Showing papers by "University of North Carolina at Greensboro published in 1982"
TL;DR: Hemispheric differences in a negative brain potential associated with selectively attending the location and type of stimulation were investigated and were interpreted in relationship to the time-course of different types of information processing in the left and right hemisphere.
231 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors assessed whether sensory extinction procedures would be effective in treating some instances of self-injury in developmentally disabled children, using reversal designs and a quasi-multiple baseline.
120 citations
109 citations
TL;DR: The mechanisms underlying selective attention to gratings consisting of a particular conjunction of spatial frequency and orientation were investigated by means of both visual evoked potential (VEP) and behavioral measures and are related to various information processing models of visual pattern selection.
Abstract: The mechanisms underlying selective attention to gratings consisting of a particular conjunction of spatial frequency and orientation were investigated by means of both visual evoked potential (VEP) and behavioral measures. The effects of selective attention upon the VEP indicated two general types of selection processes: one which is specific to the features contained in the relevant gratings and is most pronounced approximately 225 msec post-stimulation, and another which is specific to the conjunction of features defining the relevant grating and is most pronounced 250–375 msec following the presentation of the stimulus. The behavioral responses primarily reflected this latter, or grating-specific, attentional process. The results are discussed in terms of the role of sensory feature channels in mediating selective attention to visual stimuli and are related to various information processing models of visual pattern selection.
107 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a microeconomic model of individual decision-making that illustrates how growth controls might arise is developed, and the emergence of growth controls is analyzed under a variety of assumptions about the local-governmental environment, including congestion effects, different cost conditions and pricing schemes for public services, and property-tax limitations.
80 citations
TL;DR: The authors investigated the impact of the racial attitudes of interviewers, applicant race, and applicant quality on the ratings given applicants using a posttest-only control group approach which was analyzed by a 2 × 2 ×2 × 2 factorial ANOVA design.
Abstract: This study investigated the impact of the racial attitudes of interviewers, applicant race, and applicant quality on the ratings given applicants. This study used a posttest-only control group approach which was analyzed by a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial ANOVA design. Subjects were 176 white business administration students from a large urban university.
Videotapes of simulated job interviews were produced to control applicant quality and applicant race. A black male and a white male each role-played both a high and a low quality applicant. The main effect for applicant quality was significant, accounting for 50% of the variance in applicant ratings. The main effect for race was significant but not in the predicted direction. Black applicants were rated higher than white applicants. While high quality applicants were rated highly regardless of race, the low quality black applicant was rated higher than the comparably performing white applicant. The interaction of race and interviewers' level of prejudice was significant but not in the predicted direction. Highly prejudiced subjects rated black applicants higher than white applicants. The implications of these results for further research were discussed.
58 citations
42 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that the authors require surprisingly detailed information about the sensory stimulation present during the usual course of development of their subject species if they are to give an appropriate interpretation to the results of early experiential and critical period manipulations.
Abstract: The domestic mallard duck embryo must be exposed to its embryonic contract-contentment call at a repetition rate of 4 notes/sec if the neonate is to show the species-typical preference for the maternal call at its normal rate (3.7 notes/sec) after hatching. Exposing the embryo to the contact call at either 2.1 notes/sec or 5.8 notes/sec is no more effective than no auditory experience at all. To determine if there is a critical period for exposure, embryos were exposed to the 4 notes/sec call either before or after hatching. Both periods proved equally effective provided only that a 48-hr "consolidation" period was allowed to intervene between stimulation and testing. That is, the birds tested 24 hr after prenatal or postnatal stimulation behaved as if they were not stimulated at all. The present study was undertaken to determine whether the curious requirement for a consolidation period is a normal developmental phenomenon or a consequence of limiting the birds to exposure to a call with an abnormally invariant repetition rate of 4 notes/sec. To that end, embryos were stimulated with the same call as before but at variable rates of 2.1, 4, and 5.8 notes/sec, as happens under normal conditions of development. In this case, the neonates had no need for a consolidation period and showed the species-typical preference at 24 hr after hatching. Thus the previous results were a consequence of an abnormally narrow range of embryonic auditory stimulation. A 2nd experiment showed that, if the birds' postnatal perception was to be normal, the embryos could not be merely exposed to the rhythmic component of the contact call, but had to experience the characteristic frequency modulation of the call as well. These results indicate that we require surprisingly detailed information about the sensory stimulation present during the usual course of development of our subject species if we are to give an appropriate interpretation to the results of early experiential and critical period manipulations. Knowledge of usual sensory-stimulative variations has not been a conspicuous feature of developmental psychobiological studies in the past.
29 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used questionnaire data from 152 female employees and 46 supervisors in a large federal bureaucracy to test Kanter's hypothesis that sex differences in supervisory behavior result from sex difference in organizational power.
Abstract: Questionnaire data from 152 female employees and 46 supervisors in a large federal bureaucracy are used to test Kanter's hypothesis that sex differences in supervisory behavior result from sex differences in organizational power. Female subordinates of female supervisors, compared to female subordinates of male supervisors, report less job satisfaction and lower group morale and are more likely to describe their supervisor's behavior as controlling and particularistic. However, when differences in organizational power (as measured by an index comprised of supervisor's job status, the amount of voice they believe they have in their superior's decisions, and the amount of autonomy they feel they have with respect to their superior) are controlled, differences between male and female supervisors on all of these variables are significantly reduced. The results are interpreted as providing support for Kanter's theory.
26 citations
TL;DR: This paper examined the effects of political party recruitment patterns on voting and campaign activity and found that voter contact by a political party or candidate increased the likelihood of voting and campaigning activity, although it made no difference which party made the overture, and the impact of contact was the same across social status and political party lines.
Abstract: This paper examines conventional explanations as to why many lower status persons in the United States are less inclined than others to participate in politics. Such explanations typically treat lower status nonparticipation as the result of SES-related personality traits and therefore as an inevitable consequence of stratification. We present two lines of analysis. First, a review of comparative data suggests that such explanations ignore characteristics of U.S. political institutions-especially the programs and recruitment strategies employed by the major political parties-which are important sources of lower status political disinterest and nonparticipation. Second, in contrast to previous studies, we examine the effects of political party recruitment patterns on voting and campaign activity. Using the 1976 CPS election study, we find that: (1) voter contact by a political party or candidate increases the likelihood of voting and campaign activity, although it made no difference which party made the overture; (2) voter contact by the two major parties did not reduce the greater likelihood that high SES citizens would participate more in politics; and (3) the impact of contact was the same across social status and political party lines. The implications of these findings for theory and research on social class and political participation are discussed in the text.
25 citations
TL;DR: Stimulus overselectivity was found not to be a generalized deficit in autistic subjects; instead, it varied as a function of the stimulus variables; and the stimulus variable manipulated in this study similarly influenced the responding of both normal and autistic children.
TL;DR: Students' expression of effort had the strongest influence followed by school and teachers' expectation of students' ability to reason, which contributed significantly to the variability of self-concept.
Abstract: Sunmry.-The purpose of this study was to determine the differential influence of students' expression of effort, school, teachers' expectations, sex, being handicapped/non-handicapped, grade, teachers, and race on self-concept of 28 handicapped and !08 non-handicapped children in mainstreamed physical education classes (K-3 ) . The Martinek-Zaichkowsky Self-concept Scale measured self-concept and two unpublished tests were used to test students' expression of effort and teachers' expectations. A stepwise multiple regression technique was applied to self-concept to determine the comparative influence of the eight independent variables. Data analysis showed that three of the independent variables contributed significantly to the variability of self-concept. Students' expression of effort had the strongest influence followed by school and teachers' expectation of studenrs' ability to reason. It is accepted that self-concept has powerful effects on school learning. It is also generally accepted that many handicapped youngsters have poor selfconcepts (Cratty, 1980; Sherrill, 1981). As a result of Public Law 94-142, many mildly handicapped youngsters are now being taught in regular classes with non-handicapped students. Martinek and Karper' showed that nonhandicapped elementary school-aged children in a physical education program had significantly higher self-concepts on en;ry than their mildly handicapped peers in the same classes. If physical educators have handicapped students with low self-concepts in regular classes, it is important to know whether those children can be positively affected by various instructional factors in the programs. Zaichkowsky, Zaichkowsky, and Martinek (1980) have stated that children's self-concepts can improve through involvement in a physical education program. It is also assumed mainstreaming will remove the stigma of being different for handicapped children. Their self-esteem and self-confidence will be positively affected (Arnheim, Awter, & Crowe, 1973; Cratty, 1980). Physical educators need information regarding instructional factors that may affect self-concepts of mainstreamed handicapped children. Two such
TL;DR: The reactive effects of self-monotiring persisted over a fairly long period of time, but continued only so long as the self-recording procedure was employed, as were theoretical implications for explanations of reactivity.
16 Jul 1982
TL;DR: In this paper, a multiple baseline design across three third-grade boys was used to determine the effectiveness of self-monitoring as an intervention tool in the classroom setting, and the differential effectiveness was determined by an alternating-treatments design for each boy.
Abstract: A multiple baseline design across three third-grade boys was used to determine the effectiveness of self-monitoring as an intervention tool in the classroom setting. The differential effectiveness of self-monitoring the correctness of answers to arithmetic problems and of self-monitoring on-task behavior was determined by an alternating-treatments design for each boy. Self-monitoring academic accuracy or on-task behavior produced comparable effects. Self-monitoring increased on-task behavior for all three subjects. Self-monitoring increased the rate of completion of arithmetic problems for two of the three subjects. Self-monitoring did not affect academic accuracy in a consistent manner. These results are discussed in light of the instruction and motivational aspects of self-monitoring.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that the monopoly hypothesis appears to provide a better explanation for their empirical results than the traditional differential migration hypothesis, which posits that increases in city size and urban growth affect the income distribution via occupational or skill composition changes induced by in-migration of labor and business.
Abstract: A recent article by Haworth, Long and Rasmussen (1978) examines empirically the relationship between income inequality, city size, and urban growth . The authors (hereafter HLR) show that inequality within US metropolitan areas is positively and significantly related to urban growth as measured by the percentage change in population between 1960 and 1970. Similar results recently have been presented elsewhere by HLR and by Garofalo and Fogarty.' As an explanation for their findings HLR propose the `monopoly' hypothesis, which `suggests that increases in size and growth raise the monopoly rents earned by those who are insulated from competition' (1978, p . 3) . They argue that the monopoly hypothesis appears to provide a better explanation for their empirical results than the traditional `differential migration' hypothesis . This latter hypothesis posits that `increases in city size and urban growth affect the income distribution via occupational or skill composition changes induced by in-migration of labor and business' (HLR, 1978, p . 3). Recently, Walker (1979) has questioned HLR's use of the monopoly hypothesis as an explanation for urban income inequality . However, he does not question their finding that urban growth is associated with greater income inequality .2 The purpose of this note is twofold . First, it is argued that HLR (and others) draw a generally incorrect prediction from the differential migration hypothesis . Rather than having an indeterminant effect on the income distribution, differential migration is likely to increase income inequality . Second, results presented here suggest that the positive relationship that HLR find between income inequality and urban growth results from a failure to account appropriately for intercity differences in industry structure . It is argued that empirical evidence from the HLR model does not
TL;DR: The question of family policy is considered in terms of "conventional-progressive" interest group perspectives as discussed by the authors, where the conventional perspective is that family problems are the result of "breakdown" and can be resolved by reestablishing the status quo ante.
Abstract: The question of family policy is considered in terms of “conventional-progressive” interest group perspectives. The conventional perspective is that “family problems” are the result of “breakdown” and can be resolved by reestablishing the status quo ante. Progressive interest groups contend that family “difficulties” are the result of “slippage” between morphogenetic society and morphostatic (or “conventional”) family. Progressive advocates also argue that current and projected pervasive changes in citizens' marital/familial behaviors can be accepted, and that a theoretically informed, socially responsible model of family can be offered as a viable policy alternative to the conventional one.
TL;DR: Observations together with earlier ones involving monocular paralysis suggest that this adult-onset modification reduces the encounter rate for X-cells by disrupting a binocular mechanism which controls the relative excitability of X- and Y-cells which represent central visual space.
Abstract: Adult-onset stimulus modifications, such as monocular paralysis, alter the physiology of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), reducing the encounter rate for X-latency cells in all of the principal layers of both LGNs whether the innervating eye is paralyzed or mobile. These reductions in encounter rate for X-latency cells are confined to those portions of the LGN representing central binocular visual space and are sensitive to the level of anesthesia in that, while these effects are evident in subjects sedated during recording, no such reductions are found when subjects are anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital during recording. Finally, conduction velocity and receptive field classification data from these experiments confirm, as the shifts in OX latency distributions would indicate, that chronic monocular paralysis does have a selective impact upon the recordability of LGN X-cells. These observations together with earlier ones involving monocular paralysis suggest that this adult-onset modification reduces the encounter rate for X-cells by disrupting a binocular mechanism which controls the relative excitability of X- and Y-cells which represent central visual space.
TL;DR: Use of occupational, marriage, and parenthood values may help young women to distinguish values that can be satisfied in major adult roles and assist in the earlier formation of a vocational identity.
Abstract: Use of occupational, marriage, and parenthood values may help young women to distinguish values that can be satisfied in major adult roles and assist in the earlier formation of a vocational identity.
TL;DR: The content-treatment interactions and their applications to instructional development should make adaptive designs more feasible, efficient, and consistent as well as developing important cognitive skills that may be short-circuited by learner-adaptive designs as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Interest in adapting instructional methodology to accommodate individual learner characteristics has been stimulated by the recent popularity of aptitude-by-treatment interaction research. While relevant to a descriptive theory of learning, ATI has failed to provide an adequate conceptual or empirical basis for a prescriptive set of adaptive instructional designs. The validity of adaptive designs as a focus for interaction research is questioned. Based upon cognitive task analysis and content analysis, the search for content-treatment interactions and their applications to instructional development should make adaptive designs more feasible, efficient, and consistent as well as developing important cognitive skills that may be short-circuited by learner-adaptive designs. Examples of research-based content-treatment interactions are provided.
TL;DR: The military bureaucracy today is a highly complex and differentiated structure whose interplay of institutional and interpersonal politics produces an "organized anarchy" as discussed by the authors, reinforced by ambiguities in the international environment and defense policy priorities.
Abstract: The military bureaucracy today is a highly complex and differentiated structure whose interplay of institutional and interpersonal politics produces an "organized anarchy.” Its anarchical character is reinforced by ambiguities in the international environment and defense policy priorities; the misdirection of problems and misuse of participants within the bureaucracy; the misloading and overloading of the system with information and demands; incompletely understood intrabureaucratic processes; and a combination of selectivity and inattention in the entire decision-making process. The combined effect inhibits efficiency and responsiveness and greatly increases the likelihood of failure. Examples include the flawed linkage between doctrine and force posture, a mismanaged all-volunteer force, the abortive Eagle Claw rescue attempt in Iran, and the chaotic structure known as the Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force. Reform is possible, but the political obstacles to be overcome are formidable.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the role of expectations, uncertainty, and costs on the incentive to bargain, and the effects of costs on arbitration usage and on the outcomes of negotiated settlements.
Abstract: This study examines, within the context of a model developed recently by Farber and Katz, the role of expectations, uncertainty, and costs on the incentive to bargain. It is shown that experience with a compulsory arbitration process can best be viewed as creating opposing effects on the frequency of use. While decreased uncertainty will reduce incentives to bargain, the convergence of expectations can work either to increase or decrease arbitration usage over time. Empirical evidence, while suggestive, is found to be too limited to draw strong conclusions on the relative magnitude of these effects. In addition, the paper incorporates arbitration costs into the bargaining model, and the effects of costs on arbitration usage and on the outcomes of negotiated settlements are examined. Available evidence on the magnitude of direct arbitration costs is then summarized. Because these costs are often low and provide little incentive to bargain, the authors suggest a policy approach for levying costs on the parties.
TL;DR: It is concluded that patients have a need for information on the physical, psychological, and sexual aspects of hysterectomy; and that this information is needed before entering the hospital, pre- and postsurgery, and after returning home.
TL;DR: Differences in self-concept and motor performance between handicapped and non-handicapped children on entry into a university laboratory physical education program are described and results should be interpreted with caution.
Abstract: The purpose of this preliminary study was to describe differences in self-concept and motor performance between handicapped and non-handicapped children on entry into a university laboratory physical education program. One hundred thirty-six elementary-aged children (K-3) were subjects. These were 28 mainstreamed handicapped children and 108 non-handicapped children. 'The handicapped children were learning disabled, emotionally handicapped, hyperactive, or seizure-disordered identified by diagnostic agencies or school system diagnostic teams as requiring special education. Physical education classes contained 10 to 12 students of whom one to three were handicapped. Motor performance and self-concept information were collected at the beginning of the program. Motor performance was measured with the Body Coordination Test, developed in West Germany by Schilling and Kiphard (1976) to diagnose motor problems of children. Self-concept was measured with the Martinek-Zaichkowsky Self-concept Scale (1977). This nonverbal scale was designed to measure global self-concepts of elementary and middle-school children. A 2 X 4 multianalysis of variance was applied to describe differences between handicapped and non-handicapped groups and among the four grade levels (K-3) on four components of motor performance. The analysis showed significant main effects for handicapped/non-handicapped groups (K,z = 4.19, p < .01) and grade (K.= = 6.61, p < .0001), but no interactions. Univariate analyses showed significant differences between handicapped and non-handicapped groups for backward balance (FI-lul = 10.86, p < .001), jumping sideways (Fl,m = 10.86, p < .001) and lateral movement (F1,lz~ = 7.10, p < .05). Significant differences between grades were also found for backward balancing (F3.1~ = 9.16, p < .0001),'one-foot hopping (&,IS = 6.04, p < .001), jumping sideways (Fs,m = 15.41, p < .0001) and lateral movement (Fs,~ = 21.84, p < .0001). A 2 x 4 analysis of variance identified group and grade differences on self-concept. Non-handicapped children scored significantly higher than handicapped children (F1.m = 5.93, p < .05). Significant differences between grades were also found (PI.,= = 2.82, p < .05). These non-handicapped children then performed significantly better than handicapped children on dynamic balance and gross lateral movement, and the differences were consistent for all four grades. Also handicapped children had significantly lower self-concepts than non-handicapped children, third graders' scores being significantly higher than kinderganen scores. Because chese data were preliminary, results should be interpreted with
TL;DR: Men are regarded as having a positive balancing effect in the highly "feminized" worlds of young children, and there is a continuing and persistent call for more men in early education and day care as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: There is a continuing and persistent call for more men in early education and day care {Burtt, 1965; Kyselka, 1966; Peltier, 1968; Vairo, 1969; Johnston, 1970; Williams, 1970; Kendall, 1972; Sciarra, 1972; Greenburg, 1977). Men are regarded as having a positive balancing effect in the highly "feminized" worlds of young children {Kyselka, 1966; Peltier, 1968; Johnston, 1970; Robinson & Canaday, 1977}. In recent times the number of males choosing day care as an occupation has increased. However, males in day care have an unusually high turnover rate. They leave day care at a faster rate than either males in other occupations or females in day care {Robinson, 1980}. Some male day care workers report that they are treated as being somewhat odd or incompetent by parents, supervisors, and fellow workers {Robinson, 1980). Johnston {19701 reported that when he expressed interest in working with young children, his potential supervisors questioned everything from his academic training to his moral character. Milgram and Sciarra {1974) noted that some female caregivers admitted skepticism about a male's ability to perform adequately with young children. Such anecdotes parallel the initial evidence of the work-related discrimination many women faced as they moved into male-dominated occupations. One of the simplest strategies for demonstrat ing the presence of bias against working females was the work-sample evaluation technique in which subjects were asked to evaluate identical pieces of work. Half the subjects were told that the work was performed by a male and the other half were told it was done by a female. Using this procedure, Goldberg (1968} found that males usually received evaluations
TL;DR: Aesthetic Experience in Children's Dance: as mentioned in this paper The Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance: Vol. 53, No. 3, 2019, pp. 72-74.
Abstract: (1982). Aesthetic Experience in Children's Dance. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 53, Including Leisure Today, pp. 72-74.
TL;DR: In another study, Papich and Rainbow observed that soloists performed sharp and adjusted intonation downward when playing in ensemble as discussed by the authors, indicating that musicians may perform differently as soloists than as ensemble members.
Abstract: Intonation in vocal and instrumental performance has been studied by music researchers during the past five decades. Some testing environments have consisted of subjects performing solo tasks while being accompanied or unaccompanied. A few researchers (Mason, 1960; Nickerson, 1949; Papich and Rainbow, 1974) have extended the measurements to ensemble settings. The latter context appears to be more related to the investigation of intonation relationships in part-singing environments. One such solo-ensemble investigation was conducted by Nickerson as early as 1949; in this study string solo and ensemble perform·· ances of the same music indicated an intonation propensity toward Pythagorean temperament. In another string study, Papich and Rainbow observed that soloists performed sharp and adjusted intonation downward when playing in ensemble. It appears that musicians may perform differently as soloists than as ensemble members.