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Showing papers by "University of North Carolina at Greensboro published in 1995"


01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: The approach to measuring battering operationalizes the experiences of battered women rather than the abusive behaviors they encounter, which emphasizes the meanings battered women attach to the violence and to battering as an enduring presence in their lives.
Abstract: Measuring only the physical markers of violence (e.g., slapping, beating) fails to capture the chronic vulnerability and gendered nature of battered women's experiences. Instruments that measure only observable discrete events may mask the continuous nature of battering and the relation between events and experience. Our approach to measuring battering operationalizes the experiences of battered women rather than the abusive behaviors they encounter. This alternative approach emphasizes the meanings battered women attach to the violence and to battering as an enduring presence in their lives. Focus groups with 22 battered women generated qualitative data for developing scale items (Smith, Tessaro, & Earp, 1995) and a known-groups survey with 185 battered and 204 nonbattered women determined the final scale items. Factor analysis of 40 initial items revealed a strong single-factor solution. The resulting 10-item Women's Experiences with Battering (WEB) Scale demonstrated high internal consistency reliability, was significantly correlated with known-group status, exhibited good construct validity, and was not significantly correlated with a measure of social desirability. The WEB Scale provides researchers with a valid and concise measure for studying relations between battering and health or health behavior, as well as evaluating the impact of interventions on battered women or prevalence.

317 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a hypothetical model of the determinants and outcomes of reading aloud was tested using two samples of families of preschool-aged children and their parents, which involved 60 low-income families.

270 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article explored ethnic socialization among middle-income African American parents and their children who attend predominantly white schools and found that children's reports of ethnic socialisation were significantly related to the encounter stage of ethnic identity.
Abstract: This research explores ethnic socialization among middle-income African American parents and their children who attend predominantly white schools. Descriptive data regarding parents' and children's reports of ethnic socialization practices were obtained. Additionally, the relationship between ethnic socialization, ethnic identity, and academic achievement was assessed through correlational and predictive statistics. Correlation analyses indicated that children's reports of ethnic socialization were significantly related to the encounter stage of ethnic identity. Surprisingly, the child's report of ethnic socialization was predictive of lower classroom grades. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for ethnic socialization and identity development among African American children.

257 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Von Restorff presented evidence that perceptual salience is not necessary for the isolation effect and argued that the difference between the isolated and surrounding items is not sufficient to produce isolation effects but must be considered in the context of similarity.
Abstract: The isolation effect is a well-known memory phenomenon whose discovery is frequently attributed to von Restorff (1933). If all but one item of a list are similar on some dimension, memory for the different item will be enhanced. Modern theory of the isolation effect emphasizes perceptual salience and accompanying differential attention to the isolated item as necessary for enhanced memory. In fact, von Restorff, whose paper is not available in English, presented evidence that perceptual salience is not necessary for the isolation effect. She further argued that the difference between the isolated and surrounding items is not sufficient to produce isolation effects but must be considered in the context of similarity. Von Restorff’s reasoning and data have implications for the use of distinctiveness in contemporary memory research, where distinctiveness is sometimes defined as perceptual salience and sometimes as a theoretical process of discrimination. As a theoretical construct, distinctiveness is a useful description of the effects of differences even in the absence of perceptual salience, but distinctiveness must be used in conjunction with constructs referring to similarity to provide an adequate account of the isolation effect and probably any other memory phenomena.

250 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article investigated the relationship between macroeconomic conditions and two alcohol-related outcomes, such as consumption and highway vehicle fatalities, and found no evidence that fluctuations in economic conditions have a disproportionate impact on the drunk-driving of young adults.

231 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper found that older adults who have many friends and have close ties with their families are more socially and psychologically well-adjusted than those who are alienated from their networks, while the elderly tend to have more heterogeneity in relationships as they grow older.
Abstract: Aging encourages people to enhance their friend and family relationships. In general, the elderly tend to have more heterogeneity in relationships as they grow older. They depend on these relationships for instrumental, financial and emotional support. As a result, older adults who have many friends and have close ties with their families are more socially and psychologically well-adjusted than those who are alienated from their networks.

206 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper examined the effect of community college coursework on the beliefs and on the classroom practices of teachers in child care centers and found that the classrooms of the program participants had made significant gains on the Early Childhood Environment Rating Scales (ECERS) or the Infant-Toddler Environment Rating Scale (ITERS) and the Teacher Belief Scale between the pre-and posttest and were also more developmentally appropriate, as measured by the ECERS or the ITERS, than the comparison teachers at the time of posttest.

195 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article investigated what teachers understood from reading and writing about a case, compared to what they thought when also discussing it, and found that discussion is a crucial variable in teachers' learning from cases.

194 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evidence is growing that the physical, psychological, and sexual violence battered women are subjected to contributes to the development of many serious health problems including injury, depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, chronic pain, gastrointestinal disorders, substance abuse, suicide, and homicide.
Abstract: Battering of women by their male partners affects an estimated 3 -4 million women each year in the United States. Prevalence studies indicate that between one-third and one-fifth of all women will be physically assaulted by a male partner. Battering generally consists of men's continuous use of physical, and often sexual, assaults along with verbally and emotionally abusive behaviors that may become more severe and damaging over time. In addition to assaulting their partners, batterers also threaten, intimidate, and humiliate them; isolate them from family and friends; restrict their access to money and other resources; threaten the safety of children and others in their families; and control their activities outside the home. Sex is also a weapon batterers use to gain power over their partners; this manifests itself as both rape and withholding sexual affection. Evidence is growing that the physical, psychological, and sexual violence battered women are subjected to contributes to the development of many serious health problems including injury, depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, chronic pain, gastrointestinal disorders, substance abuse, suicide, and homicide.

180 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article explored how my experience in dance is represented in my educational research and found that it is the lived experience of dancing that has found to be most influential in my thinking and writing, and which has provided the metaphors that have helped me to understand my life and my work as a scholar.
Abstract: As a scholar in a dance department, I am expected to produce words, not movement, scholarly research instead of choreography. While I have experimented with some forms that mix media, combining spoken scholarly text with choreographed or improvised movement, and presented these at several conferences, I do not think that research must be sung, painted, or danced in order to represent the influence of the arts. In this paper I will explore how my experience in dance is represented in my educational research. That experience includes more than thirty years of being in the audience as well as in the studio. Yet it is the lived experience of dancing that I have found to be most influential in my thinking and writing, and which has provided the metaphors that have helped me to understand my life and my work as a scholar.

173 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: School counseling as a specialty area of the counseling profession emerged, and continues to evolve, as a result of social, educational, political, and economic trends.
Abstract: School counseling as a specialty area of the counseling profession emerged, and continues to evolve, as a result of social, educational, political, and economic trends. Specifically, at the beginning of the twentieth century, divergent needs of public school populations required the inclusion of specialized assistance for students beyond that which was commonly and previously offered by teachers (Schmidt, 1993). The need for such specialized assistance for students remains apparent today. Demographic information (Glosoff & Koprowicz, 1990; Hodgkinson, 1985) describes a context for children and adolescents that includes divorce, poverty, violence, and neglect as well as the anticipated transitions associated with the process of growing up.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a qualitative interview with women with disabilities was conducted to obtain information about the experience and meaning of leisure for women with physical disabilities, and two major themes emerged relative to constraints to leisure: magnification of leisure constraints and strategies for negotiating constraints.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to enhance the conceptual understanding of the importance and meaning of constraints to leisure for women with physical disabilities. In-depth qualitative interviews with women with disabilities were used to obtain information about the experience and meanings of leisure. Symbolic interactionism provided the framework for conducting the study. Two major themes emerged relative to constraints to leisure: magnification of leisure constraints for women with physical disabilities, and strategies for negotiating constraints. The data suggested that leisure choices were not necessarily disability-determined, but the context of the disability influenced choices and constraints. Means for negotiating leisure constraints were explicated by examining the lives of women with physical disabilities.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Average within-group variability in submaximal VO2 was similar across categories and a marked overlap of minimum, mean and maximal economy values existed across categories, suggesting trained subjects are more economical than untrained subjects and economical and uneconomical runners can be found in all performance categories.
Abstract: Variation in the aerobic demand (VO2) of submaximal running was quantified among trained and untrained subjects stratified by performance capability. Based on a retrospective analysis of seven published studies, maximal aerobic power (VO2max), and submaximal VO2 values were analyzed in three groups of trained distance runners (Category 1 (C1) (elite runners; N = 22), Category 2 (C2) (sub-elite runners; N = 41), and Category 3 (C3) (good runners; N = 16), and one group (N = 10) of untrained subjects (Category 4; C4). Results indicated that VO2max differed significantly (P C2 > C3 > C4. Analysis of submaximal VO2 data also revealed that C4 was more uneconomical than C1, C2, and C3 and that C2 and C3 were less economical than C1. Average within-group variability in submaximal VO2 was similar across categories and a marked overlap of minimum, mean and maximal economy values existed across categories. These data suggest that 1) trained subjects are more economical than untrained subjects, 2) elite runners display better economy compared to less-talented counterparts, and 3) economical and uneconomical runners can be found in all performance categories.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Feb 1995-Quest
TL;DR: This analysis indicates that the games for understanding model provides a more viable way of teaching strategic decision making for game players.
Abstract: A predominant area of instruction in school physical education programs is game play. Effective decision making is important to the successful execution of skills. Unfortunately, the task of teaching effective decision making in varying game situations is not easy. The demands of the game require far more than simply physical skillfulness. Game play is interwoven with numerous decision-making opportunities for the participant. Successful game players must make these decisions in an effective and timely manner. The purpose of this article is to compare two models of game instruction: the technique model and the “games for understanding” model. This analysis indicates that the games for understanding model provides a more viable way of teaching strategic decision making for game players. Included will be discussions on the various theories that contrast the two approaches. A final section provides suggestions for future research into the validity of the “games for understanding model.”

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Reduction of Fe(III) within the lumen or at the cell surface is required for transfer of this essential micronutrient across the intestinal brush border surface to examine the importance of reduction of nonheme ferric iron for transport across the brushborder surface.
Abstract: Differentiated cultures of Caco-2 human colonic cells were used to examine the importance of reduction of nonheme ferric iron, Fe(III), for transport across the brush border surface. Cultures accumulated approximately 100 pmol Fe/(h.mg protein) when 10 mumol Fe(III) as the nitrilotriacetic acid complex (1Fe:2NTA) was added to the apical compartment. Ascorbic acid enhanced cellular acquisition of iron in a dose-dependent manner, with a concentration as low as 8 mumol/L ascorbate increasing iron uptake by 50%. Similarly, the rate of iron transport from the apical to the basolateral compartment increased 5.6- and 30-fold when 100 and 1000 mumol/L ascorbic acid, respectively, were present in the apical chamber. Ascorbate-mediated stimulation of iron uptake was temperature dependent and required the reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II), because it was inhibited by ascorbate oxidase and chelators of Fe(II). Moreover, Caco-2 cells recycled dehydroascorbic acid to ascorbic acid. Ferricyanide and Fe(II) chelators also partially inhibited iron uptake from a medium devoid of ascorbic acid. Intact Caco-2 cells exhibited a ferrireductase activity on the apical surface that accounted for the majority of iron accumulated by cells incubated in the absence of exogenous reductant. These data suggest that reduction of Fe(III) within the lumen or at the cell surface is required for transfer of this essential micronutrient across the intestinal brush border surface.

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TL;DR: This review will discuss recent progress and recall some earlier experiments concerning the molecular basis of hormonal action in insects focusing primarily on the members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily in Drosophila melanogaster.

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TL;DR: The authors identified rating leniency as one of the most troublesome rating errors, but little is known about the extent to which the error is a stable rater tendency, although Guilford hypothesiz...
Abstract: Research has identified rating leniency as one of the most troublesome of rating errors. Little is known about the extent to which the error is a stable rater tendency, although Guilford hypothesiz...


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed a model of real estate cap rates that draws on the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) theory and the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) in the finance literature.
Abstract: This study develops a model of real estate cap rates that draws on the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) theory and the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) in the finance literature. The model indicates cap rates are determined by debt and equity spreads. The debt spread is the risky debt rate less the risk-free rate, and the equity spread is the return on the market less the risk-free rate. The empirical results support the importance of both spreads; however, cap rates respond with significant adjustment lags to changes in capital market spreads. Our findings support the widely held belief that real estate markets are information inefficient and segmented from the national capital market.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For instance, this paper pointed out that narrative research, in all of its various manifestations, is deeply implicated in contemporary conflicts over theory, methodology, and politics in scholarly investigation, and pointed out the emergence of a post-paradigmatic age: new configurations emerge while earlier formulations persist, and various versions deconstruct and recombine.
Abstract: Throughout the 1980s, a different kind of academic inquiry gained momentum, one that invited the interpretations of previously ignored informants. It is difficult to imagine a scholar who has not noticed the many new publications featuring life stories and personal narratives. Yet, like the concurrent, and not unconnected, proliferation of volumes on \"the self and \"the postmodern,\" this phenomenon can seem both pervasive and elusive. Narrative research, in all of its various manifestations, is deeply implicated in contemporary conflicts over theory, methodology, and politics in scholarly investigation. Rather than providing evidence of a paradigm shift, however, an examination of these unruly developments would more likely confirm the arrival of a postparadigmatic age: New configurations emerge while earlier formulations persist, and various versions deconstruct and recombine. Nevertheless, I believe that it is possible to perceive some complex patterns of growth and change in this area. The aim of this chapter is not to curb the exhilarating experimentation that characterizes the current enthusiasm for narrative research. Rather, my purpose here is to familiarize readers with contemporary examples of narrative research in education while deliberating over definitions, examining explanations for the present popularity of such research, considering social purposes, addressing existing criticisms, and indicating innovative contributions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The data show that the in vitro activities of T lymphocytes and neutrophils isolated from adult male rats chronically fed a diet marginally low in Cu were significantly suppressed without marked alterations in the traditional indicators of Cu status.
Abstract: We investigated the impact of chronic intake of a diet marginally low in Cu on traditional indicators of Cu status and in vitro activities of splenic mononuclear cells and neutrophils. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing either 2.8 (LCu) or 6.7 [adequate (ACu)]mg Cu/kg from midgestation through lactation. Weaned male and female offspring were fed the same diets as their dams until 6 months of age. Dietary Cu level did not alter growth, heart weight, the concentrations of Cu or the activities of cuproenzymes in serum and most tissues. In contrast, splenic mononuclear cells (MNC) from males, but not females, fed the LCu diet were less responsive to in vitro mitogenic activation and generated less interleukin-2 bioactivity than cultures prepared from males fed the ACu diet. Repletion with the ACu diet for 2 wk restored in vitro activities of splenic MNC to control levels. The phorbol myristate acetate-induced generation of superoxide anion by elicited neutrophils from male rodents fed the LCu diet was only 60% that of cells from the ACu diet group. Brain Cu in adult rats fed LCu diet was irreversibly decreased compared with those fed ACu diet. These data show that the in vitro activities of T lymphocytes and neutrophils isolated from adult male rats chronically fed a diet marginally low in Cu were significantly suppressed without marked alterations in the traditional indicators of Cu status.

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TL;DR: In this article, the time-invariant factors of caregiver gender and generational relationship were analyzed for their negative impacts on caregiving, including strain in family relationships, restrictions in social activity, and decline in health.
Abstract: In this study of 262 individuals caring for victims of Alzheimer's disease, the time-invariant factors of caregiver gender and generational relationship were analyzed for their negative impacts on caregiving. Caregiving impacts included strain in family relationships, restrictions in social activity, and decline in health. Results indicate that the impacts of caregiving are not distributed uniformly among caregivers but vary according to both caregiver gender and the generational relationship between the caregiver and the care recipient. Caregiver gender influences strain in family relationships and decline in caregiver health; generational relationship affects restrictions in caregiver social activity. To a lesser extent, caregiving involvement is affected by both gender and generational relationship.

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TL;DR: In the early 1970s, a number of prestigious commissions convened to study the problems of adolescents reached the common conclusion that additional early work experience would foster the development of personal responsibility, smooth the transition from youth to adulthood, and improve educational performance and occupational attainment.
Abstract: During the mid-1970s, a number of prestigious commissions convened to study the problems of adolescents reached the common conclusion that additional early work experience would foster the development of personal responsibility, smooth the transition from youth to adulthood, and improve educational performance and occupational attainment. Shortly thereafter, a number of federal initiatives were passed with the goal of increasing the employment experience of youths. These recommendations were made in the absence of hard empirical evidence that increased job-holding caused or even was correlated with favorable outcomes. Economic theory also fails to provide unambiguous predictions concerning the efficacy of youth employment. For example, the human capital model identifies both potential benefits and costs of working. On the one hand, time devoted to jobs could detract from potentially more productive educational investments. On the other, the employment might provide skills and knowledge which increase future productivity and complement in-class learning. Early work experience could also speed the process by which youths obtain positions where there is a good match between job requirements and worker qualifications.


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TL;DR: The authors examined strengths among African American parents and found that most parents described the values and behaviors that they imparted to their children, based on a model of family competence, which is similar to ours.
Abstract: Building on a model of family competence, the authors examined strengths among African American parents. Fifty-three parents described the values and behaviors that they imparted to their children....

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relationship among body composition, exercise participation, and physique anxiety in a sample of middle-aged, formerly sedentary males and females, and found that females and those between 45 and 54 years were significantly more physique-anxious than their older counterparts.
Abstract: The present study examined the relationships among body composition, exercise participation, and physique anxiety in a sample of middle-aged, formerly sedentary males and females. Study variables were assessed prior to and following participation in a 20-week aerobic exercise program. Subjects reduced their weight, body fat, and body circumferences over the course of the program, as well as physique anxiety. Multivariate and hierarchical regression analyses revealed females and those subjects between 45 and 54 years to be significantly more physique-anxious than their older counterparts. Being female and failing to reduce hip circumference were significantly related to postprogram physique anxiety. Although those who exercised more frequently tended to be less physique-anxious in correlational analyses, exercise frequency was a nonsignificant predictor when controlling for body composition. Thus, it appears that body image is a concern across the female age spectrum rather than the sole province of undergraduate females.

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TL;DR: In this article, the spread between the listing and contract prices is examined, and it is shown to be a good indicator of the availability of housing market liquidity, rather than time on the market (TOM).
Abstract: Most studies of housing market liquidity have measured liquidity in terms of time on the market (TOM), and have sought to explain TOM in terms of property characteristics and measures of market conditions. This paper departs from past studies of housing market liquidity by examining the spread between the listing and contract prices.

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TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined 10 factors and their relation to the life satisfaction of single middle-aged professional women, including job satisfaction, gender identity, locus of control, social support, health, financial resources, leisure-time activities, sexual satisfaction, and regrets regarding life circumstances.
Abstract: This study examined 10 factors and their relation to the life satisfaction of single middle-aged professional women. The proposed regression model, which included job satisfaction, gender identity, locus of control, social support, health, financial resources, leisure-time activities, sexual satisfaction, and regrets regarding life circumstances, was explored through a questionnaire. Questionnaires were administered to single professional women in higher education institutions. Responses were received from 152 women. Performance on life satisfaction was significantly explained by recourse to the variables of job satisfaction, internal locus of control, regrets regarding life circumstances, sexual satisfaction, and leisure-time activities.

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TL;DR: The advantages and disadvantages of using health care records as data sources for research are examined and the research method issues related to these data sources are discussed.
Abstract: Health care records are comprehensive in nature, and provide continuity of health care; therefore, they are vital components in the delivery of services Health care records also are extremely important for researchers, since they are a rich source of critical information, and the documentation in them is considered to be legally and medically accurate and reliable This paper examines the advantages and disadvantages of using health care records as data sources for research and discusses the research method issues related to these data sources The issues addressed are illustrated with examples from three large studies in which health care record reviews represented the only source of data or were a primary information source

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TL;DR: This paper reviewed fifty-two research reports from the human/companion animal relationship literature published from 1988 to 1993 using a shortened farm of the Selby Research, Assessment Form II (RAF) Descriptive data were analyzed for characteristics such as attributes of authors, grant funding, purposes, quality of literature reviews and conceptual frameworks, settings and sampling, research designs, and implications for future research.
Abstract: Fifty-two research reports from the human/companion animal relationship literature published from 1988 to 1993 were reviewed using a shortened farm of the Selby Research, Assessment Form II (RAF) Descriptive data were analyzed for characteristics such as attributes of authors, grant funding, purposes, quality of literature reviews and conceptual frameworks, settings and sampling, research designs, and implications for future research. Qualitative data describing results of studies were summarized. Over half of the studies were published in Anthrozoos and were not grant funded. These were primarily nonexperimental studies using nonprobability, nongeneralizable samples. Social support was the most frequently cited framework. Understudied populations were rural groups, the middle aged, adolescents, and institutionalized elders. Few errors were committed in describing instruments or reporting analyses of data.