Showing papers by "University of North Carolina at Greensboro published in 2005"
TL;DR: The genesis of these tasks is reviewed and how and why they came to be so influential, the reliability and validity of the tasks are addressed, and more technical aspects are considered, such as optimal administration and scoring procedures.
Abstract: Working memory (WM) span tasks—and in particular, counting span, operation span, and reading span tasks—are widely used measures of WM capacity. Despite their popularity, however, there has never been a comprehensive analysis of the merits of WM span tasks as measurement tools. Here, we review the genesis of these tasks and discuss how and why they came to be so influential. In so doing, we address the reliability and validity of the tasks, and we consider more technical aspects of the tasks, such as optimal administration and scoring procedures. Finally, we discuss statistical and methodological techniques that have commonly been used in conjunction with WM span tasks, such as latent variable analysis and extreme-groups designs.
2,411 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that although most models resolve a difficult feature associated with globalization, few models address the practical global supply chain design problem in its entirety.
Abstract: In this paper, we review decision support models for the design of global supply chains, and assess the fit between the research literature in this area and the practical issues of global supply chain design The classification scheme for this review is based on ongoing and emerging issues in global supply chain management and includes review dimensions for (1) decisions addressed in the model, (2) performance metrics, (3) the degree to which the model supports integrated decision processes, and (4) globalization considerations We conclude that although most models resolve a difficult feature associated with globalization, few models address the practical global supply chain design problem in its entirety We close the paper with recommendations for future research in global supply chain modeling that is both forward-looking and practically oriented
784 citations
TL;DR: This article showed that smoking and excess weight decline during temporary economic downturns while leisure-time physical activity rises. But, there is little evidence of an important role for income reductions, and the overall conclusion is that changes in behaviors supply one mechanism for the procyclical variation in mortality and morbidity observed in recent research.
614 citations
TL;DR: The authors' reanalysis of 14 such data sets from 10 published studies suggests a strong correlation between WMC and Gf/reasoning factors, demonstrating that WMC has greater discriminant validity than Ackerman et al. (2005) implied and suggesting some future directions and challenges for the scientific study of the convergence of WMC, attention control, and intelligence.
Abstract: The authors agree with P. L. Ackerman, M. E. Beier, and M. O. Boyle (2005; see record 2004-22408-002) that working memory capacity (WMC) is not isomorphic with general fluid intelligence (Gf) or reasoning ability. However, the WMC and Gf/reasoning constructs are more strongly associated than Ackerman et al. (2005) indicate, particularly when considering the outcomes of latent-variable studies. The authors' reanalysis of 14 such data sets from 10 published studies, representing more than 3,100 young-adult subjects, suggests a strong correlation between WMC and Gf/reasoning factors (median r=.72), indicating that the WMC and Gf constructs share approximately 50% of their variance. This comment also clarifies the authors' "executive attention" view of WMC, it demonstrates that WMC has greater discriminant validity than Ackerman et al. (2005) implied, and it suggests some future directions and challenges for the scientific study of the convergence of WMC, attention control, and intelligence.
515 citations
TL;DR: Pintrich as mentioned in this paper proposed a conceptual framework for studying self-regulated learning comprising phases (forethought, planning, activation; monitoring; control; reaction, reflection) and areas for self-regulation (cognition, motivation, behavior, context).
Abstract: Paul R. Pintrich was a leading figure in the field of self-regulated learning. This article discusses some of Paul's major contributions: (a) formulating a conceptual framework for studying self-regulated learning comprising phases (forethought, planning, activation; monitoring; control; reaction, reflection) and areas for self-regulation (cognition, motivation, behavior, context); (b) emphasizing the role of motivation in self-regulation; (c) conducting research linking learning, motivation, and self-regulation; (d) exploring the development of and interventions to enhance self-regulatory processes; (e) investigating how the complexities of classrooms and schools affect self-regulation; and (f) helping to develop the MSLQ to assess self-regulated learning, cognition, and motivation. Paul's writings provide ideas for future research on self-regulated learning. Paul Pintrich left a rich legacy through his theoretical elaboration, exemplary research, dissemination and advocacy, and personal and professional...
507 citations
TL;DR: The appraisal perspective offers a powerful way of construing the causes of interest, and appraisals predicted interest beyond relevant traits (curiosity, openness).
Abstract: Relative to other emotions, interest is poorly understood. On the basis of theories of appraisal process and structure, it was predicted that interest consists of appraisals of novelty (factors related to unfamiliarity and complexity) and appraisals of coping potential (the ability to understand the new, complex thing). Four experiments, using in vivo rather than retrospective methods, supported this appraisal structure. The findings were general across measured and manipulated appraisals, interesting stimuli (random polygons, visual art, poetry), and measures of interest (self-reports, forced-choice, behavioral measures). Furthermore, the appraisal structure was specific to interest (it did not predict enjoyment, a related positive emotion), and appraisals predicted interest beyond relevant traits (curiosity, openness). The appraisal perspective offers a powerful way of construing the causes of interest.
475 citations
TL;DR: The Daily Show with Jon Stewart as mentioned in this paper is a hybrid blend of comedy, news, and political conversation that is difficult to pigeon hole, and although the program often is dismissed as being "fake" news, its significance for political communication may run much deeper.
Abstract: The boundaries between news and entertainment, and between public affairs and pop culture, have become difficult if not impossible to discern. At the intersection of those borders sits The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, a hybrid blend of comedy, news, and political conversation that is difficult to pigeon hole. Although the program often is dismissed as being “fake” news, its significance for political communication may run much deeper. This study first locates The Daily Show within an emerging media environment defined by the forces of technological multiplication, economic consolidation, and discursive integration, a landscape in which “real” news is becoming increasingly harder to identify or define. It then offers an interpretive reading of the program that understands the show not as “fake news,” but as an experiment in journalism. It argues that the show uses techniques drawn from genres of news, comedy, and television talk to revive a journalism of critical inquiry and advance a model of deliberative...
453 citations
TL;DR: It has been found that the lack of appropriate culture and organizational (internal) readiness as the most important factor contributing to failure of SAP implementations in 15 companies, and the presence of project management approaches and appropriateculture and organizational readiness are the mostImportant factors contributing to the success of SAP implementation in 29 organizations.
Abstract: Purpose – Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems are software packages that allow companies to have more real time visibility and control over their operations. This paper aims to investigate and analyze common circumstances that occur within most ERP projects, and determines the areas that are key to success versus those that contribute to failure.Design/methodology/approach – The study is based on a content analysis of published articles reporting SAP implementations in 44 companies.Findings – Identifies six common factors that are indicative of successful or non‐successful SAP implementations. It has been found that the lack of appropriate culture and organizational (internal) readiness as the most important factor contributing to failure of SAP implementations in 15 companies. The presence of project management approaches and appropriate culture and organizational (internal) readiness are the most important factors contributing to the success of SAP implementations in 29 organizations.Research lim...
404 citations
01 Jan 2005
393 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that 30 minutes of aerobic and anaerobic exercise performed by young, cross-trained men can increase certain biomarkers of oxidative stress in blood, differentially affect oxidative stress biomarkers, and result in a different magnitude of oxidation based on the macromolecule studied.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare oxidative modification of blood proteins, lipids, DNA, and glutathione in the 24 hours following aerobic and anaerobic exercise using similar muscle groups. Ten cross-trained men (24.3 ± 3.8 years, [mean ± SEM]) performed in random order 30 minutes of continuous cycling at 70% of V?O2max and intermittent dumbbell squatting at 70% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM), separated by 1–2 weeks, in a crossover design. Blood samples taken before, and immediately, 1, 6, and 24 hours postexercise were analyzed for plasma protein carbonyls (PC), plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), and whole-blood total (TGSH), oxidized (GSSG), and reduced (GSH) glutathione. Blood samples taken before and 24 hours postexercise were analyzed for serum 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). PC values were greater at 6 and 24 hours postexercise compared with pre-exercise for squatting, with greater PC values at 24 hours postexercise for squatting compared with cycling (0.634 ± 0.053 vs. 0.359 ± 0.018 nM·mg protein-1). There was no significant interaction or main effects for MDA or 8-OHdG. GSSG experienced a short- lived increase and GSH a transient decrease immediately following both exercise modes. These data suggest that 30 minutes of aerobic and anaerobic exercise performed by young, cross- trained men (a) can increase certain biomarkers of oxidative stress in blood, (b) differentially affect oxidative stress biomarkers, and (c) result in a different magnitude of oxidation based on the macromolecule studied. Practical applications: While protein and glutathione oxidation was increased following acute exercise as performed in this study, future research may investigate methods of reducing macromolecule oxidation, possibly through the use of antioxidant therapy.
321 citations
TL;DR: A review on the essentiality and toxicity of manganese and its transport across the blood-brain barrier, and its distribution within the central nervous system (CNS) is presented in this article.
Abstract: Manganese (Mn) is an essential mineral that is found at low levels in food, water, and the air. Under certain high-dose exposure conditions, elevations in tissue manganese levels can occur. Excessive manganese accumulation can result in adverse neurological, reproductive, and respiratory effects in both laboratory animals and humans. In humans, manganese-induced neurotoxicity (manganism) is the overriding concern since affected individuals develop a motor dysfunction syndrome that is recognized as a form of parkinsonism. This review primarily focuses on the essentiality and toxicity of manganese and considers contemporary studies evaluating manganese dosimetry and its transport across the blood-brain barrier, and its distribution within the central nervous system (CNS). These studies have dramatically improved our understanding of the health risks posed by manganese by determining exposure conditions that lead to increased concentrations of this metal within the CNS and other target organs. Most individuals are exposed to manganese by the oral and inhalation routes of exposure; however, parenteral injection and other routes of exposure are important. Interactions between manganese and iron and other divalent elements occur and impact the toxicokinetics of manganese, especially following oral exposure. The oxidation state and solubility of manganese also influence the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of manganese. Manganese disposition is influenced by the route of exposure. Rodent inhalation studies have shown that manganese deposited within the nose can undergo direct transport to the brain along the olfactory nerve. Species differences in manganese toxicokinetics and response are recognized with nonhuman primates replicating CNS effects observed in humans while rodents do not. Potentially susceptible populations, such as fetuses, neonates, individuals with compromised hepatic function, individuals with suboptimal manganese or iron intake, and those with other medical states (e.g., pre-parkinsonian state, aging), may have altered manganese metabolism and could be at greater risk for manganese toxicity.
TL;DR: Tan et al. as discussed by the authors pointed out that the behavioral emphasis on observable action over inner experience would lead to a neglect of research on aesthetics, and that both art and emotion resurfaced in psychology at about the same time.
Abstract: Emotions and art are intimately related (Tan, 2000). From ancient to modern times, theories of aesthetics have emphasized the role of art in evoking, shaping, and modifying human feelings. The experimental study of preferences, evaluations, and feelings related to art has a long history in psychology. Aesthetics is one of the oldest areas of psychological research, dating to Fechner's (1876) landmark work. Psychology has had a steady interest in aesthetic problems since then, but art has never received as much attention as one would expect (see Berlyne, 1971a; Tan, 2000; Valentine, 1962). The study of art and the study of emotions, as areas of scientific inquiry, both languished during much of the last century. It is not surprising that the behavioral emphasis on observable action over inner experience would lead to a neglect of research on aesthetics. In an interesting coincidence, both art and emotion resurfaced in psychology at about the same time. As emotion psychologists began developing theories of basic emotions (Ekman & Friesen, 1971; Izard, 1971; Tomkins, 1962), experimental psychologists began tackling hedonic qualities of art (Berlyne, 1971a, 1972, 1974). Since then, the psychology of emotion and the psychology of art have had little contact (see Silvia, in press-b; Tan, 2000).
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TL;DR: Web-based businesses succeed by cultivating consumers' trust, starting with their beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and willingness to perform transactions at Web sites and with the organizations behind them.
Abstract: Web-based businesses succeed by cultivating consumers' trust, starting with their beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and willingness to perform transactions at Web sites and with the organizations behind them.
University of California, Irvine1, Birkbeck, University of London2, University of Washington3, University of Arkansas at Little Rock4, University of Pittsburgh5, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill6, National Institutes of Health7, Temple University8, University of Texas at Austin9, Research Triangle Park10, Wellesley College11, Harvard University12, University of Michigan13, University of California, San Diego14, University of North Carolina at Greensboro15, University of Texas at Dallas16, University of California, Riverside17, University of Virginia18, University of Wisconsin-Madison19
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relation between kindergarten classroom processes (setting and quality) and children's engagement in activities, compliance with teachers' requests, and interactions with peers, and found that children's on-task and off-task behavior and aggression toward peers varied as a function of the teachers' choice of classroom setting.
Abstract: The present article examined 2 questions about the relation between kindergarten classroom processes (setting and quality) and children’s engagement in activities, compliance with teachers’ requests, and interactions with peers. First, how do children’s engagement, compliance, and cooperation vary as a function of teachers’ use of classroom settings, and second, how does classroom quality moderate the co‐occurrence between teachers’ choice of classroom settings and children’s behaviors? The classrooms of 250 kindergarten children were observed once for approximately 3 hours each. Data on classroom setting (e.g., whole class or small group) and children’s behaviors (e.g., engagement, compliance with the teachers’ requests) were gathered using a time‐sampled method. Classroom quality was assessed using global ratings. Results showed that children’s on‐task and off‐task behavior and aggression toward peers varied as a function of the teachers’ choice of classroom setting. However, compliance with te...
TL;DR: The authors found that university spin-off companies are a greater proportion of the companies in older parks and in parks that are associated with richer university research environments than in younger parks and with a biotechnology focus.
TL;DR: This article examined the psychometric properties of the early childhood environment rating scale-Revised (ECERS-R) with a large sample (1313 classrooms) and explored both the seven subscales and the possibility of fewer distinct aspects of quality being measured by the scale.
TL;DR: There are distinct differences between the two disorders suggesting that manganism might indirectly affect nigrostriatal dopaminergic function, and recent studies from the laboratory show that dietary iron deficiency is a risk factor for brain manganese accumulation and that the striatum is particularly vulnerable.
TL;DR: Whether general patterns in North American bat use of roost trees and stand characteristics are robust enough to distill from the published literature is assessed and results clearly show that significant patterns can be detected from the literature when data sets are combined using a meta-analytic approach.
Abstract: Over the past 2 decades, we have begun to accumulate a basic understanding of the roosting and foraging ecology of temperate insectivorous bats in forests. As our understanding improves, it is not surprising there should be attempts at synthesizing our knowledge to prioritize future research directions (e.g., Hayes 2003-,-->Miller et al. 2003). -->Miller et al. (2003) reviewed results of 56 papers (1980–2001) and concluded that current data were unreliable because of small sample sizes, the short-term nature of studies, pseudoreplication, inferences beyond the scale of data collected, study design, and limitations of bat detectors and statistical analyses. Our concern is that this type of narrative synthesis that highlights limitations ignores any quantitative patterns that may exist. In this study we assess whether general patterns in North American bat use of roost trees and stand characteristics are robust enough to distill from the published literature. We used a series of meta-analyses on th...
TL;DR: Perels et al. as mentioned in this paper found that combining training on self-regulation with problem-solving instruction was especially effective in enhancing selfregulation and achievement, and teachers who practiced collaborative interactive teaching strategies promoted deep-level cognitive processing in their students.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the impact of organizational incentives on the effectiveness of UITT and found that universities having more attractive incentive structures for UITT, i.e., those that allocate a higher %age of royalty payments to faculty members, tend to be more efficient in technology transfer activities.
Abstract: In recent years, there has been a rapid rise in commercial knowledge transfers from universities to practitioners or university/industry technology transfer (UITT), via licensing agreements, research joint ventures, and startups. In a previous study in 1999, the authors outlined a production function model to assess the relative efficiency of UITT and conducted field research to identify several organizational factors that could enhance the effectiveness of university management of intellectual property portfolios. This paper extends this framework and evaluates the impact of organizational incentives on the effectiveness of UITT. It is found that universities having more attractive incentive structures for UITT, i.e. those that allocate a higher %age of royalty payments to faculty members, tend to be more efficient in technology transfer activities. University administrators who wish to foster UITT should be mindful of the importance of financial incentives.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Sex differences in knee laxity were menstrual cycle dependent, coinciding with significant elevations in estradiol levels and there were no differences in anterior knee stiffness between sexes or within females across days of the menstrual cycle.
Abstract: Aim
To elucidate the hormonal influences on sex differences in knee joint behavior, normal-menstruating females were compared to males on serum hormone levels and anterior knee joint laxity (displacement at 46N, 89N and 133N) and stiffness (Linear slope of ΔForce/ΔDisplacement for 46–89N and 89–133N) across the female menstrual cycle.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored the implications of appraisal theories of emotion for the study of interest as an emotion relevant to aesthetics and found that both appraisals significantly and strongly predicted interest at the within-person level.
Abstract: Since Berlyne’s seminal research, the study of experimental aesthetics has examined interest as a response to art. The present research explores the implications of appraisal theories of emotion for the study of interest as an emotion relevant to aesthetics. Participants viewed pictures of modern experimental visual art and rated each picture for interest and for appraisals of complexity and comprehensibility. Multilevel modeling assessed the within-person effects of appraisals on interest. As predicted by appraisal theories, both appraisals significantly and strongly predicted interest at the within-person level. The within-person relationships were not moderated by individual-differences relevant to interest in art (e.g., trait curiosity). Theories of “aesthetic response” should capitalize on modern theories and findings in emotion psychology. In the decades following Berlyne’s (1971, 1974) seminal research on “the new experimental aesthetics,” a large literature has accumulated on people’s subjective reactions to art. Much of this research has been guided by Berlyne’s theorizing about the role of collative variables and arousal in determining the reward value of artistic stimuli. The collative–arousal theory of motivation that underlies Berlyne’s research has proved surprisingly resilient, given that psychology has moved away from arousal models of reward and from the concept of “arousal” itself (e.g., Neiss, 1988). Modern research on experimental aesthetics still takes inspiration from Berlyne’s ideas about how collative variables affect arousal, interest, and preference. The influence of the Berlyne tradition may be best seen in
TL;DR: CLA promotes NFκB activation and subsequent induction of IL-6, which is at least in part responsible for trans-10, cis-12 CLA-mediated suppression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ target gene expression and insulin sensitivity in mature human adipocytes.
Book•
01 Jan 2005TL;DR: Do Glaciers Listen? as discussed by the authors is a study of memory, oral history and transformations through a series of encounters between people and glaciers in the region where the Saint Elias Mountains and the Alsek River converge in the southwest Yukon Territory and Alaska.
Abstract: Do Glaciers Listen? Local Knowledge, Colonial Encounters, and Social Imagination JULIE CRUIKSHANK UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA PRESS, VANCOUVER, BC, 2005 328 PP. $32.95 PAPERBACK REVIEWED BY REBECCA K. ZARGER This fascinating book weaves together a study of memory, oral history and transformations through a series of encounters between people and glaciers in the region where the Saint Elias Mountains and the Alsek River converge in the southwest Yukon Territory and Alaska. I recently selected Cruikshank's award winning book (winner of the 2006 Julian Steward Award, given by the American Anthropological Association's Anthropology and Environment section, a 2007 Clio Award from the Canadian Historical Association and the 2006 Victor Turner Prize in Ethnographic Writing, awarded by the Society for Humanistic Anthropology) for required reading in a graduate seminar in environmental anthropology. This review is framed within the discussion and critique that emerged from the seminar, with the aim of providing not just a synopsis of the intellectual and practical contributions of the book, but its pedagogical value as well. One compelling illustration of the impact of this book is the attention that has been paid to it across a variety of disciplines, including anthropology, sociology, history, and science and area studies. Clearly Cruikshank is speaking across chasms of inquiry as she writes about stories of glaciers' connections to human communities and oral traditions as local people, explorers and scientists negotiate meanings in a particular, out-of-the way cultural landscape. Another reason this book was chosen for the graduate seminar was the way the author engages with the topics of local (or traditional) environmental knowledge, environmental change, and social memory. Historical documents, carefully presented Tlingit and Athapaskan oral histories, 19th century explorer's accounts, and the current politics of conservation, identities and territories are analyzed with equal intensity. As the author links these lines of evidence together (in some chapters more seamlessly than others), bridges are created between types of inquiry, voices of local elders, the human-nature divide, and local and global histories. Do Glaciers Listen? is divided into three sections. Part one, "Matters of Locality" situates the reader in time and space (during the Little Ice Age) as well as within current theories of the nature of knowledge and its representations. The three chapters in the first section convey, through tales of the actions of both glaciers and humans in response to one another, the distinctions between narratives of Athapaskan/Tlingit elders and geophysical scientists. Extensive passages from "glacier stories" of three women, including excerpts from thirteen different stories shared by Kitty Smith, Annie Ned and Angela Sidney, tell us of the dangers of falling through glaciers, traveling under glacier bridges, and the imaginative power of glaciers. The second section of the book is devoted to "Practices of Exploration," where the author considers the ways scientific and territorial exploration shaped alternative narratives of the Saint Elias glaciers-stories that were told around the globe in addition to local communities. The diaries and journal accounts of La Perouse, Muir, and Glave, contextualized with local oral histories of the same events, provide the opportunity to examine what the author terms the "epistemological consequences of such encounters. …
TL;DR: Early childhood teachers may express positive views about inclusive practices but are the practices implemented in their classrooms? as mentioned in this paper examined preservice and inservice teachers' attitudes toward inclusive practices as reflected in the teachers' behaviors.
Abstract: Early childhood teachers may express positive views about inclusive practices but are the practices implemented in their classrooms? This study examined preservice and inservice teachers’ attitudes toward inclusive practices as reflected in the teachers’ behaviors. This qualitative study utilized open-ended initial interviews, observations with follow-up interviews, and observer field notes that were analyzed using content analysis with emergent themes from the different data sources. The results suggest that teachers’ attitudes toward inclusion appear to be influenced by their previous experiences in inclusive classrooms, and that the teachers implemented inclusive practices by involving all children in classroom activities, including those with disabilities. While the teachers did implement inclusive practices, they indicated that appropriate preservice training, support from administrators, and support from resource personnel are important to provide a successful inclusive environment. Implications are...
TL;DR: Although evidence of a population-level left-handed bias for prosimians and Old World monkeys supports P. F. MacNeilage et al.'s proposal that something other than primate handedness may have been the evolutionary precursor of the right bias in hand-use distribution among hominids, the data from apes, New World monkeys, and individual species of prosimian and New World monkey do not.
Abstract: P. F. MacNeilage, M. G. Studdert-Kennedy, and B. Lindblom (1987) proposed a progression for handedness in primates that was supposed to account for the evolution of a right bias in human handedness. To test this proposal, the authors performed meta-analyses on 62 studies that provided individual data (representing 31 species: 9 prosimians, 6 New World monkeys, 10 Old World monkeys, 2 lesser apes, and 4 greater apes), of the 118 studies of primate handedness published since 1987. Although evidence of a population-level left-handed bias for prosimians and Old World monkeys supports P. F. MacNeilage et al., the data from apes, New World monkeys, and individual species of prosimians and New World monkeys do not. Something other than primate handedness may have been the evolutionary precursor of the right bias in hand-use distribution among hominids.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present results of a qualitative study of values development in U.S. and Scottish social work students who participated in a study-abroad program, and six themes emerged: opening the mind to new ways of thinking; awareness and insight into one's own values and beliefs; social awareness and challenges to societal values and belief; appreciation of difference, cultural sensitivity, and anti-discriminatory practice; social justice; and professional identity development.
Abstract: This article presents results of a qualitative study of values development in U.S. and Scottish social work students who participated in a study-abroad program. Six themes emerged: opening the mind to new ways of thinking; awareness and insight into one's own values and beliefs; social awareness and challenges to societal values and beliefs; appreciation of difference, cultural sensitivity, and anti-discriminatory practice; social justice; and professional identity development. Implications for social work study-abroad programs and future research are discussed.
TL;DR: Despite poorer performance, adults with ADHD provide similar driving self-assessments, thereby overestimating in naturalistic settings to a greater degree than the comparison group.
Abstract: Research on children with ADHD indicates an association with inaccuracy of self-appraisal. This study examines the accuracy of self-evaluations in clinic-referred adults diagnosed with ADHD. Self-assessments and performance measures of driving in naturalistic settings and on a virtual-reality driving simulator are used to assess accuracy of self-evaluations. The group diagnosed with ADHD (n= 44) has a higher rate of collisions, speeding tickets, and total driving citations in their driving history; report less use of safe driving behaviors in naturalistic settings; and use fewer safe driving behaviors in the simulator than the community comparison group (n= 44). Despite poorer performance, adults with ADHD provide similar driving self-assessments, thereby overestimating in naturalistic settings to a greater degree than the comparison group. These findings extend research in children with ADHD to an adult sample in an important domain of functioning and may relate to findings of executive deficits associated with ADHD.
TL;DR: Results indicated the intentional use of guided reflection coupled with structure and learning tools of the OPT model significantly enhanced clinical reasoning skill acquisition, and provided evidence for the effectiveness of structured teaching learning strategies.
Abstract: Promoting clinical reasoning in undergraduate nursing students through application of the Outcome Present State Test (OPT) Model of Clinical Reasoning, is a challenge that can be successfully managed through effective teaching-learning strategies. Empirical evidence to support teaching strategies that foster both cognitive and metacognitive skill acquisition is limited. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the development of clinical reasoning skills among nursing students through the application and evaluation of teaching-learning strategies associated with self-regulated learning and the OPT model (Pesut & Herman, 1998; 1999; Pesut, 2004). The model and self-regulated learning prompts were used to structure learning with junior level baccalaureate nursing students during a ten-week, medical-surgical clinical experience in acute care telemetry units. Data analysis revealed students effectively made gains in learning associated with the OPT model. Qualitative analysis of self-regulated learning prompt journal data revealed students made significant gains in self-observation, self-judgment, knowledge work and use of health care personnel resources during clinical experiences. Results indicated the intentional use of guided reflection coupled with structure and learning tools of the OPT model significantly enhanced clinical reasoning skill acquisition, and provided evidence for the effectiveness of structured teaching learning strategies.