scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Showing papers by "University of North Carolina at Greensboro published in 2007"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article developed a model of science identity to make sense of the science experiences of 15 successful women of color over the course of their undergraduate and graduate studies in science and into science-related careers.
Abstract: In this study, we develop a model of science identity to make sense of the science experiences of 15 successful women of color over the course of their undergraduate and graduate studies in science and into science-related careers. In our view, science identity accounts both for how women make meaning of science experiences and how society structures possible meanings. Primary data included ethnographic interviews during students' undergraduate careers, follow-up interviews 6 years later, and ongoing member-checking. Our results highlight the importance of recognition by others for women in the three science identity trajectories: research scientist; altruistic scientist; and disrupted scientist. The women with research scientist identities were passionate about science and recognized themselves and were recognized by science faculty as science people. The women with altruistic scientist identities regarded science as a vehicle for altruism and created innovative meanings of ''science,'' ''recognition by others,'' and ''woman of color in science.'' The women with disrupted scientist identities sought, but did not often receive, recognition by meaningful scientific others. Although they were ultimately successful, their trajectories were more difficult because, in part, their bids for recognition were disrupted by the interaction with gendered, ethnic, and racial factors. This study clarifies theoretical conceptions of science identity, promotes a rethinking of recruitment and retention efforts, and illuminates various ways women of color experience, make meaning of, and negotiate the culture of science. 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 44: 1187-1218, 2007.

1,530 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Sexual Experiences Survey (SES) as mentioned in this paper assesses victimization and perpetration of unwanted sexual experiences (e.g., Koss, Gidycz, & Wisniewski, 1987).
Abstract: The Sexual Experiences Survey (SES) assesses victimization and perpetration of unwanted sexual experiences (e.g., Koss, Gidycz, & Wisniewski, 1987). Revised versions of the SES that resulted from the work of the SES Collaboration are now available. This article reviews weaknesses of the SES that were identified, strengths that were preserved, and methodological considerations in the measurement of unwanted sexual experiences that informed the revisions. The primary changes include: more behavioral specificity; conversion to gender neutrality; full crossing of unwanted acts and coercive tactics; and revised and updated wording for assessing consent, alcohol-related incidents, unwanted acts, and coercive tactics. For illustration, the full text of the revised victimization version and its scoring rules are provided. The article concludes with suggestions for future research. These suggestions aim to involve researchers in a coordinated agenda to develop data that clarify methodological questions and contribute to continued improvement in assessing sexual victimization and perpetration.

958 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An experience-sampling study of 124 undergraduates, pretested on complex memory-span tasks, found that during challenging activities requiring concentration and effort, higher-WMC subjects maintained on-task thoughts better, and mind-wandered less, than did lower-W MC subjects.
Abstract: An experience-sampling study of 124 undergraduates, pretested on complex memory-span tasks, examined the relation between working memory capacity (WMC) and the experience of mind wandering in daily life. Over 7 days, personal digital assistants signaled subjects eight times daily to report immediately whether their thoughts had wandered from their current activity, and to describe their psychological and physical context. WMC moderated the relation between mind wandering and activities' cognitive demand. During challenging activities requiring concentration and effort, higher-WMC subjects maintained on-task thoughts better, and mind-wandered less, than did lower-WMC subjects. The results were therefore consistent with theories of WMC emphasizing the role of executive attention and control processes in determining individual differences and their cognitive consequences.

842 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The longitudinal finding that the strength of the association is stronger when personal well-being is treated as the dependent variable supports previous theorizing and suggests that longitudinal effects are more likely to be uncovered when using standard measurement.
Abstract: This study examines the association between marital quality and personal well-being using meta-analytic techniques. Effects from 93 studies were analyzed. The average weighted effect size r was .37 for cross-sectional and .25 for longitudinal effects. Results indicate that several variables moderate the association between marital quality and personal well-being, including gender, participants’ marital duration, source of measurement, data collection year, and dependent variable. These results suggest that longitudinal effects are more likely to be uncovered when using standard measurement and that future research should use samples homogenous in marital length. The longitudinal finding that the strength of the association is stronger when personal well-being is treated as the dependent variable supports previous theorizing.

809 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: How emotion regulation skills facilitate children's development of a positive student-teacher relationship and cognitive processing and independent learning behavior, both of which are important for academic motivation and success are discussed.

783 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: N-back has face validity as a WM task, but it does not demonstrate convergent validity with at least 1 established WM measure, and N-back and WM span correlated weakly, suggesting they do not reflect primarily a single construct.
Abstract: The N-back task requires participants to decide whether each stimulus in a sequence matches the one that appeared n items ago. Although N-back has become a standard "executive" working memory (WM) measure in cognitive neuroscience, it has been subjected to few behavioral tests of construct validity. A combined experimental- correlational study tested the attention-control demands of verbal 2- and 3-back tasks by presenting n = 1 "lure" foils. Lures elicited more false alarms than control foils in both 2- and 3-back tasks, and lures caused more misses to targets that immediately followed them compared with control targets, but only in 3-back tasks. N-back thus challenges control over familiarity-based responding. Participants also completed a verbal WM span task (operation span task) and a marker test of general fluid intelligence (Gf; Ravens Advanced Progressive Matrices Test; J. C. Raven, J. E. Raven, & J. H. Court, 1998). N-back and WM span correlated weakly, suggesting they do not reflect primarily a single construct; moreover, both accounted for independent variance in Gf. N-back has face validity as a WM task, but it does not demonstrate convergent validity with at least 1 established WM measure.

693 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss students' reading and writing performances using Zimmerman's four-phase social cognitive model of the development of self-regulatory competence and suggest instructional applications based on social cognitive theory and research findings.
Abstract: According to Bandura's social cognitive theory, self-efficacy and self-regulation are key processes that affect students' learning and achievement. This article discusses students' reading and writing performances using Zimmerman's four-phase social cognitive model of the development of self-regulatory competence. Modeling is an effective means of building self-regulatory and academic skills and of raising self-efficacy. Reading and writing research is discussed in which modeling was employed to enhance self-efficacy, skills, and self-regulation across multiple phases of Zimmerman's model. The article concludes by suggesting instructional applications based on social cognitive theory and research findings.

671 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of social capital derived from micro-managerial networking relationships and ties with top managers at other firms and government officials on macro-organizational performance using data from Ghana was examined.
Abstract: This study replicates and extends previous research focusing on China, to a sub-Saharan African emerging economy environment. Specifically, the study directly replicates the impact of social capital derived from the micro-managerial networking relationships and ties with top managers at other firms and government officials on macro-organizational performance using data from Ghana. This study further extends previous work by examining the impact of social capital derived from managerial social networking relationships and ties with community leaders on organizational performance. It examines how the relationship between social capital and organizational performance is contingent on an organization's competitive strategic orientation. The findings suggest that social capital developed from managerial networking and social relationships with top managers at other firms, government officials (political leaders and bureaucratic officials), and community leadership enhance organizational performance. The findings from the contingency analyses reveal some interesting trends. The impact of social capital on organizational performance differs between firms that pursue the different competitive strategies (low-cost, differentiation, and combination of low-cost and differentiation) and those who do not pursue those strategies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

632 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present empirical evidence on the determinants of three types of informal technology transfer by faculty members: transfer of commercial technology, joint publications with industry scientists, and industrial consulting.
Abstract: Formal university technology transfer mechanisms, through licensing agreements, research joint ventures, and university-based startups, have attracted considerable attention in the academic literature. Surprisingly, there has been little systematic empirical analysis of the propensity of academics to engage in informal technology transfer. This paper presents empirical evidence on the determinants of three types of informal technology transfer by faculty members: transfer of commercial technology, joint publications with industry scientists, and industrial consulting. We find that male, tenured and research-grant active faculty members are more likely to engage in all three forms of informal technology transfer.

608 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Of clinical concern is that SNO levels, and their physiological correlate, RBC-dependent vasodilation, become depressed soon after collection, suggesting that even “fresh” blood may have developed adverse biological characteristics.
Abstract: Recent studies have underscored questions about the balance of risk and benefit of RBC transfusion. A better understanding of the nature and timing of molecular and functional changes in stored RBCs may provide strategies to improve the balance of benefit and risk of RBC transfusion. We analyzed changes occurring during RBC storage focusing on RBC deformability, RBC-dependent vasoregulatory function, and S-nitrosohemoglobin (SNO-Hb), through which hemoglobin (Hb) O(2) desaturation is coupled to regional increases in blood flow in vivo (hypoxic vasodilation). Five hundred ml of blood from each of 15 healthy volunteers was processed into leukofiltered, additive solution 3-exposed RBCs and stored at 1-6 degrees C according to AABB standards. Blood was subjected to 26 assays at 0, 3, 8, 24 and 96 h, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 weeks. RBC SNO-Hb decreased rapidly (1.2 x 10(-4) at 3 h vs. 6.5 x 10(-4) (fresh) mol S-nitrosothiol (SNO)/mol Hb tetramer (P = 0.032, mercuric-displaced photolysis-chemiluminescence assay), and remained low over the 42-day period. The decline was corroborated by using the carbon monoxide-saturated copper-cysteine assay [3.0 x 10(-5) at 3 h vs. 9.0 x 10(-5) (fresh) mol SNO/mol Hb]. In parallel, vasodilation by stored RBCs was significantly depressed. RBC deformability assayed at a physiological shear stress decreased gradually over the 42-day period (P < 0.001). Time courses vary for several storage-induced defects that might account for recent observations linking blood transfusion with adverse outcomes. Of clinical concern is that SNO levels, and their physiological correlate, RBC-dependent vasodilation, become depressed soon after collection, suggesting that even "fresh" blood may have developed adverse biological characteristics.

589 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated sustainable tourism development and how stakeholder inclusion and involvement are incorporated in the basic concept of sustainable tourism and how planners and developers involve stakeholders in the development of tourism.
Abstract: Sustainability has become an important topic and concept in relation to tourism planning and development. For sustainable tourism development to be successful stakeholders must be involved in the process. The questions that should be considered though are: (1) who should be considered stakeholders in tourism development, and (2) how should planners and developers involve stakeholders in the development of tourism? In order to provide answers to these questions this paper investigated sustainable tourism development and how stakeholder inclusion and involvement are incorporated in the basic concept of sustainable tourism development. This investigation was accomplished by reviewing and drawing conclusions from the literature. The discussion includes thoughts from both management and public participation perspectives. So who should be involved in the sustainable tourism development process? Based on the definitions that are used for sustainability and sustainable tourism four distinct groups are identified; the present visitors, future visitors, present host community, and future host community.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper found that pre-kindergarten is associated with higher reading and mathematics skills at school entry, but also higher levels of behavior problems, and that the behavioral effects persist until the spring of first grade.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: Baddeley and Hitch as mentioned in this paper tried to validate immediate memory's functions by testing sub-jects in reasoning, comprehension, and list learning tasks at the same time their memory was occupied by irrelevant material.
Abstract: If, as many psychologists seem to believe, im­ mediate memory represents a distinct system or set of processes from long-term memory (L TM), then what might· it be for? This fundamental, functional question was surprisingly unanswer­ able in the 1970s, given the volume of research that had explored short-term memory (STM), and given the ostensible role that STM was thought to play in cognitive control (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1971 ). Indeed, failed attempts to link STM to complex cognitive· functions, such as reading comprehension, loomed large in Crow­ der's (1982) obituary for the concept. Baddeley and Hitch ( 197 4) tried to validate immediate memory's functions by testing sub­ jects in reasoning, comprehension, and list­ learning tasks at the same time their memory was occupied by irrelevant material. Generally, small memory loads (i.e., three or fewer items) were retained with virtually no effect on the primary tasks, whereas memory loads of six items consistently impaired reasoning, compre­ hension, and learning. Baddeley and Hitch therefore argued that "working memory" (WM)

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Enteral feeding containing at least 50% HM in the first 14 days of life was associated with a sixfold decrease in the odds of NEC, and this was a prospective cohort study of VLBW infants.
Abstract: Background: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a frequent cause of mortality and morbidity in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Human milk (HM) feeding has been associated with lower risk of NEC. However, mothers of VLBW infants often experience insufficient milk production, resulting in mixed feedings of HM and formula. Moreover, medical complications often limit the volume of feeding they can be given. Objective: To determine if high proportions of (50% or greater) HM enteral feeding within the first 14 days of life are protective against NEC. Method: This was a prospective cohort study of VLBW infants who were grouped according to the HM proportion of enteral feeding in the first 14 days: <50% (low human milk, LHM, n=46) and 50% (high human milk, HHM, n=156). The outcome of interest was development of NEC (Bell stage 2 or 3). Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) and to assess potential confounding due to perinatal risk factors. Result: Two hundred and two infants were studied. Confirmed NEC occurred in 5/46 (10.6%) of the LHM group, as compared with 5/156 (3.2%) of the HHM. Gestational age was the only perinatal factor associated with risk of NEC. After adjustment for gestational age, HHM was associated with a lower risk of NEC ((OR=0.17, 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.68), P=0.01). Conclusion: Enteral feeding containing at least 50% HM in the first 14 days of life was associated with a sixfold decrease in the odds of NEC.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For mothers of avoidant children, vagal withdrawal was associated with sensitivity to child distress, and no association was found betweenvagal withdrawal and sensitivity for mothers of securely attached children, suggesting that mothers ofAvoidant children may be uniquely challenged by the affective demands of their infants.
Abstract: We examined variations in maternal sensitivity at 6 months of child age as a function of child negativity and maternal physiology. We expected maternal vagal withdrawal in response to infant negative affect to facilitate the maintenance of sensitivity, but only for mothers of securely attached children. One hundred and forty-eight infant-mother dyads were observed in multiple contexts at 6 months of child age, and associations among maternal and child variables were examined with respect to 12-month attachment quality. Mothers of later securely attached children were more sensitive than mothers of avoidant children. However, sensitivity decreased for all mothers at high levels of infant negative affect. Furthermore, for mothers of avoidant children, vagal withdrawal was associated with sensitivity to child distress. No association was found between vagal withdrawal and sensitivity for mothers of securely attached children. This suggests that mothers of avoidant children may be uniquely challenged by the affective demands of their infants.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results seem to suggest that managerial efforts aimed at increasing the users' perceptions of the usefulness and personal relevance of the technology will contribute to implementation success, where success is defined as effectual usage of thetechnology.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Findings indicate that the children at risk for mixed problems displayed greater cardiac vagal withdrawal across the five tasks than did the other two groups of children, and its implications for patterns of risk for behavior problems in young children are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The present study examined the factor structure underlying the Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales and the validity of these dimensions, finding that positive and negative schizotypesy dimensions were differentially related to psychopathology, personality, and social impairment.
Abstract: The present study examined the factor structure underlying the Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales and the validity of these dimensions. Confirmatory factor analysis with 6137 nonclinical young adults supported a 2-factor model with positive and negative schizotypy dimensions. As predicted, the schizotypy dimensions were differentially related to psychopathology, personality, and social impairment. Both dimensions were related to schizotypal and paranoid symptoms. Positive schizotypy was uniquely related to psychotic-like experiences, substance abuse, mood disorders, and mental health treatment, whereas negative schizotypy was associated with negative and schizoid symptoms. Both dimensions were associated with poorer overall and social functioning, but negative schizotypy was associated with decreased likelihood of intimate relationships. The findings support the construct validity of a multidimensional model of schizotypy and the use of psychometric inventories to assess these dimensions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results indicated that single parenthood, maternal psychopathology, child anger proneness, and child emotion dysregulation predicted 2-year parenting stress, while child externalizing behaviors predicted initial status and changes across time in parenting stress.
Abstract: This study examined maternal parenting stress in a sample of 430 boys and girls including those at risk for externalizing behavior problems. Children and their mothers were assessed when the children were ages 2, 4, and 5. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was used to examine stability of parenting stress across early childhood and to examine child and maternal factors predicting parenting stress at age 2 and changes in parenting stress across time. Results indicated that single parenthood, maternal psychopathology, child anger proneness, and child emotion dysregulation predicted 2-year parenting stress. Child externalizing behaviors predicted initial status and changes across time in parenting stress. Stability of parenting stress was dependent upon child externalizing problems, as well as interactions between child externalizing problems and gender, and child externalizing problems and emotion regulation. Results are discussed in the context of mechanisms by which parenting stress may influence the development of child externalizing behaviors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Three categories of feedback systems are used-economic, sociopolitical and cognitive-to offer a simple model of e-commerce barriers in the developing world and to identify clear contexts and attendant mechanism.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, panel data methods are used to investigate how deaths from coronary heart disease (CHD) in the United States vary with macroeconomic conditions, showing that CHD mortality increases rapidly when the economy strengthens but returns to or near its baseline level within five years for most groups.
Abstract: Panel data methods are used to investigate how deaths from coronary heart disease (CHD) in the United States vary with macroeconomic conditions. A one-percentage-point reduction in unemployment is predicted to raise CHD mortality by 0.75%, corresponding to almost 3,900 additional fatalities. The increase in relative risk is similar across age groups, implying that senior citizens account for most of the extra deaths. Direct evidence is obtained of a role for decreases in medical interventions treating coronary problems. CHD mortality increases rapidly when the economy strengthens but returns to or near its baseline level within five years for most groups.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The findings suggest that most of the preschool-related gap in academic skills at school entry is quickly eliminated for children placed in small classrooms and classrooms providing high levels of reading instruction, and the initial disparities persist for children experiencing large classes and lower levels ofReading instruction.


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Apr 2007-Diabetes
TL;DR: It is suggested that estradiol inhibits the orexigenic action of ghrelin in females, that weight gain associated with OVX is gh Relin mediated, and that this endocrine interaction may account for an important sex differences in food intake and the regulation of body weight.
Abstract: Ghrelin, the only known orexigenic gut hormone, is secreted mainly from the stomach, increases with fasting and before meal initiation in humans and rats, and increases food intake after central or peripheral administration. To investigate sex differences in the action of ghrelin, we assessed the effects of exogenous ghrelin in intact male and female rats, the effects of exogenous ghrelin in ovariectomized (OVX) and estradiol (E2)-treated female rats, as well as the effects of OVX on plasma ghrelin and hypothalamic orexigneic neuropeptide expression in rats and on food intake and weight gain in transgenic mice lacking the ghrelin receptor ( Ghsr −/− mice). Male and OVX female rats were significantly more sensitive than intact female rats to the orexigenic effects of both centrally (intra–third ventricular, i3vt, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 nmol) and systemically (ip, 3, 6, and 9 nmol) administered ghrelin. This difference is likely to be estradiol dependent because E2 attenuated the orexigenic action of ghrelin in OVX female and male rats. Furthermore, OVX increased food intake and body weight in wild-type mice, but not in Ghsr −/− mice, suggesting that OVX increases food intake by releasing ghrelin from a tonic inhibitory effect of estradiol. In addition, following OVX, there was an increase in plasma ghrelin that was temporally associated with increased food intake, body weight, and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and Agouti-related protein mRNA expression. Collectively, these data suggest that estradiol inhibits the orexigenic action of ghrelin in females, that weight gain associated with OVX is ghrelin mediated, and that this endocrine interaction may account for an important sex differences in food intake and the regulation of body weight.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The current study builds on previous work by examining the cost associated with PM when the target event is salient, and reports 4 experiments designed to meet the stringent criteria proposed for automatic retrieval of intentions by multiprocess theory, and, yet, in all 4 experiments, delayed intentions interfered with ongoing task performance.
Abstract: Evidence has begun to accumulate showing that successful performance of event-based prospective memory (PM) comes at a cost to other ongoing activities. The current study builds on previous work by examining the cost associated with PM when the target event is salient. Target salience is among the criteria for automatic retrieval of intentions according to the multiprocess view of PM. An alternative theory, the preparatory attentional and memory processes theory, argues that PM performance, including retrieval of the intent, is never automatic and successful performance always will come at a cost to other ongoing activity. The 4 experiments reported here used a salient PM target event. In addition, Experiments 3 and 4 were designed to meet the stringent criteria proposed for automatic retrieval of intentions by multiprocess theory, and, yet, in all 4 experiments, delayed intentions interfered with ongoing task performance.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors empirically model auditors' relationships with their clients and find that auditors who identify more with a client are more likely to acquiesce to the client's preferred position.
Abstract: This study empirically models auditors' relationships with their clients. The Independence Standards Board (ISB 2000) identified auditors' familiarity with the client as one of five threats to auditor independence. Yet familiarity with the client is necessary for auditors to understand the client well enough to plan and perform an effective and efficient audit. We introduce a theory‐based measure of the extent to which auditors identify with a client, which we then use to directly measure auditors' attachment to the client and the threat of this attachment to auditors' objectivity. The responses of 252 practicing auditors support our theoretical predictions. Specifically, we find that auditors do identify with their clients and that auditors who identify more with a client are more likely to acquiesce to the client‐preferred position. On the other hand, more experienced auditors and auditors who exhibit higher levels of professional identification are less likely to acquiesce to the client's position.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The ways in which participants described therapeutic relationships challenge some long-held beliefs, such as the use of touch, self-disclosure, and blunt feedback.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to describe mental health service recipients' experience of the therapeutic relationship. The research question was 'what is therapeutic about the therapeutic relationship?' This study was a secondary analysis of qualitative interviews conducted with persons with mental illness as part of a study of the experience of being understood. This secondary analysis used data from 20 interviews with community-dwelling adults with mental illness, who were asked to talk about the experience of being understood by a health-care provider. Data were analysed using an existential phenomenological approach. Individuals experienced therapeutic relationships against a backdrop of challenges, including mental illness, domestic violence, substance abuse, and homeless- ness. They had therapeutic relationships with nurses (psychiatric/mental health nurses and dialysis nurses), physicians (psychiatrists and general practitioners), psychologists, social workers, and coun- sellors. Experiences of the therapeutic relationship were expressed in three figural themes, titled using participants' own words: 'relate to me', 'know me as a person', and 'get to the solution'. The ways in which these participants described therapeutic relationships challenge some long-held beliefs, such as the use of touch, self-disclosure, and blunt feedback. A therapeutic relationship for persons with mental illness requires in-depth personal knowledge, which is acquired only with time, understanding, and skill. Knowing the whole person, rather than knowing the person only as a service recipient, is key for practising nurses and nurse educators interested in enhancing the therapeutic potential of relationships.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review will discuss putative transporters of the metal in the neonatal brain and then focus on the implications of high Mn exposure to the neonate focusing on typical exposure modes (e.g., dietary and parenteral).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results strongly suggest that Nano-Se should be most effective as a chemopreventive agent at smaller particle size, since both GST and small molecular weight selenocompounds accumulated in vivo are important intermediates for Chemoprevention by Se.