Showing papers by "University of North Carolina at Greensboro published in 1983"
TL;DR: The results support the evidence suggesting that in-utero auditory experience affects postnotol behavior in humans by reinforcing human newborns’ responding in on operant learning task.
Abstract: Intrauterine hwxtbeot sounds effectively reinforced human newborns’ responding in on operant learning task. Reinforcing only those sucking bursts that followed short intervals since the lost burst increased the relative frequency of short intervals, and reinforcing only those long intervals occurring between bursts increased the frequency of long ones. These results support the evidence suggesting that in-utero auditory experience affects postnotol behavior in humans. neonates auditory perception prenatal experience maternal heortbeot learning
101 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of the real estate broker in the housing market is explored and a model of the demand for broker services by both sellers and buyers is developed and conditional logit estimates are presented.
Abstract: This study explores the role of the real estate broker in the housing market. A model of the demand for broker services by both sellers and buyers is developed and conditional logit estimates are presented. Evidence relating to the effects of the brokerage industry on housing market transactions also is presented. Brokers do not seem to affect the prices of the houses they sell. But they do influence the level of housing consumption by buyers.
86 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, two rating studies examined several dimensions of metaphorical sentences, including semantic relatedness of the subject and predicate, comprehensibility, imageability, subject-topic imageability and imageability of the predicate (vehicle), degree of metaphoricity, metaphor goodness and ease of interpretation.
Abstract: Two rating studies examined several dimensions of metaphorical sentences. A pool of 260 metaphors was constructed, all in the form “(noun phrase) is/are (noun phrase).” In Study 1 all of the items, and in Study 2, 98 of the items were evaluated on ten scales presumed to be important to the comprehension or interpretation of metaphors: semantic relatedness of the subject and predicate, comprehensibility, imageability, imageability of the subject (topic), imageability of the predicate (vehicle), degree of metaphoricity, metaphor goodness, ease of interpretation, number of alternative interpretations, and felt familiarity of the metaphoric ground. Both experiments revealed the rated dimensions to be highly interrelated, but some analyses allowed evaluation of alternative predictions based on current theoretical approaches to metaphor quality and interpretation. The results indicated consistent but mixed support for the general poisitions under consideration as each appeared to have strong and weak areas of applicability. The interrelationships among the scales are discussed, together with implications of the findings for current theories and future metaphor research.
71 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present information on sex, geographic mobility, and career development for women in professional and managerial positions, concluding that greater geographic mobility among women contributes to sex stratification in the labor force, and there is evidence that geographic mobility is related to income and occupational status.
Abstract: The article presents information on sex, geographic mobility and career development. Over the past four decades, major changes in the extent and nature of female labor force participation have led to increased concern about the under-representation and lower pay of women in professional and managerial positions. Social scientists have offered a number of explanations for these disparities. One such explanation asserts that, with increasing career aspirations among women and greater prevalence of dual career marriages, sex differences in geographic mobility for occupational advancement are one barrier to women's career advancement. Both human capital theory and the crowding hypothesis suggest that lesser geographic mobility among women contributes to sex stratification in the labor force, and there is evidence that geographic mobility is related to income and occupational status. In addition, willingness to move may be valued by managers as a sign of organizational commitment.
70 citations
TL;DR: This article examined the relationship between Treasury borrowing and monetary growth examined previously with annual data by Barro, Niskanen and Hamburger and Zwick and found evidence of a positive and significant impact of total Treasury borrowing upon the growth of the monetary base for the 1954/I-1961/II and 1961/III-1974/IV periods but an insignificant coefficient for the Barro expenditure variable.
65 citations
TL;DR: An algorithm based on the branch-and-bound technique to get an optimal solution of job lateness is presented and a heuristic rule is also presented which gives a near optimal solution.
64 citations
TL;DR: Using a sample of 387 male federal employees who responded to a questionnaire, this paper tested two theoretical perspectives concerning the effect of women's labor force participation on men's work, and found that women's participation in the labor force had a negative effect on men' work.
Abstract: Using a sample of 387 male federal employees who responded to a questionnaire, this study tests two theoretical perspectives concerning the effect of women's labor force participation on men's work...
61 citations
TL;DR: Box turtles and painted turtles are capable of developing behavioural fevers as are certain iguanid lizards, and these turtles are therefore capable of developed behavioural fevered behaviour following infection with live bacteria.
55 citations
TL;DR: The overall pattem of results indicates that Mockingbird song may function in reproductive as well as in territorial contexts, and the cyclic relationship between song and breeding activities suggests that song may constitute a mechanism by which the reproductive state of the female is rapidly reset in preparation for subsequent broods.
Abstract: -Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos) song has been demonstrated to function in the species' perennial territoriality. Data reported here suggest that this species' diverse song may also function intersexually in reproduction. Observations on the amount of song produced by identified males throughout the breeding season revealed a pronounced cyclicity in the occurrence of song. Further, song cyclicity was systematically associated with the nature of the breeding activity in progress. In each of six mated males, the amount of song increased substantially while the male was nest building. The amount of song decreased significantly during incubation and during the care of offspring. This relationship held even when the cycle of breeding activities was disrupted through nest loss; males resumed singing immediately, although losses often occurred during periods of very little song. Analyses indicated that the nest-building song burst did not result from the activities involved in nest construction itself but often preceded the first observed instance of nest building. Increased song during nest building cannot be explained by excess amounts of unoccupied singing time available to males not engaged in the care of offspring. The overall pattem of results indicates that Mockingbird song may function in reproductive as well as in territorial contexts. Further, the cyclic relationship between song and breeding activities suggests that song may constitute a mechanism by which the reproductive state of the female is rapidly reset in preparation for subsequent broods. Received 11 February 1982, accepted 1
53 citations
TL;DR: The data provide evidence that 1) anindividual's fate is determined by the environment of the previous generation, and that 2) an individual's fitness should be calculated from life history data that span more than one generation.
Abstract: Seeds collected from parents that flowered at different times were dispersed onto experimental plots at different times during the normal dispersal season. Parental flowering and dispersal times, which are correlated with each other, independently affected offspring germination, growth, and time of reproduction. Estimated population growth rates were highest for offspring that were dispersed early in the dispersal season and that came from early flowering parents. The data provide evidence that 1) an individual's fate is determined by the environment of the previous generation, and that 2) an individual's fitness should be calculated from life history data that span more than one generation.
50 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the effectiveness of graduated exposure, verbal coping skills, and their combination in treating fear of the dark in 4 and 5-year-old normal children, using both behavioral and subjective measures of fearfulness.
Abstract: This study investigated the effectiveness of graduated exposure, verbal coping skills, and their combination in treating fear of the dark in 4- and 5-year-old normal children, using both behavioral and subjective measures of fearfulness. Only those groups which received direct exposure to the dark during treatment demonstrated significant changes in dark tolerance. Non-significant differences in dark tolerance for high versus low instructional demand conditions in two posttests were obtained. Analysis of subjective fear ratings suggested questionable validity in the children's abilities to label subjective fearfulness.
TL;DR: In this paper, an 8-quinolinol silica gel (QSG) is shown to be an effective stationary phase for the high performance liquid chromatographic separation of phenols, including EPA Priority Pollutant species.
TL;DR: The results were interpreted as possibly a function of the social contingencies established by public statements, as the control which coping self-statements exert over anxiety-related behaviors would vary to the extent that the self-Statements are socially accessible.
Abstract: The present study was designed to evaluate the role of a social context in the impact of coping self-statements. It was hypothesized that the control which coping self-statements exert over anxiety-related behaviors would vary to the extent that the self-statements are socially accessible. Speech-anxious college students were randomly assigned to either a control group or to one of two experimental groups. Control subjects received no coping self-statements while subjects in both experimental groups selected the same coping self-statement. The two experimental groups differed only in whether the coping self-statement was apparently known to the experimenter. On self-report measures, only the social-context group showed improvement over those of the other two groups. The only difference among the groups on behavioral measures indicated that subjects in the social-context group had followed the coping statement by talking more slowly. The results were interpreted as possibly a function of the social conting...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors tested the Hayes-Nelson explanation that the self-monitoring procedure and O'Neill's hypothesis are the same, and the results showed that it is not the case.
Abstract: Various theoretical explanations have been proposed to account for the reactivity of self-monitoring. This experiment tested the Hayes-Nelson explanation that the self-monitoring procedure and othe...
TL;DR: This paper found that teachers' behavioral observations and grading of the academic work were not influenced by the special education labels, but the checklist scores were, while the test scores were not affected by the labels.
TL;DR: It is suggested that instead of singularly concentrating on components at the level of the individual, it is important to view Type A behavior from an ecological perspective, with attention directed at the interpersonal, institutional, and cultural environments of individuals.
Abstract: The recognized association between Type A behavior and coronary heart disease has prompted efforts to alter the behavior's deleterious components in both individuals who have experienced myocardial infarction and those who are at risk for that disease. Utilizing concepts from psychology, sociology, history, and other disciplines and material from scholarly and popular literature, this paper suggests that instead of singularly concentrating on components at the level of the individual, it is important to view Type A behavior from an ecological perspective, with attention directed at the interpersonal, institutional, and cultural environments of individuals. This perspective will enhance understanding of Type A behavior and possibly stimulate interventions at the primary as well as secondary and tertiary prevention levels.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyze the differences in this "make" versus "buy" strategy within the context of the Utterback-Abernathy production process lifecycle and suggest that alternative sources to a firm's R&D for stimulating innovation may prove a viable strategy for federal targeting.
Abstract: With the recent slowdown in productivity growth within the economy, R&D has come under scrutiny as a policy target variable. If such targeting is to be effective, it must be realized that not all innovations employed within a firm are induced by the firm through its own R&D: many innovations are purchased through technological licensing or in the form of new capital equipment. Here, interfirm differences in this “make” versus “buy” strategy are analyzed within the context of the Utterback-Abernathy production process lifecycle. Our findings suggest that (1) alternative sources to a firm's R&D for stimulating innovation may prove a viable strategy for federal targeting and (2) extrapolating the Utterback-Abernathy model to an industry formulation has empirical validity.
TL;DR: The empirical evidences reported in this article suggest that both sources are important factors influencing a firm's productivity growth, such as the licensing of others' technologies or the purchasing of never vintages of capital.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated an important class of non-linear functions and presented a definitive analysis of the output effects of third degree price discrimination under constant elasticity conditions in the general nonlinear case.
Abstract: The economic consequences of third-degree price discrimination have been extensively investigated Beginning with Joan Robinson's classic discussion in The Economics of Imperfect Competition, a focal point has been the analysis of the effects of price discrimination on output Considerable discussion in the literature has been devoted to the case of linear demand, the most recent example of which is Schmalensee (i98i)' As has been well known since the early i9OOS, in this case, discrimination does not change output Under conditions of non-linear demand, the effect of third-degree price discrimination is much less certain and far more complicated Despite increasing analytical sophistication and effort, no new conclusions on output changes have been forthcoming since the work of Edwards (I950) In this paper, we investigate an important class of non-linear functions and present a definitive analysis of the output effects of third degree price discrimination under constant elasticity conditions In the general non-linear case, the effect of discrimination on output may be either positive or negative2 Joan Robinson (I933) developed the local 'adjusted concavity' criterion to determine the output effects of discrimination for two sub-markets with non-linear demands Edwards (I950) raised the possibility that Robinson's criterion could lead to erroneous conclusions when the local assumption was relaxed and proposed sufficient global restrictions on the curvature of the demand functions under which the 'adjusted concavity' criterion is correct Greenhut and Ohta (1976) confirmed Edwards' suspicion about the fallibility of the 'adjusted concavity' criterion by presenting a counterexample consisting of two constant elasticity demand schedules3 Samuelson (I947), Lofgren (I977), Finn (I974) and Silberberg (I970) employing Lagrangean techniques suggested by Leontief (I940), verify Edwards' global restrictions, showing that if the more elastic curve is concave (convex) and the less elastic curve is convex (concave), third-degree price discrimination will increase (decrease) output4
TL;DR: A 2×2 factorial design requiring judgments of interobject distance was utilized which separated the effects of magnification per se from the concomitant truncation of the visual field normally effected by optically produced magnification.
Abstract: A 2 X 2 factorial design requiring judgments of interobject distance was utilized which sepa rated the effects of magnification per se from the concomitant truncation of the visual field normally effected by optically produced magnification. Only the main effect of magnification was significant, and this was much less than the decreases optically specified by the decreased perspective and texture gradients. It has long been known that when an optic array reflected from a spatial layout is magnified, one ex periences some distortion in the perception of the radial distance between objects, the slant and shape of the surfaces of these objects, and the slant of the ground itself. Magnification of an optic array is pro duced by uniformly transforming all visual angles in that optic array by a factor greater than 1. When a picture is taken with a normal' lens and viewed from the proper station point for receiving the geometric center of the projection, there is no magnification. The proper station point is perpendicular to the center of the picture plane and at a distance equal to the product of the focal length of the lens utilized in tak ing the picture and the ratio of the diagonal of the enlarged projection on the picture plane to the diag onal of the slide or photographic film. However, if the picture is viewed from a position closer than the proper station point, the array reflected from the sur face of the picture plane will be magnified by a factor equal to the proper viewing distance divided by the closer viewing distance. The effects of magnification produced by this means upon the perception of dis tance within the depicted spatial layout has been in
TL;DR: Data generally support the view that individual components of sexual arousal require separate assessment and intervention.
TL;DR: To determine the role of exposure of wood ducklings to conspecific vocalizations in the development of selective responsiveness to the descending FM of the species maternal call, the behavioral response of embryos to synthetic descending and ascending maternal calls was examined.
Abstract: A critical acoustic feature of the wood duck maternal assembly call is the descending frequency modulation (FM) of its notes. To determine the role of exposure of wood ducklings to conspecific vocalizations in the development of selective responsiveness to the descending FM of the species maternal call, the behavioral response of embryos to synthetic descending and ascending maternal calls was examined. Previous work indicated that selective responsiveness of newly hatched wood ducklings to the descending FM of the maternal call is dependent upon prior exposure to descending FM calls of siblings. In advance of auditory experience the youngest embryos were responsive to both ascending and descending call notes, but older aurally isolated embryos became selectively responsive to the descending FM. However, even though the wood duck hatching vocalizes considerably in aural isolation, self-stimulation is ineffective in maintaining the perceptual selectivity in the neonate. Unlike the mallard, in which self-stimulation is adequate, the wood duckling must be exposed to sib vocalizations in order to remain selectively responsive to the critical acoustic feature of the maternal call of its species.
TL;DR: In this article, a stop consonant-vowel dichotic listening task was administered to 90 right-handed boys, 30 in each age group of 5, 7, and 9 yr.
TL;DR: The present study showed the stimulicomparative effect to be a consequence of the pairing of stimuli with particularly salient comparatives such that the former could serve the cuing function.
Abstract: An expectancy interpretation of semantic congruity effects suggests that in symbolic comparisons involving the typical comparative-then-stimuli paradigm, the comparative acts as a cue in priming memory for related stimuli. A recent study by Holyoak and Mah (1981) presented evidence purported to disconfirm this hypothesis insofar as a congruity effect also was obtained when the stimuli preceded the comparative. The present study showed the stimulicomparative effect to be a consequence of the pairing of stimuli with particularly salient comparatives such that the former could serve the cuing function. This finding is consistent with the expectancy hypothesis in emphasizing the role of a flexible encoding process but inconsistent with the view that only comparatives can create expectancies in symbolic comparisons.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors suggest that the interpretive research paradigm may frequently be more appropriate than the natural science paradigm for the study of human social life, and suggest that physical educators who investigate activities such as education and sports, clearly major features of humansocial life, are urged to study these activities more holistically, guided by interpretive cultural research model.
Abstract: After outlining an interpretive or hermeneutic concept of human social life in which sociocultural phenomena are considered to be constituted in large part by mutually influential relationships between shared understandings and social interaction, the suggestion is made that the interpretive research paradigm may frequently be more appropriate than the natural science paradigm for the study of such phenomena. Therefore, physical educators who investigate activities such as education and sports, clearly major features of human social life, are urged to study these activities more holistically, guided by the interpretive cultural research model. Although this paradigm seems more appropriate in many instances for the conduct of social research, criticisms or points of contention nevertheless touch this investigative tradition. Two of the most important of these are discussed: problems concerning generalization and cultural relativism in social research, and problems related to seeking truth through interpret...
TL;DR: Pattern interocular suppression was inferred to be relatively more mature in 3 month olds than size-specific suppression, which suggests a relative immaturity of binocular spatial frequency or size channels.
TL;DR: The results showed thatantasy alternation can change the relative strength of physiologically measured sexual arousal patterns, but the direction and magnitude of the change seems unpredictable.
TL;DR: The results call into question the motivational explanation for the effectiveness of self-reinforcement techniques: that self- reinforcement is effective because it cues the long-term environmental consequences that actually control the frequency of the target behavior.
TL;DR: The effect of "coping statements" on the rapidity of progress through desensitization hierarchies was examined in several cases of clinically significant anxiety-based disorders and may comprise an alternative method, more compatible with ongoing clinical work, for the investigation of cognitive treatments.