Showing papers by "University of North Carolina at Greensboro published in 1988"
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: An ecological model for health promotion is proposed which focuses on both individual and social environmental factors as targets for health promotions and addresses the importance of interventions directed at changing interpersonal, organizational, community, and public policy factors which support and maintain unhealthy behaviors.
Abstract: During the past 20 years there has been a dramatic increase in societal interest in preventing disability and death in the United States by changing individual behaviors linked to the risk of contracting chronic diseases. This renewed interest in health promotion and disease prevention has not been without its critics. Some critics have accused proponents of life-style interventions of promoting a victim-blaming ideology by neglecting the importance of social influences on health and disease. This article proposes an ecological model for health promotion which focuses attention on both individual and social environmental factors as targets for health promotion interventions. It addresses the importance of interventions directed at changing interpersonal, organizational, community, and public policy, factors which support and maintain unhealthy behaviors. The model assumes that appropriate changes in the social environment will produce changes in individuals, and that the support of individuals in the population is essential for implementing environmental changes.
6,234 citations
TL;DR: Eight adult humans were taught conditional discriminations in a matching-to-sample format that led to the formation of two four-member equivalence classes, which may contribute to a behavior-analytic approach to semantics and generative grammar.
Abstract: Eight adult humans were taught conditional discriminations in a matching-to-sample format that led to the formation of two four-member equivalence classes. When subjects were taught to select one comparison stimulus from each class in a set order, they then ordered all other members of the equivalence classes without explicit training. When the ordering response itself was brought under conditional control, conditional sequencing also transferred to all other members of the two equivalence classes. When the conditional discriminations in the matching-to-sample task were brought under higher order conditional control, the eight stimulus members were arranged into four conditional equivalence classes. Both ordering and conditional ordering transferred to all members of the four conditional equivalence classes; for some subjects this occurred without a typical test for equivalence. One hundred twenty untrained sequences emerged from eight trained sequences for all subjects. Transfer of functions through equivalence classes may contribute to a behavior-analytic approach to semantics and generative grammar.
381 citations
TL;DR: The sport orientation questionnaire (SOQ) as mentioned in this paper was developed as a multidimensional, sport-specific measure of individual differences in sport achievement orientation, and it has been used as a measure for the investigation of competitiveness and achievement behavior.
Abstract: The Sport Orientation Questionnaire (SOQ) was developed as a multidimensional, sport-specific measure of individual differences in sport achievement orientation. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed a stable, three-factor structure across three separate samples of university and high school students. The three separate but related subscales of competitiveness, win, and goal orientation demonstrate high internal consistency and stability over time. The SOQ competitiveness score differentiates students in competitive activities from those in noncompetitive activities, providing evidence for construct validity. The overall factor stability, reliability and validity evidence suggests that the SOQ can be a valuable measure for the investigation of competitiveness and achievement behavior in sport and exercise settings.
332 citations
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the maternal–embryonic relationship in viviparous fishes and available evidence suggests that maternal regulation of the osmotic and chemical environment of the embryo also confers a selective advantage on vivIParous teleosts.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the maternal–embryonic relationship in viviparous fishes. Viviparity is a highly successful mode of reproduction that has evolved independently many times and with many variations in widely separated taxonomic groups. It occurs in all classes of vertebrates, except birds, and among many different groups of invertebrates. Initial steps in the evolution of viviparity involved a shift from external to internal fertilization and the retention of fertilized eggs in the female reproductive system. The osmoregulation of early embryos can be accomplished more efficiently and with less expenditure of embryonic energy in a maternally controlled uterine environment, but as development progresses to term, the embryos presumably acquire an increasing degree of osmoregulatory independence. Available evidence suggests that maternal regulation of the osmotic and chemical environment of the embryo also confers a selective advantage on viviparous teleosts. The uterine wall of most viviparous elasmobranchs and the coelocanth both delimits and defines the embryonic environment. The most spectacular maternal specializations for uterine gestation involve the uterine wall and involve (1) the amplification of the surface area in the form of folds, villi, or trophonemata; (2) the production of histotrophe or uterine milk’ (3) the compartmentalization of embryos; and (4) the development of placental attachment sites.
248 citations
TL;DR: Analysis of data indicated that both the nurses' job performance and their job-related stress were related to the type of shift they worked, and overall job performance was highest for the nurses on the day shift, followed by the night, afternoon, and rotating shifts.
Abstract: The purpose of this research was to examine the influence of day, afternoon, night and rotating shift schedules on the job performance and job-related stress of nurses. Registered nurses from five hospitals (n = 463) were surveyed using a structured questionnaire which measured both job performance and job-related stress. Analysis of data indicated that both the nurses' job performance and their job-related stress were related to the type of shift they worked. Overall job performance was highest for the nurses on the day shift, followed by the night, afternoon, and rotating shifts. Rotating shift nurses experienced the most job-related stress, followed in turn by the afternoon, day, and night shift nurses. The findings are interpreted within a conceptual framework which examines the social organization of work in the hospital by shift and the effects of shift work on biological rhythm synchronization.
162 citations
TL;DR: An alternative approach, based on Daniel Lehrman's interactionist theory of development, permits a more thorough appreciation of the problems that have yet to be addressed, and provides a more secure conceptual foundation for theories of song development.
Abstract: Despite several decades of criticism, dichotomous thinking about behavioral development (the view that the behavioral phenotype can be partitioned into inherited and acquired components) remains widespread and influential. This is particularly true in study of birdsong development, where it has become increasingly common to diagnose songs, elements of songs, or precursors of songs (song templates) as either innate or learned on the basis of isolation-rearing experiments. The theory of sensory templates has encouraged both the dichotomous approach (by providing a role for genetic blueprints to guide song learning) and an emphasis on structural rather than functional aspects of song development. As a result, potentially important lines of investigation have been overlooked and the interpretation of existing data is often flawed. Evidence for a genetic origin of behavioral differences is frequently interpreted as evidence for the genetic determination of behavioral characters. The technique of isolation rearing remains the
methodology of choice for many investigators, despite the fact that it offers only a rather crude analysis of the contribution of experience to song development and provides no information at all about genetic contributions to development. The latter could in principle be elucidated by the application of developmental-genetic techniques, but it is unlikely that these can easily be applied to the study of birdsong. Because developmental questions are so often posed in terms of the learned—innate dichotomy, "experience"istaken to be synonymous with "learning" and the possible role of nonobvious contributions to song development has largely been ignored. An alternative approach, based on Daniel Lehrman's interactionist theory of development, permits a more thorough appreciation of the problems that have yet to be addressed, and provides a more secure conceptual foundation for theories of song development.
145 citations
TL;DR: A Monte Carlo simulation and the Three-Parameter Model of the submarine light field are used to analyze the effect of water Raman emission at 520 nm in clear ocean waters and a new optical parametrization for clear ocean water is proposed.
Abstract: A Monte Carlo simulation (the NORDA optical model) and the Three-Parameter Model of the submarine light field are used to analyze the effect of water Raman emission at 520 nm in clear ocean waters. Reported optical anomalies for clear ocean waters at longer wavelengths (520 nm +) are explained by the effects of water Raman emission, and the simulation results are confirmed by Biowatt-NORDA observations made in the Sargasso Sea. A new optical parametrization for clear ocean water is proposed.
96 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed and estimated a cross-sectional model of the commercial office market in which the building vacancy rate is a key factor in the determination of rents, and the model was applied to individual buildings in G...
Abstract: This paper develops and estimates a cross-sectional model of the commercial office market in which the building vacancy rate is a key factor in the determination of rents. Individual buildings in G...
67 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the factors that influence the earnings of REALTORS and present estimates of a human capital earnings model estimated on the basis of a nationwide survey of agents collected by the National Association of Realtors.
Abstract: This paper explores the factors that influence the earnings of REALTORS. It presents estimates of a human capital earnings model estimated on the basis of a nationwide survey of REALTORS collected ...
63 citations
TL;DR: The authors reviewed the recent progress of the field in an attempt to develop a cohere and coherent analysis of contextual effects on political behavior, and proposed a coherence-based approach for political behavior analysis.
Abstract: The study of contextual effects on political behavior has expanded dramatically in the last two decades. In this article we review the recent progress of the field in an attempt to develop a cohere...
61 citations
TL;DR: The unique polarity, scalp distribution, and time course of the effects of RD as compared to ADD on ERPs to relevant stimuli clearly indicated these two disorders, in part, involve different underlying brain deficits.
TL;DR: Embryonic growth and trophotaenial development are examined in two species of goodeid fish, Ameca splendens and Goodea atripinnis, and differ in the degree of axial elongation during the fifth and final phase.
Abstract: Embryonic growth and trophotaenial development are examined in two species of goodeid fish, Ameca splendens and Goodea atripinnis. During gestation of A. splendens, embryonic dry mass may increase from 0.21 mg at the onset of development to 31.70 mg at term. In G. atripinnis, embryonic dry mass ranges from 0.25 mg at the onset of development to 3.15 mg at term. Increase in mass is primarily due to the uptake of maternally derived nutrients by trophotaeniae, externalized embryonic gut derivatives. Trophotaenial development in both species is divisible into five phases. During the first phase, the anus is formed. The second phase involves dilation of the anus, enlargement of the perianal lips, differentiation of the hindgut absorptive epithelium, and formation of the trophotaenial peduncle. The third phase is characterized by a further marked hypertrophy and lateral expansion of the perianal lips that results in the formation of short trophotaenial processes. During the fourth phase, there is continued outward expansion of the inner mucosal surface of the trophotaenial peduncle that results in its eversion and lobulation. Placental function is established by this phase. Axial elongation and dichotomous branching of trophotaenial processes occurs during the fifth phase. Development of rosette and ribbon trophotaeniae differ in the degree of axial elongation during the fifth and final phase.
TL;DR: The effects of reading disability (RD) and attention deficit disorder (ADD) on event-related potentials (ERPs) indicated these two disorders, in part, involve different underlying brain processes.
TL;DR: The present experiments examined the ability of domestic mallard ducklings to learn individual mallard maternal calls by either repetition-rate differences or spectral differences, both of which are present in such calls recorded in nature.
Abstract: The present experiments examined the ability of domestic mallard ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos) to learn individual mallard maternal calls by either repetition-rate differences or spectral (Hz) differences, both of which are present in such calls recorded in nature. The ducklings could learn both kinds of differences within the first 24 hr after hatching, corresponding to the period prior to the exodus from the nest in nature. The hatchlings were able to learn these differences based upon only 12 min of exposure to the maternal calls during the first day after hatching. They were also able to retain (remember) the familiar call for an additional day after exposure. Embryos, on the other hand, could learn the spectral differences after either 12 or 24 min of exposure but could not retain the information under either exposure condition. An additional difference between the auditory learning competence of hatchlings and embryos was that the hatchlings were capable of learning the spectral features of a maternal call even if it was pulsed at different repetition rates during exposure (familiarization) and the subsequent test for recognition. The evolutionary significance of the results was discussed in terms of the general importance of familiarization as a basic behavioral mechanism underlying not only parental attachment but dietary and habitat preferences and the like.
TL;DR: In this paper, a survey of 447 graduate psychology programs in the United States and Canada concerning preparation of graduate students for classroom teaching and supervising the work of other graduate students is presented.
Abstract: This article reports a survey of 447 graduate psychology programs in the United States and Canada concerning preparation of graduate students for classroom teaching and supervising the work of othe...
TL;DR: In this article, a laboratory procedure evaluated three theoretical frameworks commonly used to explain gender differences in influence behaviors: the intrapersonal, which predicted main effects for gender, social context, and sex stratification, an extension of expectation states theory.
Abstract: A laboratory procedure evaluated three theoretical frameworks commonly used to explain gender differences in influence behaviors: the intrapersonal, which predicted main effects for gender; social context, which predicted main effects for situational variables; and sex stratification, an extension of expectation states theory, which predicted gender by situation interactions. Results supported the latter theory, indicating that goals (self-interest or altruism) and target behavior (insulting or not insulting) differentially affected women's and men's behavior. The relative use of reward, coercion, and request influence strategies was examined. Males and females increased their use of each strategy type differentially across trial blocks. Females used request and males used reward increasingly across trial blocks. Only males who were insulted showed an increase in coercion. Contrary to stereotypes, results suggest that males and females may hold similar preferences for strategies they use most to least often, but may switch their choices at different rates.
TL;DR: In this article, three alternative strategies to link assessment and treatment within a behavioral perspective are described: functional analysis in which the maintaining variables of the target behavior are identified in assessment and modified in treatment.
Abstract: Three alternative strategies to link assessment and treatment within a behavioral perspective are described. First is the functional analysis in which the maintaining variables of the target behavior are identified in assessment and modified in treatment. Although this strategy appears to be frequently successful based on positive treatment outcome, critical tests are seldom done: hypothesized functional analyses are not tested prior to intervention; nor is treatment outcome based on one functional analysis pitted against treatment outcome based on an alternative functional analysis. The second strategy is the keystone target behavior strategy. From among multiple possible target behaviors, one is selected for intervention that produces therapeutic response covariation. The third strategy is the diagnostic strategy. A treatment is selected for a particular client based on its overall success in treating a particular disorder. Empirical comparisons are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of these different strategies, linking assessment and treatment for different disorders.
TL;DR: The correlation of the obesity index and self-esteem indicated that as weight increasedSelf-esteem decreased, and mean self- esteem of the low- and middle-weight by height group was significantly higher than the mean of the high-weightBy height group.
Abstract: The Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale was administered to 550 14- and 16-yr.-old (+/- 6 mo.) girls. Self-esteem scores were categorized by weight and weight by height. Scores on the Quetelet Index for obesity were correlated with self-esteem scores. Mean self-esteem of the low- and middle-weight by height group was significantly higher than the mean of the high-weight by height group. In analyzing weight alone, the self-esteem of the middle-weight group was significantly higher than the self-esteem of the high-weight group. The correlation of the obesity index and self-esteem indicated that as weight increased self-esteem decreased.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the general life condition and subjective well-being of four subgroups of the elderly: white males, white females, black males and black females.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explain the evolution of cultural theory from its anthropological roots to its applications in ecological management and apply cultural theory to a typology of common property resources and illustrate its usefulness by examining grazing subsidies in the American southwest.
Abstract: Cultural theory utilizes concepts drawn from social anthropology, sociology, and organization theory to explain the social and cultural biases of policy actors and interest groups. Certain ideas of nature are associated with each cultural bias; these ideas of nature are in turn associated with types of resource management institutions. By identifying an actor or group's culture bias, analysts can explain the success or failure of different management activities. This paper explains the evolution of cultural theory from its anthropological roots to its applications in ecological management. It then applies cultural theory to a typology of common property resources and illustrates its usefulness by examining grazing subsidies in the American southwest.
TL;DR: The authors describe the mentoring experiences of school psychologists as a basis for further exploration of its process and its improvement, as well as their relationship with the mentors, the proteges, and their relationship.
TL;DR: A repeated-measures ANOVA of central tendency and variablility values led to the conclusions that fluctuating, negative middle-ear pressure greater than normal characterizes both autistic and learning-disabled children, and the condition is typically bilateral for autistic children.
Abstract: Katz (1978) has suggested that mild, fluctuating conductive hearing loss due to middle-ear anomalies may account for the language and attention problems of learning-disabled children. His position was extended here to include autism. Normal, learning-disabled, and autistic children received repeated impedance measures over 5 weeks. A repeated-measures ANOVA of central tendency and variability values led to the conclusions that (1) fluctuating, negative middle-ear pressure greater than normal characterizes both autistic and learning-disabled children, (2) the negative pressure is greater in autistic than in learning-disabled children, and (3) the condition is typically bilateral for autistic children.
TL;DR: Data suggest that giving residents instruction can improve their teaching skills, and by doing so, both the residents and the programme can benefit.
Abstract: Summary. This study addressed three evaluation questions about the effectiveness of a workshop to teach residents how to teach: (1) How do residents evaluate their own teaching skills? (2) How do students evaluate residents' teaching skills? (3) Do residents of various specialties differ in their teaching skills? One hundred and five residents rated their skills on the Inventory of Teaching Behavior significantly higher after attending the workshop than before it. Third-year students evaluated the teaching skills of both residents who had attended the workshop and those who had not. On four of the nine items of the Clinical Teaching Assessment Form, students rated residents who had attended significantly higher than the control residents. Some differences in teaching skills among the various specialties were found as were differences between resident self-rating and student rating. These data suggest that giving residents instruction can improve their teaching skills. By doing so, both the residents and the programme can benefit.
TL;DR: Overall, hearing students used more nonliteral constructions in their written stories than did their deaf peers (who used very few), whereas deaf students used less in their signed stories than their hearing peers did in their spoken stories.
TL;DR: For ducklings to show a visually imprinted preference for a natural maternal model, they must be allowed social interaction with broodmates of their own species, and this results provide further evidence of the importance of nonobvious experimental factors in the development of species-typical behavior.
Abstract: Previous studies have shown that if domestic mallard ducklings are allowed social interaction with broodmates after their initial exposure to a stuffed mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) hen, they later show a visual preference for the familiar mallard over an unfamiliar redhead (Aythya americana) hen. Birds kept in social isolation do not make this difficult discrimination. In the present study, we examined whether this social enhancement of imprintability to a natural maternal model is merely the result of social stimulation in its most general sense, or if its effects are specific to social interaction for 30 min (training). This experience resulted in visual preference for the familiar mallard hen over the unfamiliar redhead hen in simultaneous choices tests at 48 hr and 72 hr after hatching only if the birds were allowed social experience with a group of same-age undomesticated mallard hatchings. No visual preference for the familiar mallard hen was found if the ducklings were permitted social experience with a group of same-age chick (Gallus domesticus) hatchlings or muscovy (Cairina moschata) ducklings. Thus, it appears that for ducklings to show a visually imprinted preference for a natural maternal model, they must be allowed social interaction with broodmates of their own species. Social rearing with other precocial bird hatchlings, even other ducklings, is without apparent effect. These results provide further evidence of the importance of nonobvious experimental factors in the development of species-typical behavior. They also suggest that in the evolution of the species-specific learning underlying early species identification, natural selection has operated on the entire (organism-environment) developmental manifold and not merely on genetic, organic, or organismic aspects of that system.
TL;DR: The multiplist approach to personality assessment was used as a general framework to examine daily stressors and ways subjects coped with those stressors as discussed by the authors, finding that the majority of subjects were consistent in their use of coping strategies, particularly when context was taken into account.
TL;DR: It is shown that the correct selection of a master production schedule (MPS) method depends on the variance of end-item demand, and there is evidence that the effectiveness of a particular MPS method can be enhanced by holding buffer inventory at the same level in the product structure as in the MPS.
Abstract: Previous research on material requirements planning (MRP) systems has rarely considered the impact of the master production scheduling method used to promise customer orders and to allocate production capacity. Based on a simulation study of an MRP environment, we show that the correct selection of a master production schedule (MPS) method depends on the variance of end-item demand. In addition, we find evidence that the effectiveness of a particular MPS method can be enhanced by holding buffer inventory at the same level in the product structure as in the MPS.
TL;DR: The relationship between employee productivity with new technology and listening ability was investigated in a field study of 391 data entry employees from two divisions of a large corporation as mentioned in this paper, where employees from both divisions were given a standardized test to assess their lis tening ability before they began to operate a new computer system.
Abstract: The relationship between employee productivity with new technology and listening ability was investigated in a field study of 391 data entry employees from two divisions ofa large corporation. Comparisons were also made with individual levels of past produc tivity. Employees from both divisions were given a standardized test to assess their lis tening ability before they began to operate a new computer system. Employees from one of the divisions were provided with a 15-hour listening training program one week before the new system was implemented. An analysis of coevariance revealed three noteworthy findings. First, employee listening ability had the most significant effect on employee productivity with the new computer. Second, the employees who received the listening training program performed at significantly higher levels with the new technology than employees who did not receive training. Finally, past productivity also had a significant effect on how productive the employees were with the new comput...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the cycle structure of permutations of the finite field Fqn of the form L(x) = ∑ i=0 n−1 a i x q i where each ai ϵ Fq.
TL;DR: This examination of different nursing approaches suggests that variations in interventions have a major impact on the outcomes of care and consistent review of prior nursing care can provide professional nurses with information on meeting quality standards and suggest new approaches to patient care.