for non-nuisance taxa) activities of macrograzers (crustacean zooplankton, larval fish).
Nuisance bloom taxa share numerous additional physiological and ecological characteristics, including limited heterotrophic capabilities, high degrees of motility, and toxicity. Given such a set of commonalities, it would appear useful and timely to identify and address generally applicable criteria for deeming a water body “bloom sensitive” and to incorporate such criteria into the design of water quality management strategies applicable to both coastal marine and freshwater habitats.
997 citations
TL;DR: The data demonstrate that microtubules assembled from pure tubulin undergo dynamic instability over a twofold range of tubulin concentrations, and that the dynamic instability of the plus and minus ends of microtubule can be significantly different.
Abstract: We have developed video microscopy methods to visualize the assembly and disassembly of individual microtubules at 33-ms intervals. Porcine brain tubulin, free of microtubule-associated proteins, was assembled onto axoneme fragments at 37 degrees C, and the dynamic behavior of the plus and minus ends of microtubules was analyzed for tubulin concentrations between 7 and 15.5 microM. Elongation and rapid shortening were distinctly different phases. At each end, the elongation phase was characterized by a second order association and a substantial first order dissociation reaction. Association rate constants were 8.9 and 4.3 microM-1 s-1 for the plus and minus ends, respectively; and the corresponding dissociation rate constants were 44 and 23 s-1. For both ends, the rate of tubulin dissociation equaled the rate of tubulin association at 5 microM. The rate of rapid shortening was similar at the two ends (plus = 733 s-1; minus = 915 s-1), and did not vary with tubulin concentration. Transitions between phases were abrupt and stochastic. As the tubulin concentration was increased, catastrophe frequency decreased at both ends, and rescue frequency increased dramatically at the minus end. This resulted in fewer rapid shortening phases at higher tubulin concentrations for both ends and shorter rapid shortening phases at the minus end. At each concentration, the frequency of catastrophe was slightly greater at the plus end, and the frequency of rescue was greater at the minus end. Our data demonstrate that microtubules assembled from pure tubulin undergo dynamic instability over a twofold range of tubulin concentrations, and that the dynamic instability of the plus and minus ends of microtubules can be significantly different. Our analysis indicates that this difference could produce treadmilling, and establishes general limits on the effectiveness of length redistribution as a measure of dynamic instability. Our results are consistent with the existence of a GTP cap during elongation, but are not consistent with existing GTP cap models.
992 citations
TL;DR: The deduced amino acid sequence of AR within the DNA-binding domain has highest sequence identity with the progesterone receptor.
Abstract: The androgen receptor (AR) mediates the actions of male sex steroids. Human AR genomic DNA was cloned from a flow-sorted human X chromosome library by using a consensus nucleotide sequence from the DNA-binding domain of the family of nuclear receptors. The AR gene was localized on the human X chromosome between the centromere and q13. Cloned complementary DNA, selected with an AR-specific oligonucleotide probe, was expressed in monkey kidney (COS) cells and yielded a high-affinity androgen-binding protein with steroid-binding specificity corresponding to that of native AR. A predominant messenger RNA species of 9.6 kilobases was identified in human, rat, and mouse tissues known to contain AR and was undetectable in tissues lacking AR androgen-binding activity, including kidney and liver from androgen-insensitive mice. The deduced amino acid sequence of AR within the DNA-binding domain has highest sequence identity with the progesterone receptor.
TL;DR: In this article, a new theory predicting the effects of three exchange variables, job satisfaction, investment size, and quality of alternatives, on four general responses to dissatisfaction (exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect) was proposed.
Abstract: This research offers a new theory predicting the effects of three exchange variables, job satisfaction, investment size, and quality of alternatives, on four general responses to dissatisfaction—exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect. Three studies designed to test model predictions' received good support. High satisfaction and investment encouraged voice and loyalty and discouraged exit and neglect. Satisfaction and investment interacted, with variations in investment most strongly promoting voice given high satisfaction. Better alternatives encouraged exit and voice and discouraged loyalty. However, there was no link between alternatives and neglect.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied social networks and aggressive behavior in school in two cohorts of boys and girls in the 4th and 7th grades (N = 695) and found that aggressive subjects tended to affiliate with aggressive peers.
Abstract: Studied social networks and aggressive behavior in school in 2 cohorts of boys and girls in the 4th and 7th grades (N = 695). Measures of social networks yielded convergent findings. Highly aggressive subjects (both boys and girls) did not differ from matched control subjects in terms of social cluster membership or in being isolated or rejected within the social network. Peer cluster analysis and reciprocal "best friend" selections indicated that aggressive subjects tended to affiliate with aggressive peers. Even though highly aggressive children and adolescents were less popular than control subjects in the social network at large, they were equally often identified as being nuclear members of social clusters. Aggressive subjects did not differ from matched control subjects in the number of times they were named by peers as "best friend," nor did the two groups differ in the probability of having friendship choices reciprocated by peers.
TL;DR: Ca2+ release from the SR induced by T-system depolarization during excitation-contraction coupling in muscle may be effected through a direct association of the T- system with SR Ca22+-release channels.
Abstract: The calcium release channel from rabbit muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) has been purified and reconstituted as a functional unit in lipid bilayers. Electron microscopy reveals the four-leaf clover structure previously described for the 'feet' that span the transverse tubule (T)-SR junction. Ca2+ release from the SR induced by T-system depolarization during excitation-contraction coupling in muscle may thus be effected through a direct association of the T-system with SR Ca2+-release channels.
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TL;DR: The Structures of the uvr Genes and Proteins, and the Action Mechanism of ABC Excinuclease, are described.
Abstract: DIRECT REPAIR: DNA PHOTOLYASES.. . . . ......... . ......... 31 Escherichia Coli Photolyase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 31 Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Photolyase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Streptomyces Griseus Photolyase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 BASE-EXCISION REPAIR 38 DNA Glycosylases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 DNA Glycosylase-AP E ndonucleases . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . 42 AP Endol ucleases 43 Deoxyribose Phosphatase 46 NUCLEOTIDE-EXCISION REPAIR......... . . .. . . 46 Genetics of N ucleotide-Excision Repair .. . .... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . .. . . . . . . .. ......... . . 47 The Substrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 The Structures of the uvr Genes and Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 49 The Action Mechanism of ABC Excinuclease . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 51 The Turnover of ABC Excinuclease 54 Nucleotide Excision Repair in Other Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Nucleotide Excision Repair in Eukaryotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 RECOMBINATIONAL REPAIR .. ........ . . . . . ......... . . . . .... . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . 58 REPAIR OF CROSSLINKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . 60 REGULATION OF DNA REPAIR..... . . . ......... . . . . . . . ...... . . .. .. ........ . . ... ..... 61 The SOS Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 61 Adaptation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 62 Adaptive Response to Oxidative Stress 62
TL;DR: Meta-analysis predicted that a team of physicians and nonphysicians using multiple intervention modalities to deliver individualized advice on multiple occasions would produce the best result in controlled smoking cessation trials.
Abstract: Meta-analysis was used to examine 108 intervention comparisons in 39 controlled smoking cessation trials. Type of intervention (face-to-face advice being better than all others), type of intervenor (both physician and nonphysician counselors better than either alone), the number of reinforcing sessions, and the duration of reinforcing sessions were related to success six months after the initiation of intervention. The number of modalities used by the intervention predicted success with borderline statistical significance. Multivariate analysis predicted that a team of physicians and nonphysicians using multiple intervention modalities to deliver individualized advice on multiple occasions would produce the best result. Program success 12 months after the initiation of intervention was related to the type of intervention session (group and individual sessions combined better than either alone), the number of intervention modalities, and the number of reinforcing sessions. With multivariate adjustment for confounding, the number of intervention modalities alone had a positive association with intervention success. ( JAMA 1988;259:2882-2889)
TL;DR: In this paper, a multivariate analysis of the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) was performed and the authors described the symptomatic and psychologic features of the condition and their possible contributions to health care seeking, concluding that the psychologic factors associated with the IBS are associated with patient status rather than to the disorder per se.
TL;DR: The results encourage further examination of the carcinogenic potential from this form of nonionizing radiation, and are nonresponse, differential mobility of cases and controls, and a presumably nondifferential exposure misclassification from the use of imperfect surrogates for long-term magnetic field exposure history.
Abstract: Concern with health effects of extremely low frequency magnetic fields has been raised by epidemiologic studies of childhood cancer in relation to proximity to electric power distribution lines. This case-control study was designed to assess the relation between residential exposure to magnetic fields and the development of childhood cancer. Eligible cases consisted of all 356 residents of the five-county 1970 Denver, Colorado Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area aged 0-14 years who were diagnosed with any form of cancer between 1976 and 1983. Controls were selected by random digit dialing to approximate the case distribution by age, sex, and telephone exchange area. Exposure was characterized through in-home electric and magnetic field measurements under low and high power use conditions and wire configuration codes, a surrogate measure of long-term magnetic field levels. Measured magnetic fields under low power use conditions had a modest association with cancer incidence; a cutoff score of 2.0 milligauss resulted in an odds ratio of 1.4 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.6-2.9) for total cancers and somewhat larger odds ratios (ORs) for leukemias (OR = 1.9), lymphomas (OR = 2.2), and soft tissue sarcomas (OR = 3.3). Neither magnetic fields (OR = 1.0) nor electric fields (OR = 0.9)more » under high power use conditions were related to total cancers. Wire codes associated with higher magnetic fields were more common among case than control homes. The odds ratio to contrast very high and high to very low, low, and buried wire codes was 1.5 (95% CI = 1.0-2.3) for total cases, with consistency across cancer subgroups except for brain cancer (OR = 2.0) and lymphomas (OR = 0.8). Contrasts of very high to buried wire code homes produced larger, less precise odds ratios of 2.3 for total cases, 2.9 for leukemias, and 3.3 for lymphomas.« less
TL;DR: It is concluded that a lower level of physical fitness is associated with a higher risk of death from coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease in clinically healthy men, independent of conventional coronary risk factors.
Abstract: Limited data are available on the relation between physical fitness and mortality from cardiovascular disease. We examined this question in a study of 4276 men, 30 to 69 years of age, whom we followed for an average of 8.5 years. Examinations at base line included assessment of conventional coronary risk factors and treadmill exercise testing. The heart rate during submaximal exercise (stage 2 of the exercise test) and the duration of exercise were used as measures of physical fitness. Men with incomplete data (n = 308) or who were using cardiovascular drugs (n = 213) were excluded from the analysis. Men who had clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease at base line (n = 649) were analyzed separately. Forty-five deaths from cardiovascular causes occurred among the remaining 3106 men. A lower level of physical fitness was associated with a higher risk of death from cardiovascular and coronary heart disease, after adjustment for age and cardiovascular risk factors. The relative risk of death from...
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: This paper is a practical guide to ray tracing for those familiar with graphics and consists of a conceptual model of ray tracing, C code for a basic system, and an explanation of how and why the code works.
Abstract: This paper is a practical guide to ray tracing for those familiar with graphics. It consists of a conceptual model of ray tracing, C code for a basic system, and an explanation of how and why the code works.
TL;DR: In this paper, distribution coefficients between dilute solutions in water and dilute solution in wet cy- clohexane have been determined for each of the common amino acid side chains at pH 7; they are closely related to the inside-outside distributions of the side chains observed in globular proteins.
Abstract: To obtain an indication of the tendencies of amino acids to leave water and enter a truly nonpolar condensed phase, distribution coefficients between dilute solution in water and dilute solution in wet cy- clohexane have been determined for each of the common amino acid side chains at pH 7; they are found to be closely related to the inside-outside distributions of the side chains observed in globular proteins. There was no evidence that excess water enters cyclohexane in association with these solutes. Cyclohexane-to-water distribution coefficients can be combined with vapor-to-water distribution coefficients reported earlier to yield vapor-to-cyclohexane distribution coefficients. Vapor-to-cyclohexane distribution coefficients provide an experimental index of susceptibility to attraction by dispersion forces, and the corresponding free energies are found to be linearly related to side-chain surface areas. Observations using different solvents and variously substituted side chains suggest that alcohols such as 1-octanol exert a specific attraction on the side chain of tryptophan. When less polar phases are used as a reference, leucine, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, and methionine are found to be more hydrophobic than tryptophan.
TL;DR: It is shown here that synaptic terminals in the superficial laminae of the spinal cord of rats selectively stain for the same glutamate antiserum, and that glutamate is the neurotransmitter in primary afferents mediating input from different peripheral receptor classes, including nociceptors.
Abstract: By light microscopic immunocytochemistry it has been previously shown that approximately equal to 70% of the neurons in rat dorsal root ganglia are labeled with an antiserum for glutamate conjugated to hemocyanin; the smaller among these neurons are also positive for substance P. By using a postembedding ImmunoGold method and electron microscopy, it is shown here that synaptic terminals in the superficial laminae of the spinal cord of rats selectively stain for the same glutamate antiserum. Immunolabeling is in small dome-shaped and in large scalloped synaptic terminals. Scalloped terminals are of two types. One type consists of dark terminals with many agranular vesicles of different size and a few large granular vesicles; these are probably endings of unmyelinated and small myelinated primary afferent fibers. The other type consists of light terminals with small agranular vesicles homogeneous in size with neurofilaments and many mitochondria; these are probably endings of larger myelinated primary afferent fibers. By means of double-labeling electron microscopic immunocytochemistry with colloidal gold particles of two different sizes, it is also shown here that substance P is present in only the dark type of glutamate-labeled scalloped terminals. The primary afferent origin of the terminals labeled by the antisera for glutamate and for substance P is demonstrated by a triple-labeling strategy: immunocytochemistry for both antisera on sections from rats in which dorsal rhizotomy or dorsal root ganglion injection of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin was performed. It is proposed that glutamate is the neurotransmitter in primary afferents mediating input from different peripheral receptor classes, including nociceptors. Effects of glutamate and substance P on spinal dorsal horn neurons may result from co-release of these two mediators from the same dorsal root afferent terminal.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined whether voice and justification affect unfavorable decisions in job recruitment and budget decision-making, and presented a discussion about the influencenc... discussion is presented about the influence of voice and rationale on the decision making process.
Abstract: The article discusses a study which examines whether voice and justification affect unfavorable decisions in job recruitment and budget decision-making. A discussion is presented about the influenc...
TL;DR: Cl cloning of the complete coding sequence of the human androgen receptor (hAR) reveals identical sequences in the DNA- and hormone-binding domains, with an overall homology of 85%.
Abstract: Androgenic hormones mediate their effects on male sex differentiation and development through a high affinity receptor protein. We report here cloning of the complete coding sequence of the human androgen receptor (hAR). By sequence homology hAR is a member of the nuclear receptor family, with closest sequence identity to the progesterone, mineralocorticoid, and glucocorticoid receptors. Regions of highest homology include the DNA-binding domain and a small region within the hydrophobic ligand-binding domain. Comparison of the deduced 919 amino acid sequence of hAR (98,999 mol wt) to the 902 amino acid sequence of rat AR (98,227 mol wt) reveals identical sequences in the DNA- and hormone-binding domains, with an overall homology of 85%. In human prostate, the major androgen receptor mRNA species is 10 kilobases while a less abundant mRNA is approximately 7 kilobases. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies were raised against a synthetic peptide from the N-terminal region of hAR. Immunocytochemical analysis of human prostate tissue demonstrated that AR is localized predominantly in nuclei of glandular epithelial cells.
TL;DR: This paper found that elementary school children report that they cope with everyday stress and that their coping approaches are influenced by situational constraints and cognitive development, however, their responses indicated reports of active coping; only 3.5% of all descriptions involved relinquished control.
Abstract: When confronted with stress, adults tend to respond with primary control coping (trying to change the stressful circumstances), secondary control coping (trying to adjust to circumstances as they are), or relinquished control (trying neither to change circumstances nor to adjust to them). Applying this notion to children, we asked 6-, 9-, and 12-year-olds to recall stressful episodes involving six different situations (e. g., separation, medical stress, school failure) and to describe how they responded in each instance. Responses were coded as primary or secondary coping or as relinquished control. The responses indicated reports of active coping; only 3.5% of all descriptions involved relinquished control. Styles of coping, however, differed across situations, with school failure evoking high levels of primary coping and medical stress, high levels of secondary coping. Styles also differed with age: As age increased, self-reports of primary coping declined and of secondary coping increased, particularly in stressful medical circumstances. Overall, the results suggest that elementaryschool children report that they cope with everyday stress and that their coping approaches are influenced by situational constraints and cognitive development.
TL;DR: The authors examined the composition of corporate board committees and examined characteristics of occupation, type, tenure, and gender in relation to directors' membership on the four boar board committees, and found that the characteristics of board members varied with the board's type and gender.
Abstract: This study examined the composition of corporate board committees. The characteristics of occupation, type, tenure, and gender are examined in relationship to directors' membership on the four boar...
TL;DR: Although the presence of interictal input from the CA3 region is required for CA1 seizure generation, it appears that electrographic seizures do not result from a change in the quality or quantity of interdictal input to the CA1 region.
Abstract: 1. The CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices bathed in 8.5 mM interstitial K+ ([K+]o) exhibited spontaneous 20- to 90-s electrographic seizures at regular intervals of 1–8 min. In these same slices ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the problem of smoothing parameter selection for nonparametric curve estimators in the specific context of kernel regression estimation is addressed, and the convergence rate turns out to be excruciatingly slow.
Abstract: We address the problem of smoothing parameter selection for nonparametric curve estimators in the specific context of kernel regression estimation. Call the “optimal bandwidth” the minimizer of the average squared error. We consider several automatically selected bandwidths that approximate the optimum. How far are the automatically selected bandwidths from the optimum? The answer is studied theoretically and through simulations. The theoretical results include a central limit theorem that quantifies the convergence rate and gives the differences asymptotic distribution. The convergence rate turns out to be excruciatingly slow. This is not too disappointing, because this rate is of the same order as the convergence rate of the difference between the minimizers of the average squared error and the mean average squared error. In some simulations by John Rice, the selectors considered here performed quite differently from each other. We anticipated that these differences would be reflected in differ...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors conducted tests on U.S. macroeconomic data for the presence of low-dimensional deterministic chaos, where "deterministic chaos" is defined as in Grandmont's (1985) Walras-Bowley lecture or in Brock (1986).
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Adherence rapidly primes monocytes for a variety of inflammatory responses, the magnitude of which depends on the nature of a second "activating" signal.
Abstract: Adherence is an important regulatory signal for several monokines and the proto-oncogenes c-fms and c-fos in human peripheral blood monocytes. Although there is little if any constitutive expression of the IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha and CSF-1 genes in freshly isolated monocytes, adherence is sufficient to induce high steady-state levels of mRNA for TNF and c-fos and more slowly that of CSF-1. Expression of mRNA for the CSF-1R gene, c-fms, was transiently down-regulated by 4 h. In contrast, the induction of high levels of IL-1 beta mRNA were achieved independent of culture conditions. Although all of these genes could be induced by adherence, actual secretion of the mediators required the exposure to a second signal derived from LPS. Thus adherence rapidly primes monocytes for a variety of inflammatory responses, the magnitude of which depends on the nature of a second "activating" signal. It is likely that some of these products act locally as paracrine or autocrine factors to further regulate the phenotype of the differentiating macrophage.