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Showing papers by "University of North Carolina at Charlotte published in 1998"


Book
01 Aug 1998
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a survey of MPI Routines and their application in distributed shared memory systems and programming, as well as a list of applications that use them.
Abstract: I. BASIC TECHNIQUES. 1. Parallel Computers. 2. Message-Passing Computing. 3. Embarrassingly Parallel Computations. 4. Partitioning and Divide-and-Conquer Strategies. 5. Pipelined Computations. 6. Synchronous Computations. 7. Load Balancing and Termination Detection. 8. Programming with Shared Memory. 9. Distributed Shared Memory Systems and Programming. II. ALGORITHMS AND APPLICATIONS. 10. Sorting Algorithms. 11. Numerical Algorithms. 12. Image Processing. 13. Searching and Optimization. Appendix A: Basic MPI Routines. Appendix B: Basic Pthread Routines. Appendix C: OpenMP Directives, Library Functions, and Environment Variables Index.

695 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors conducted a comprehensive review of sight word research with individuals with disabilities since 1980 with the aim of determining the overall effectiveness of sight-word research and its specific impact on individuals with moderate and severe disabilities.
Abstract: We conducted a comprehensive review of sight word research with individuals with disabilities since 1980 with the aim of determining the overall effectiveness of sight word research and its specific impact on individuals with moderate and severe disabilities. The review also identified innovations in instructional strategies developed since prior reviews. A total of 48 studies was reviewed. Most studies were conducted with individuals with moderate mental retardation, and the overall mean IQ for research participants was 55; however, other disability groups and levels were represented. Most studies were conducted with elementary school students, but a wide age range was represented, including adults. A meta-analysis using the percentage of nonoverlapping data points (PND) revealed that sight word instruction has been highly effective across individuals for people with moderate and severe disabilities. New strategies have included giving instructive feedback for additional learning, applying constant time ...

216 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A grounded-theory based study of EDI use in four organizations in different industries facilitates an understanding of how and why different factors impact EDIUse, and under-researched issues, such as internal use of ED IOS, impact ofEDI on different types of employees, and use of EdI for collective benefit of multiple organizations are discussed.

214 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The role of semantic complexity (i.e., the number of semantic features) in verb retrieval is explored using a delayed repetition/story completion task and results indicate that six of the patients are better at retrieving semantically complex verbs than semantically simpler verbs.

208 citations


Book ChapterDOI
27 Sep 1998
TL;DR: This paper investigates the usefulness of a new operator, inver-over, for an evolutionary algorithm for the TSP, and the proposed operator is unary, since the inversion is applied to a segment of a single individual, however, the selection of a segment to be inverted is population driven, thus the operator displays some characterictics of recombination.
Abstract: In this paper we investigate the usefulness of a new operator, inver-over, for an evolutionary algorithm for the TSP. Inver-over is based on simple inversion, however, knowledge taken from other individuals in the population influences its action. Thus, on one hand, the proposed operator is unary, since the inversion is applied to a segment of a single individual, however, the selection of a segment to be inverted is population driven, thus the operator displays some characterictics of recombination.

204 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A pseudospectral method for generating optimal trajectories of linear and nonlinear constrained dynamic systems using Chebyshev nodes, and then discretizing the problem using a cell-averaging technique, which avoids many of the numerical difficulties typically encountered in solving standard optimal control problems.
Abstract: A pseudospectral method for generating optimal trajectories of linear and nonlinear constrained dynamic systems is proposed. The method consists of representing the solution of the optimal control problem by an mth degree interpolating polynomial, using Chebyshev nodes, and then discretizing the problem using a cell-averaging technique. The optimal control problem is thereby transformed into an algebraic nonlinear programming problem. Due to its dynamic nature, the proposed method avoids many of the numerical difficulties typically encountered in solving standard optimal control problems. Furthermore, for discontinuous optimal control problems, we develop and implement a Chebyshev smoothing procedure which extracts the piecewise smooth solution from the oscillatory solution near the points of discontinuities. Numerical examples are provided, which confirm the convergence of the proposed method. Moreover, a comparison is made with optimal solutions obtained by closed-form analysis and/or other numerical methods in the literature.

195 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the similarities and differences between three age cohorts of public employees (Generation X, Baby Boomers and Matures) on 15 motivational factors were reported. But the few differences attributed to life and career stages as opposed to cohort-specific sociological influences were not attributed to sociological factors.
Abstract: This cross-sectional study reports the similarities and differences between three age cohorts of public employees—Generation X, Baby Boomers and Matures—on 15 motivational factors. While substantial differences are broadly observed between the generations outside the public sector organizational context, these age-based categories of public employees are nearly identical in the governmental workplace. The few differences found can be ascribed to life and career stages as opposed to cohort-specific sociological influences. The principal implications for recruiting, motivation, training, retention, and human resource processes are discussed.

194 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A significant increase inHO‐1 on the whole organ level was noted by hemorrhagic hypotension, GSH depletion, and cobalt chloride injection, however, the distinct stress models led to a strikingly different cell‐type specific and sublobular expression pattern of HO‐1 gene expression.

173 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A measure of developmental instability is introduced, the residual variance, obtainable from either a major axis regression, which is equivalent to a principal component analysis on l and r, or a general structural model, and examples of developmental stability estimated from directionally asymmetric and antisymmetric traits are presented.
Abstract: Three widely used methods of estimating fluctuating asymmetry may yield serious overestimates if directional asymmetry is present. When two sides of a bilateral trait grow at different rates, then the asymmetry variance (Var[ l−r ]) increases with size, even when developmental noise is nil. But the residual variance around a population's mean developmental trajectory is invariant with respect to size. Thus, it can be used as a measure of developmental instability. We introduce a measure of developmental instability, the residual variance ( s 2 δ ), obtainable from either a major axis regression, which is equivalent to a principal component analysis on l and r , or a general structural model. This residual variance can be estimated from directionally asymmetric or even antisymmetric traits. We present examples of developmental instability estimated from directionally asymmetric mandibles (house mouse) and leaves (soybean), and antisymmetric claws (fiddler crab).

170 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The data indicate that NO levels are regulated by estrogen and may be important in regulation of implantation and demonstrate for the first time that NO production appears to be required for normal embryonic development.
Abstract: The role of nitric oxide (NO) in activation of cGMP is well established. It has been proposed that the ratio of cAMP to cGMP may be important in the regulation of preimplantation embryonic growth and differentiation. Therefore, we determined the ability of murine preimplantation embryos to produce NO. In addition, NO as an endogenous smooth muscle relaxant and vasodilator is a candidate for involvement in embryo implantation because this process requires increased vascular permeability and uterine quiescence at the sites of blastocyst apposition. Nitrite assays, an indirect measure of NO production, indicate that preimplantation murine embryos produce NO. This production was reversibly inhibited by culture of embryos in medium containing a nonspecific NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor (NG-nitro-L-arginine). Additionally, inhibition of normal development was observed in embryos cultured with NOS inhibitor. NO levels increased in culture medium when ovariectomized progesterone-treated animals were exposed to estrogen for 1 h in utero. Such hormonal treatment induces implantation. These data indicate that NO levels are regulated by estrogen and may be important in regulation of implantation. In addition, these data demonstrate for the first time that NO production appears to be required for normal embryonic development.

156 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicate that for this particular problem, binary representation works better than Gray coding, 2-point crossover is best, and an infeasible starting population is better than feasible.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a two-dimensional tetragonal periodical structure is proposed for tunable photonic crystal. But the structure is not tunable in the sense that the spectrum can be altered by an external electric or magnetic field.
Abstract: We call a photonic crystal tunable if its spectrum can be altered by an external electric or magnetic field. One of the two constitutive components of the proposed periodic composite structure has either electric permittivity or magnetic permeability dependent on the external electric or magnetic field. Consequently, the electromagnetic spectrum of the photonic crystal can be altered over a wide range by the external quasistationary uniform field. The tunable photonic crystal exhibits some useful features reminiscent of those accompanying the well-known electronic topological phase transitions in metals. Thorough theoretical analysis of a two-dimensional tetragonal periodical structure is undertaken. This specific periodic structure exhibits the most important features of a tunable photonic crystal.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The multiple efforts made by abused women to seek help are described, showing that relationship is the strongest and most consistent predictor of help seeking; married women use available services far more than do cohabitants.
Abstract: This article describes the multiple efforts made by abused women to seek help. Based on detailed interviews with 419 abused women, the analysis shows that only a very small number have failed to seek assistance. Most of the women have used a variety of sources, including lawyers, counselors, ministers, magistrates, shelters, and, most often, the police. Demographic analysis shows that relationship is the strongest and most consistent predictor of help seeking; married women use available services far more than do cohabitants. Other demographic characteristics emerge as mixed or marginal predictors of help seeking. Agencies oriented to providing services to abused women should be particularly attuned to those who might be underserved.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Reperfusion indicates that hepatic generation of NO attenuates sinusoidal perfusion failure and improves liver tissue oxygenation, thus limiting hepatocyte injury during early reperfusion after hepatic low‐flow ischemia.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examined betting line changes from the opening to the closing of the point spread betting market on National Basketball Association games for evidence of informed trader betting and showed that within-betting period line changes significantly improve the accuracy of betting lines as forecasts of game outcomes.
Abstract: This paper examines betting line changes from the opening to the closing of the point spread betting market on National Basketball Association games for evidence of informed trader betting. We show that within-betting period line changes significantly improve the accuracy of betting lines as forecasts of game outcomes. We examine individual line change magnitudes and show that these are directly and proportionately related to biases in opening lines. Further, line changes are of sufficient magnitude to remove these biases by the close of betting. We interpret these results as evidence that informed traders are influential in this market. Do DAY-TO-DAY AND WITHIN-DAY changes in asset prices reflect the incorporation of information into price? A number of recent market microstructure papers have cast doubt on the incorporation of information explanation. For example, studies of day-to-day price changes by French and Roll (1986), Roll (1988), and Cutler, Poterba, and Summers (1989) show that market volatility is much larger over periods when the market is open than over comparable periods when the market is closed, and that external news is not responsible for the majority of large daily stock price changes. The implication of this research is either that the arrival of private information causes price volatility or that trading itself introduces noise into prices. The withinday price change studies by Amihud and Mendelson (1987) and Stoll and Whaley (1990) demonstrate that prices formed at the opening of trading are more volatile than prices determined at other times of the day. These authors suggest that trading mechanisms used at the start of trading may be responsible for noisier opening prices. Efforts to validate the incorporation of information explanation have proceeded apace. At the theoretical level, for example, Romer (1993) develops a model allowing for rational changes in the market's assessment of funda

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For the Cauchy problem with nonnegative homogeneous initial condition, this article studied the second order asymptotics of the statistical moments and showed the crucial role of double exponential tails of ξ(0) for the formation of high intermittent peaks of the solution.
Abstract: This is a continuation of our previous work [6] on the investigation of intermittency for the parabolic equation (∂/∂t)u=Hu on ℝ+×ℤ d associated with the Anderson Hamiltonian H=κΔ+ξ(·) for i.i.d. random potentials ξ(·). For the Cauchy problem with nonnegative homogeneous initial condition we study the second order asymptotics of the statistical moments and the almost sure growth of u(t,0) as t→∞. We point out the crucial role of double exponential tails of ξ(0) for the formation of high intermittent peaks of the solution u(t,·) with asymptotically finite size. The challenging motivation is to achieve a better understanding of the geometric structure of such high exceedances which in one or another sense provide the essential contribution to the solution.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 May 1998
TL;DR: A new algorithm for computing the capacitance of three-dimensional perfect electrical conductors of complex structures that is significantly faster and uses muc h less memory than previous best algorithms, and is kernel independent.
Abstract: We present a new algorithm for computing the capacitance of three-dimensional perfect electrical conductors of complex structures. The new algorithm is significantly faster and uses much less memory than previous best algorithms, and is kernel independent. The new algorithm is based on a hierarchical algorithm for the n-body problem, and is an acceleration of the boundary element method for solving the integral equation associated with the capacitance extraction problem. The algorithm first adaptively subdivides the conductor surfaces into panels according to an estimation of the potential coefficients and a user-supplied error bound. The algorithm stores the potential coefficient matrix in a hierarchical data structure of size O(n), although the matrix is size n/sup 2/ if expanded explicitly, where n is the number of panels. The hierarchical data structure allows us to multiply the coefficient matrix with any vector in O(n) time. Finally, we use a generalized minimal residual algorithm to solve m linear systems each of size n/spl times/n in O(mn) time, where m is the number of conductors. The new algorithm is implemented and the performance is compared with previous best algorithms. For the k/spl times/k bus example, our algorithm is 100 to 40 times faster than FastCap, and uses 1/100 to 1/60 of the memory used by FastCap. The results computed by the new algorithm are within 2.7% from that computed by FastCap.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used a conventional scanning microelectrode to sense species released by local electrochemical reactions on the surface of asample, combined with shear-force feedback to maintain the probe at a constant distance from the material.
Abstract: 4Corrosion Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota,Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USAbDepartment of Physics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, USAABSTRACTA new method to perform scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and topography simultaneously is described here. The newmethod uses a conventional scanning microelectrode to sense species released by local electrochemical reactions on the surface of asample, combined with shear-force feedback to maintain the probe at a constant distance from the surface of the material. By using shear-force feedback, larger electrochemical currents can be detected at the microelectrode because the probe is scanned at a closer distancefrom the surface of the sample. The new method has yielded high lateral resolution topography and SECM images are reported here.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the family dynamics of the workaholic family, based on emerging research and the families the author has seen in treatment and a case study is presented as an illustration, followed by structural and dynamic characteristics of the family and treatment recommendations, suggesting that family members also are negatively affected by workaholism and may develop a set of mental health problems of their own.
Abstract: This article describes the family dynamics of the workaholic family, based on emerging research and the families the author has seen in treatment. A case study is presented as an illustration, followed by structural and dynamic characteristics of the workaholic family and treatment recommendations. It is suggested that family members also are negatively affected by workaholism and may develop a set of mental health problems of their own.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the concept of psychological armor among African American women has been explored, and the concept is found in the psychological literature describing a self-protection strategy against racism....
Abstract: This article explores the concept of psychological armor among African American women. Armor is a concept found in the psychological literature describing a selfprotection strategy against racism. ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article examined the content of quoted statements, a rarely studied form of media message, offered by two groups of experts: state managers and intellectuals (e.g., criminal justice practitioners) and found statistically significant differences between these groups of sources, as measured by two dimensions of ideology of crime, crime causation and crime control.
Abstract: Current research in the social construction of crime news continues to reveal key patterns in manufacturing the media version of lawlessness. Many of these investigations rely on content analysis in decoding and deconstructing popular images of crime. This study administers a content analysis on feature newspaper articles on crime appearing in four major newspapers. We examined the content of quoted statements—a rarely studied form of media message—offered by two groups of experts: state managers (e.g., criminal justice practitioners) and intellectuals (e.g., professors). Our analysis yields statistically significant differences between these groups of sources, as measured by two dimensions of ideology of crime—crime causation and crime control. These findings, as well as the roles of the media, state managers, and intellectuals in manufacturing crime news, are discussed in the context of social contructionism.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used a large international equity market database that has not been previously used for such a purpose, and found that value stocks outperform growth stocks, on average, in most countries during the January 1975 - December 1995 period, both absolutely and after adjusting for risk.
Abstract: Using a large international equity market database that has not been previously used for such a purpose, this paper documents that value (i.e., high book-to-market ) stocks outperform growth (i.e., low book-to-market ) stocks, on average, in most countries during the January 1975 - December 1995 period, both absolutely and after adjusting for risk. The international evidence confirms the findings of previous work reported for the U.S.. For 1975-1995, the annual difference between the average returns on portfolios of high and low book-to-market stocks is 12.94% in North America, 10.42% in Europe, 17.26% in Pacific-Rim per year, and value stocks outperform growth stocks in 17 out of 18 national capital markets. Our analysis also shows that a three-factor model explains most of the cross-sectional variation in average returns on industry portfolios across countries and that the superior performance of the value investing strategy, documented in this study, is a manifestation of size and book-to-market effects. These results are consistent with those reported by Fama and French (1994, 1996) that show that the value-growth pattern in stock returns is largely explained by a three-factor asset pricing model. Our results suggest that the Fama and French (1996) three-factor asset pricing model is not limited to the U.S. stock market.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this longitudinal study, both middle and low income parents appeared able to complete developmental questionnaires with reasonable accuracy.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The relationship between impression management and cross-cultural adaptation was assessed in this article, where a sample of 112 individuals, 35 employees of a U.S.-based corporation and 77 undergraduate students, completed a packet of questionnaires containing M. Snyder's (1974) Self-Monitoring Scale, the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (D. L. Paulhus, 1988), the Cross-Cultural Adaptability Inventory (J. Meyers & C. Kelley, 1992), and the CrossCultural Interaction Inventory (T M. Yellen & S. Mumford
Abstract: The relationship between impression management and cross-cultural adaptation was assessed. A sample of 112 individuals, 35 employees of a U.S.-based corporation and 77 undergraduate students, completed a packet of questionnaires containing M. Snyder's (1974) Self-Monitoring Scale, the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (D. L. Paulhus, 1988), the Cross-Cultural Adaptability Inventory (J. Meyers & C. Kelley, 1992), and the Cross-Cultural Interaction Inventory (T M. Yellen & S. J. Mumford, 1975). The individuals' scores on two impression management measures (the Self-Monitoring Scale and the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding) were found to be significantly correlated with responses on two cross-cultural adaptability measures (the Cross-Cultural Adaptability Inventory and the Cross-Cultural Interaction Inventory). The results suggest that impression management tendencies may be related to the ability to adapt cross-culturally.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reported that Peltigera membranacea averaged 4.2 wt% U uptake in the pH range 4.5 and 4.6 h under any pH condition.
Abstract: Uranium sorption experiments were carried out at ;25 8C using natural samples of the lichen Peltigera membranacea.Thalli were incubated in solutions containing 100 ppm U for up to 24 h at pH values from 2 to 10. Equilibrium sorption was not observed at less than ;6 h under any pH condition. U sorption was strongest in the pH range 4‐5, with maximum sorption occurring at a pH of 4.5 and an incubation time of 24 h. Maximum U uptake by P. membranacea averaged ;42 000 ppm, or ;4.2 wt% U. This appears to represent the highest concentration of biosorbed U, relative to solution U activity, of any lichen reported to date. Investigation of post-experimental lichen tissues using electron probe microanalysis (EPM) reveals that U uptake is spatially heterogeneous within the lichen body, and that U attains very high local concentrations on scattered areas of the upper cortex. Energy dispersive spectroscopic (EDS) analysis reveals that strong U uptake correlates with P signal intensity, suggesting involvement of biomass-derived phosphate ligands or surface functional groups in the uptake process.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A quasi-experimental design was used to assess a multimodal pain treatment program for female patients with fibromyalgia to ascertain immediate and long-term effects.
Abstract: A quasi-experimental design was used to assess a multimodal pain treatment program for female patients with fibromyalgia to ascertain immediate and long-term effects. Laboratory and self-report pain measures together with psychological measures were obtained from patients who were tested up to 6 months after treatment. Comparison data were also obtained from fibromyalgia patients who failed to qualify for the treatment program because of insurance coverage. Immediate and long-term treatment effects were evident with the psychological measures and the subjective pain measures but not with the laboratory pain measures. Participants who attended the month-long multimodal program achieved significant and positive changes on most of the outcome measures. However, relapse prevention must be addressed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, adult children of workaholic mothers and non-workaholic fathers were compared on self-concept, anxiety, depression, and locus of control, and no significant differences were found between children of mothers and children of non-workers on any of the variables.
Abstract: Adult children of workaholics were compared with adult children of nonworkaholics on self-concept, anxiety, depression, and locus of control. Results indicated greater depression and external locus of control among the offspring of workaholics. Children of workaholic fathers not only had greater depression and external locus of control but also scored higher on anxiety. No significant differences were found between children of workaholic mothers and children of nonworkaholic mothers on any of the variables. Self-concept was not related to parental workaholism in any of the comparisons.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Self-report dietary records of young athletes indicate that energy, carbohydrate, and select micronutrient intakes of certain athletic groups and individual athletes may be marginal or inadequate.
Abstract: Very little is known about the energy needs of young athletes. Recent studies using the doubly labeled water method have shown that the recommended dietary allowances for energy may be too high for normally active children and adolescents living in affluent societies. No studies of energy balance in young athletes have been published. Self-report dietary records of young athletes indicate that energy, carbohydrate, and select micronutrient intakes of certain athletic groups and individual athletes may be marginal or inadequate. Potential consequences of inadequate energy and nutrient intakes in young athletes include poor bone health, fatigue, limited recovery from injuries, menstrual dysfunction in female athletes, and poor performance. Studies of energy balance and nutrient status in young athletes are needed to better understand the nutritional needs of this group.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An unanswered question concerns the degree to which reported age differences in beliefs about benevolence and justice occur when control is exercised on the influence of variations in cultural contexts and on the experience of stressful life events.
Abstract: INDIVIDUALS' PERCEPTIONS OF THE WORLD as benevolent, trustworthy, and just influence their reactions to the events that befall them and others (JanoffBulman, 1992; Lemer, 1977). Variables found to affect such beliefs include ethnicity (Calhoun & Cann, 1994) and nationality (Furnham, 1993), with gender having a weak effect (Furnham, 1985, 1993; Janoff-Bulman, 1989; Smith & Green, 1984). The relationship of age to these beliefs has been examined infrequently, possibly as a result, in part, of the heavy reliance on college students as research participants (Calhoun & Cann, 1994; Furnham, 1993). The available data suggest that older Americans tend to be more likely to believe the world is just (Forest, 1995), but general cross-sectional investigations may not offer sufficient control for the impact of differences in cultural milieu (Furnham, 1993). The occurrence of events such as the experience of an assault or the loss of a loved one can reduce the individual's belief in the world as just or benevolent (Forest, 1995; Schwartzberg & Janoff-Bulman, 1991). An unanswered question concerns the degree to which reported age differences in beliefs about benevolence and justice occur when control is exercised on the influence of variations in cultural contexts and on the experience of stressful life events. Participants in our study were 223 American adults, 76 men and 147 women. Sixty-seven percent were single, 28% were married, and the remaining 10% were divorced or widowed. Seventy percent were Protestants, 13% were Catholic, 8% reported they had no religious affiliation, and the remaining participants report-

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Distance learning as discussed by the authors is defined as the separation of the learner from the instructor in location (learner and instructor in different rooms or at different sites), and, in some instances, by time.
Abstract: Shortages of trained personnel in special education are widely recognized. This need typically translates to special education programs as efforts to increase the numbers of professionals who are appropriately prepared to teach students with disabilities. The difficulty of increasing on-campus sections to respond effectively to the escalating need for more and better trained teachers, has in some cases led to an increased emphasis on alternative ways to deliver required course work. Distance learning is one such alternative. Distance learning can be defined as the separation of the learner from the instructor in location (learner and instructor in different rooms or at different sites), and, in some instances, by time. The promise of distance learning offers an attractive alternative for increasing the numbers of appropriately prepared special education personnel by making college-level instruction easier to receive. Current practices support synchronous communication (e.g., two-way audio, two-way video i...