Showing papers by "University of North Texas published in 1992"
TL;DR: In this paper, a system model that integrates four components of a firm's "distinctive competencies" (managerial competencies and strategic focus, resource-based, transformation-based and output-based competencies) is proposed.
681 citations
TL;DR: The author, a well-known researcher in paralle l computing, once again has proved his expertise and authority on the materials covered and this book will certainly have an impact to the psychology of students and researchers alike.
Abstract: In the ever-expanding field of parallel computing, we have seen a number of textbooks , some emphasizing the design aspects of parallel algorithms based on abstract models of paralle l machines (such as PRAMs) and some others focusing on the topological properties of paralle l architectures . What is needed in this area is a book which provides a linkage between th e topological properties of a parallel network and its computational capabilities or limitations , as well as comparative analyses of parallel architectures, not only among the proposed ones but also in view of a desirable general-purpose parallel machine which is yet to be built . The book under review comes closest to this goal . The author, a well-known researcher in paralle l computing, once again has proved his expertise and authority on the materials covered . This book will certainly have an impact to the psychology of students and researchers alike, on ho w to correlate parallel architectures and algorithms . Physically, this book is organized around three categories of parallel architectures : Arrays and Trees, Meshes of Trees, and Hypercubic networks . Each category covers not only th e basic type of architectures but also other variants or related models . For example, Chapter 1 on Arrays and Trees encompasses linear arrays, two-dimensional arrays, trees, ring, torus, X tree, pyramid, multigrid networks, systolic and semisystolic networks, and higher-dimensional arrays as well . Similarly, Chapter 2 on Meshes of Trees shows different ways of looking at two-dimensional meshes of trees at the beginning and further extends to higher-dimensiona l meshes of trees, and shuffle-tree graphs at the end . The third chapter, Hypercubes and Related Networks, covers butterfly, cube-connected-cycles, Benes network, shuffle-exchange, de Bruij n network, butterfly-like networks (Omega network, flip network, baseline and reverse baselin e networks, Banyan and delta networks, and k-ary butterfy), and de Bruijn-type networks (k-ar y de Bruijn network, and generalized shuffle-exchange network) . Whereas the above parallel networks constitute the architectural domain of the hook as th e basis, the application domain — parallel computation problems and algorithms — threads th e chapters together and helps a reader to view the similarities and differences of each network , from algorithm design standpoint . In addition to the definitions and characterizations of th e topological properties of the parallel architectures, each chapter examines a carefully-chose n subset of fundamental computational problems such as integer arithmetic, prefix computation , list ranking, sorting and counting, matrix arithmetic, graph problems, Fast Fourier Transfor m and Discrete Fourier Transform, computational geometry, and image analysis etc . The solution s to these problems are explored from simple algorithms to more complicated ones until it achieve s optimality. This approach seems to be adequate to reveal the capability and limitations of eac h network . The problems and algorithms are not treated in an isolated context but provokes a reader to capture what is achievable in terms of speedup and efficiency, and what is the limi t in terms of lower hounds, in a particular parallel network under focus . The author pays special attention to the routing problem . Considering that routing is a common vehicle for solving most of the regular and irregular parallel computation problem s in a fixed-connection network, the general capability of each network against an abstract parallel machine model is properly exposed via routing problem . Also discussed are the containment/embedding of one network in another, i .e . mapping between networks and the simulatio n
665 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the Severity of Violence Against Women Scale (SVAWS) was developed for the evaluation of male violence against women, which was used to assess the seriousness, aggressiveness, and abusiveness of 46 acts with a woman.
Abstract: In response to the need for more sensitive assessment instruments, scales were developed applicable to the evaluation of male violence against women Two versions of the Severity of Violence Against Women Scale (SVAWS) were developed On 10-point scales, college females (N = 707) rated how serious, aggressive, abusive, violent, and threatening it would be if a man carried out each of 46 acts with a woman The mean of each act across ratings was calculated and submitted to factor analysis Nine factors represented symbolic violence: threats of mild, moderate, and serious violence; actual mild, minor, moderate, and serious violence; and sexual violence Community women (N = 208) rated the acts on seriousness, aggressiveness, and abusiveness All factors were unidimensional Second-order factor analysis confirmed the existence of two broader dimensions representing physically threatening acts and actual violence Ratings of the amount of physical and emotional harm provided the weightings for future research with student (SVAWS-S) and adult (SVAWS) samples
601 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple two-body and three-body interactional mixing model is used to derive expressions for the mathematical representation of experimental solute solubilities and activity coefficients in binary solvent mixtures.
527 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors attempt to define more clearly the concept of spiritual health and to describe ways to use techniques for the enhancement of spiritual wellness and the advancement of spiritual development.
Abstract: Spiritual wellness is an emerging area of interest in counseling. It still lacks clarity, however, in definition and application. To increase familiarity with and encourage counselor intervention regarding the spiritual dimension, the authors of this article attempt to define more clearly the concept of spiritual health and to describe ways to use techniques for the enhancement of spiritual wellness and the advancement of spiritual development.
355 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a rigorous construction and generalization of the multifractal decomposition for Moran fractals with infinite product measure is presented, which is specified by a system of nonnegative weights in the partition sum.
290 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the impact of litigant status and the changing ideology of the U.S. Supreme Court on differences in the success rates of direct parties before the Court.
Abstract: A substantial literature on lower federal courts and state courts suggests that the "haves" usually come out ahead in litigation because they possess superior resources for it and they reap advantages from their repeat player status. We investigate the success of 10 categories of litigants before the Warren, Burger, and Rehnquist Courts to determine whether the resources or experience of litigants has effects on Supreme Court outcomes paralleling those found in the courts below. While different categories of litigants are found to have very different rates of success, those differences do not consistently favor litigants with greater resources. A time series analysis of the success of different categories of litigants over the 36 years studied suggests that the changing ideological complexion of the Court has a greater impact on the success of litigants than differences among litigants in resources and experience. W e examine the impact of litigant status and the changing ideology of the U.S. Supreme Court on differences in the success rates of direct parties before the Court. Simply, we seek to explain why some categories of litigants win more frequently than others when appearing before the Court. Previous explanations have attributed differential success rates in lower federal courts to, inter alia, disparities between litigants of different status in judicial experience and resources. We argue, however, that differential success rates in Supreme Court decisions have more to do with the ideological composition of the Court and the Court's receptivity to the different types of legal claims made by litigants of different status. Previous research indicates that the status of litigants before American courts has substantial influence on judicial outcomes. Higher-status parties enjoy significant advantages in appellate courts and usually win. This has been demonstrated in the U.S. courts of appeals (Sheehan and Songer 1989) and, to a lesser degree, in state supreme courts (Wheeler et al. 1987). Curiously, the impact of litigant status on
185 citations
TL;DR: Findings indicated that males in inappropriate classrooms exhibited more stress than males in appropriate classrooms, and low SES children and black children had tendencies to be less involved in developmentally appropriate activities.
173 citations
TL;DR: The Life Events Survey for Collegiate Athletes (LESCA) demonstrated good content validity and provided a stable measure of life stress and was a better predictor of athletic injury than the Social and Athletic Readjustment Rating Scale.
Abstract: The article presents information from two studies of a research program investigating psychosocial antecedents of athletic injury. Study 1 describes the development of the Life Events Survey for Collegiate Athletes (LESCA). The LESCA demonstrated good content validity and provided a stable measure of life stress. The LESCA's validity and the moderating effects of social support were explored in the second study. The LESCA provided a construct-valid measure of life stress and was a better predictor of athletic injury than the Social and Athletic Readjustment Rating Scale. Social support moderated the stress-injury relationship in such a way that LESCA negative life stress accounted for 11% to 22% of injury variances in low-support conditions; LESCA positive life stress accounted for 14% to 20% of injury variances in high-support conditions. Mechanisms underlying the stress-injury relationship and directions for future research are discussed with respect to the model outlined by M. B. Andersen and J. M. Williams in 1988.
148 citations
TL;DR: In this article, micro-Raman spectroscopy studies of porous silicon have been conducted, which show an amorphous silicon Raman line at 480 R cm−1 from regions that emit visible photoluminescence.
Abstract: We report on micro‐Raman spectroscopy studies of porous silicon which show an amorphous silicon Raman line at 480 R cm−1 from regions that emit visible photoluminescence. A Raman line corresponding to microcrystalline silicon at 510 R cm−1 is also observed. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy data is presented which shows a high silicon‐dioxide content in porous silicon consistent with an amorphous silicon phase.
145 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that HIV-1+ men, including those symptomatic for AIDS-related complex, can experience significant increases in neuromuscular strength and cardiorespiratory fitness without changes in lymphocyte phenotypes or clinical diagnosis when the exercise regimen is prescribed and monitored in accordance with ACSM guidelines for healthy adults.
Abstract: We examined the effects of chronic exercise on fitness and immune status in Caucasian males (34.9 +/- 5.6 yr) diagnosed by Western blot as seropositive for the HIV-1 virus. The exercise regimen involved 12 wk of 1 h sessions 3 d.wk: 20 min of cycle exercise at 60-80% HRreserve was followed by 35 min of strength and flexibility training. After matching subjects on health status (modified Walter Reed criteria), subjects (N = 37) were randomly assigned to exercise or a counseling control condition. Changes in strength, responses to the YMCA cycle test, and serum lymphocytes were tested by MANOVA in a condition (exercise or counseling)-by-time (pretest, posttest) design with repeated measures on time. Results indicated significant (P less than 0.001) group-by-time interactions for strength (N.m) (chest press and leg extension) and for HR (beats.min-1) and total time (TT) on the cycle test at 150 W. Strength and TT increased and HR decreased in the exercise condition, while control subjects did not change. Total leukocyte, lymphocyte, CD4+, and CD8+ cell counts, and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio were statistically unchanged for each condition. We conclude that HIV-1+ men, including those symptomatic for AIDS-related complex, can experience significant increases in neuromuscular strength and cardiorespiratory fitness without changes in lymphocyte phenotypes or clinical diagnosis when the exercise regimen is prescribed and monitored in accordance with ACSM guidelines for healthy adults.
TL;DR: This paper used the 1987 British Campaign Study data to investigate the structure of leader images and the determinants of electoral choice, and found that leader images had strong effects on party choice, including competence and responsiveness.
Abstract: Most research has deemphasized the influence of leader images on British voting. This paper uses the 1987 British Campaign Study data to investigate the structure of leader images and the determinants of electoral choice. Confirmatory factor analyses reveal two image dimensions--competence and responsiveness. These dimensions were associated more closely for the opposition leaders than for the prime minister. Multivariate analyses show that leader images had strong effects on party choice. Practical wisdom about party leaders should inform credible models of party support in an era of partisan dealignment.
TL;DR: This paper identifies and describes strategies used throughout Texas addressing the "lack of knowledge" barrier, which included use of influential groups, working with significant individuals, and the media, and how to overcome negative attitudes toward service use.
Abstract: The 1987 amendments to the Older Americans Act mandate a special effort to serve low-income minority elderly persons. A literature review showed that "practice-oriented" research on service use has focused primarily on identifying barriers with much less attention to identification of strategies for overcoming the barriers. This paper identifies and describes strategies used throughout Texas. Strategies addressing the "lack of knowledge" barrier included use of influential groups, working with significant individuals, and the media. Strategies addressing the "lack of access" barrier included transportation, affordability, and availability. Strategies addressing the "lack of intent" barrier focused on cultural differences, making services attractive, and overcoming negative attitudes toward service use.
TL;DR: In the early 1980s, environmental ethicists turned to an examination of non-instrumental or intrinsic value arguments for the preser vation of nature as discussed by the authors, finding a kind of intrinsic value that could trump instrumental value in the way that rights can.
Abstract: Professional environmental ethics arose directly out of the interest in the environment created by Earth Day in 1970. At that time many en vironmentalists, primarily because they had read Aldo Leopold's essay, "The Land Ethic," were convinced that the foundations of environmental problems were philosophical.1 Moreover, these environmentalists were dissatisfied with the instrumental arguments based on human use and benefit?which they felt compelled to invoke in defense of nature?because they thought these arguments were part of the problem. Wanting to counter instrumental arguments in some way with nonor even anti-instrumental arguments, and unable to think of anything else to say, they began wistfully suggesting that perhaps nature had or ought to have rights.2 When profes sional environmental ethics came into its own in the early 1980s, rights for nature were one of the first subjects to be debated in detail.3 Unfortunately, however, no one could come up with a theory to support such rights attribu tions. Nevertheless, because rights had been invoked by environmentalists to challenge the preeminent role of instrumental value arguments, and because the field of environmental ethics developed in support of en vironmental concerns and arguments, environmental ethicists turned to an examination of noninstrumental or intrinsic value arguments for the preser vation of nature. As these investigations progressed, it soon became clear that most en vironmental ethicists, and indeed most environmentalists, did not believe that traditional intrinsic value?for example, the kind of intrinsic value which is attributed to art?was an adequate counter to instrumental value.4 To find a kind of intrinsic value that could trump instrumental value?in the way that rights can?they started looking for nonanthropocentric intrin sic value. This search, unfortunately, has been a confusing one because of definitional problems with the word nonanthropocentric. A nonanthro pocentric value was simply assumed to be the opposite of an instrumen tal value, making anthropocentric for all practical purposes a synonym for the word instrumental* In environmental policy, there is perhaps some basis for such a definition, since nearly all arguments, economic and other wise, are formulated routinely in terms of instrumental value to human be ings. Nevertheless, anthropocentric is not and has never been a synonym for
TL;DR: A content analysis of the theoretical constructs underlying just-in-time (JIT) management systems' operating structure and control, product scheduling, and quality implementation produces propositions regarding their relationships, predecessors, and outcomes.
Abstract: Researchers have recommended that the theoretical constructs underlying just-in-time (JIT) management systems be identified and developed if JIT is to be fully understood and its full capabilities realized. In this study, we advanced this conceptual development through an instrument based on the relevant literature and empirically deriving three underlying constructs: (1) operating structure and control, (2) product scheduling, and (3) quality implementation. We report a content analysis of these constructs and develop propositions regarding their relationships, predecessors, and outcomes.
TL;DR: It is found that the SIRS maintained its powers of discrimination with respect to clinical samples and similar research on faking specific disorders is needed on the MMPI-2 and other psychological measures.
Abstract: An untested assumption of malingering research is that persons who feign mental illness will not attempt to fake a particular disorder, but will be content to fabricate non-specific and possibly global psychiatric impairment. We tested the effectiveness of the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS) to detect feigning of three diagnostic groupings: schizophrenia, mood disorders, and PTSD on 45 psychologically knowledgeable correctional residents. We found that the SIRS maintained its powers of discrimination with respect to clinical samples. Similar research on faking specific disorders is needed on the MMPI-2 and other psychological measures.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined age-related differences in the control of aiming movements, and determined the locus of slowing in movement execution of older adults, finding that older adults emphasize accuracy of response and are concerned with the latter pha...
Abstract: The experiment was designed to (a) examine age-related differences in the control of aiming movements, and (b) determine the locus of slowing in movement execution of older adults. Fitts's (1954) index of difficulty (ID) was used to manipulate movement execution demands, and kinematics were used to examine the response characteristics. Twelve young and 12 older adults performed simple aiming movements 10 cm or 20 cm in amplitude to targets of 0.5 cm, 1.0 cm, or 2.0 cm in width, resulting in IDs ranging from 3.32 to 6.32. The results for both young and older subjects support the prediction that movement time (MT) increases as a function of ID and that older adults are significantly slower and more affected by increases in ID than the young adults. Velocity and acceleration profiles of the older adults' movements displayed very different response characteristics than those of the young adults. The results suggest that older adults emphasize accuracy of response and are concerned with the latter pha...
TL;DR: The growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens NCIMB 11764 on cyanide as the sole nitrogen source was accomplished by use of a modified fed-batch cultivation procedure and the relative yields of all four metabolites (CO2, formamide, formate, and ammonia) were shown to be dependent on the KCN concentration and availability of oxygen.
Abstract: The growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens NCIMB 11764 on cyanide as the sole nitrogen source was accomplished by use of a modified fed-batch cultivation procedure. Previous studies showing that cyanide metabolism in this organism is both an oxygen-dependent and an inducible process, with CO2 and ammonia representing conversion products, were confirmed. However, washed cells (40 mg ml-1 [dry weight]) metabolized cyanide at concentrations far exceeding those previously described; 85% of 50 mM KCN was degraded in 6 h. In addition, two other C1 metabolites were detected in incubation mixtures; their identities were confirmed as formamide and formate by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrocopy, high-pressure liquid chromatography, radioisotopic trapping experiments, and other analytical means. The relative yields of all four metabolites (CO2, formamide, formate, and ammonia) were shown to be dependent on the KCN concentration and availability of oxygen; at 0.5 to 10 mM substrate, CO2 was the major C1 product, whereas at 20 and 50 mM substrate, formamide and formate were principally formed. The latter two metabolites also accumulated during prolonged anaerobic incubation, suggesting that P. fluorescens NCIMB 11764 can elaborate several pathways of cyanide conversion. One is formally similar to that proposed previously (R. E. Harris and C. J. Knowles, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 20:337-341, 1983), involving the oxygen-dependent conversion of cyanide to CO2 and ammonia. The other two, occurring in the presence or absence of oxygen, involve separate reactions to yield, respectively, formate plus ammonia or formamide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of external and internal environmental and internal faectors on service firms' choice of foreign market entry modes is investigated using logistic regression with data collected from 175 United State service firms.
TL;DR: In this article, the differences in the group decision making of culturally diverse and culturally homogeneous groups regarding tasks in which alternatives consisted of a wide range of risk was examined, indicating differences in their risk-taking propensities.
TL;DR: The chemical sensitivity expressed in terms of changes in the spontaneous spike activity of the network is explored, and 'sensomimes' that can reliably recognize specific minute chemical or physical changes that are specifically engineered into the networks are suggested.
Abstract: Embryonic mouse spinal nerve cells grown in cell culture develop networks displaying complex spontaneous activity and histiotypic pharmacological responses that remain stable for over three months in vitro . However, as living systems growing without the homeostatic control mechanisms of the central nervous system, they show a remarkable sensitivity to minute changes in their environment and, therefore, display some of the properties of sensory tissue. This paper explores the chemical sensitivity expressed in terms of changes in the spontaneous spike (i.e., action potential) activity patterns. We suggest the possibility of transforming non-sensory networks into 'sensomimes' that can reliably recognize specific minute chemical or physical changes. As presently envisioned, such systems would consist of genetically altered or enzymatically modified biological neuronal networks maintained in cell culture, and would utilize gross changes in the spontaneous spike activity of the network as the sensory output. With this approach, co-culturing with sensory epithelium would not be necessary, knowledge of complex sensory coding would not be required, the neural tissues which are most robust under culture conditions could be utilized, and novel physical and chemical sensitivities could be specifically engineered into the networks.
TL;DR: In response to the need to differentiate the effects of female and male violence, scales were developed applicable to female violence against men as discussed by the authors, and two versions of the Severity of Violence Against Men Scale (SVAMS) were devised as a counterpart to the SVAWS.
Abstract: In response to the need to differentiate the effects of female and male violence, scales were developed applicable to female violence against men Two versions of the Severity of Violence Against Men Scale (SVAMS) were devised as a counterpart to the Severity of Violence Against Women Scales (SVAWS) On 10-point rating scales, college males (N = 570) rated how serious, aggressive, abusive, violent, and threatening it would be if a woman did each of 46 acts to a man The mean of each act across the ratings was calculated and then submitted to factor analysis Eight factors emerged representing threats of mild, moderate, and serous violence, actual mild, minor, moderate, and serious violence and sexual violence Community men (N = 115) rated the same acts on seriousness, aggressiveness, and abusiveness All factors were unidimensional Second order factor analysis confirmed that two dimensions (physical threats and actual violence) were represented In contrast to the SVAWS, sexual violence loaded with threats of physical violence The groups' ratings of physical and emotional harm provided the weightings for future research with student (SVAMS-S) and adult (SVAMS) samples
TL;DR: Data provide statistical validity for the compliance index and support for the use of anterior laxity measurements at 30 pounds of force and results indicated that the measurements in the unconscious state were significantly higher than the values obtained in the conscious state.
Abstract: A recent published report indicated that the reliability and validity of anterior laxity measurements obtained by using the KT-1000 arthrometer were questionable. The purpose of our study was to examine the diagnostic validity of anterior laxity measurements testing patients in conscious and unconscious states using the KT-1000 arthrometer at 15, 20, and 30 pounds of force. The sample included 68 patients with confirmed anterior cruciate ligament disruption. They were given anterior-posterior drawer tests at 20 degrees in both unconscious and conscious states; measurements were recorded at 15, 20, and 30 pounds of force. The results indicated that the measurements in the unconscious state were significantly higher (P less than 0.01) than the values obtained in the conscious state. The anterior cruciate ligament-disrupted knees produced significantly higher (P less than 0.01) anterior laxity. The difference between anterior cruciate ligament-disrupted knees and normal knees grew significantly larger (P less than 0.01) as force increased. More patients demonstrated a difference greater than 2 mm between anterior cruciate ligament-disrupted knees and normal knees at 30 pounds (81% to 83%) than at 20 pounds (64% to 72%) of force. Seventy-nine percent of the patients demonstrated a compliance index difference greater than 1 mm using 15 and 30 pounds between the normal and anterior cruciate ligament-disrupted knee. These data provide statistical validity for the compliance index and support for the use of anterior laxity measurements at 30 pounds of force. However, approximately 20% of these patients did not demonstrate an anterior cruciate ligament-disrupted-normal knee difference greater than 2 mm or a compliance index difference of greater than 1 mm.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an Intelligent Computer Assisted Instructional Tool (KBIT) designed to function in a medical education setting, which is an expert system-based instrument principally consisting of an assessment and a tutorial module.
Abstract: This paper reviews the progress made towards the development of an Intelligent Computer Assisted Instructional tool designed to function in a medical education setting. The tool, called KBIT (Knowledge Base Inference Tool) is an expert system-based instrument principally consisting of an assessment and a tutorial module. kbit's sole purpose is to support the development and refinement of the differential diagnostic (DDX) knowledge and skills of medical students. The objective of the assessment module is to provide psychometrically reliable and valid measures of several DDS skills. The objective of the tutorial module is to create a learning environment wherein students make refinements in knowledge base (KB) constructs which result in progress towards the next level of DDX skills. kbit's proposed educational approach is comprised of an iterative two-step process consisting of the assessment of several DDX skill performance parameters, followed by individualized formative instruction.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) and the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory (BLRI) to examine the nature of the therapeutic alliance in three treatments for depression, Focused Expressive Psychotherapy, Cognitive Therapy, and Supportive/Self-Directed Therapy.
Abstract: The present study used the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) and the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory (BLRI) to examine the nature of the therapeutic alliance in three treatments for depression, Focused Expressive Psychotherapy, Cognitive Therapy, and Supportive/SelfDirected Therapy. Three main findings emerged. First, although intended to measure different aspects of the therapeutic relationship, the WAI, the BLRI, and their subscales were found to intercorrelate highly, indicating that they may all measure essentially the same underlying construct, Strength of the Therapeutic Alliance. Second, as suggested by Strupp, the strength of the therapeutic alliance early in therapy was found to be a good predictor of its strength at the end of therapy. Third, no significant difference was found in the strength of therapeutic alliance among the three forms of therapy. Contrary to what might have been expected, the therapeutic alliance was no weaker in Supportive/Self-Directed Therapy than in Cognitive Thera...
TL;DR: Results of continuing studies indicate that the mouse zygote and two-cell embryo stages are a window of susceptibility in the experimental induction of congenital anomalies with certain mutagenic agents, raising the possibility that certain human developmental defects may have their origins in events that happen in the zygotes and early pre-implantation stages.
Abstract: Results of continuing studies indicate that the mouse zygote and two-cell embryo stages are a window of susceptibility in the experimental induction of congenital anomalies with certain mutagenic agents. The mechanisms by which the mutagens initiate the pathogenesis of these developmental defects are not known. However, in certain cases there is evidence that a nonconventional, perhaps epigenetic, mechanism is involved. Detailed characterization of the spectrum of anomalies induced and comparison of responses at the various stages exposed allowed classification of the mutagens generally into two groups. One group is characterized by being effective only in the early stages of zygote development and capable of producing a relatively high incidence of fetal death and hydrops. The other group affects all of the zygote stages studied as well as the two cell-embryo, but does not increase the incidence of fetal death and hydrops. Except for hydrops, chemicals in the two groups do not differ in terms of the types of anomalies present among malformed live fetuses, which bear a resemblance to a subset of common, sporadic human developmental anomalies that are of unknown etiology. This similarity raises the possibility that certain human developmental defects may have their origins in events that happen in the zygote and early pre-implantation stages.
TL;DR: In this paper, robust canonical correlation and classification methods were used to evaluate relationships between ambient toxicity and instream biological response, and the strength of the relationship between the two variables was determined by statistically evaluating agreement between the predicted and observed impacts.
Abstract: Robust canonical correlation and classification methods were used to evaluate relationships between ambient toxicity and instream biological response. Ten studies of freshwater aquatic systems were used in the analysis. These studies included eight site studies conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Complex Effluent Toxicity Testing Program, one study by the University of Kentucky and one study by the University of North Texas.
Results from ambient toxicity tests, including Ceriodaphnia neonate production and Pimephales promelas dry weight and survival, were used to predict impact at sampling stations. Instream biological response variables, including fish and benthic richness, were used to classify whether or not a station was impacted. The strength of the relationship between ambient toxicity and instream impact was determined by statistically evaluating agreement between the predicted and observed impacts. Results of the analysis showed that statistically significant relationships between ambient toxicity and instream impact were found in each of the studies.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Evidence of a circadian rhythm in aerobic and anaerobic responses to high-intensity short-duration exercise, in women as well as in men, is provided by the effect of time of day on performance of high- intensity, constant-power cycle ergometry by both men and women.
Abstract: This study evaluated the effect of time of day on performance of high-intensity, constant-power cycle ergometry by both men and women. Subjects performed all-out cycle ergometer tests in the morning and in the afternoon in randomized order. For all tests, work rate was a constant 5.0 W.kg-1 (women, n = 6) or 6.0 W.kg-1 (men, n = 8). Total work performed was 9.6% greater in the afternoon (mean +/- SE, 348.8 +/- 40.6 J.kg-1) compared to the morning (318.2 +/- 39.5 J.kg-1). The greater amount of work in the afternoon was associated with a 5.1% higher aerobic power and a 5.6% larger anaerobic contribution. There was no interaction between gender and the effect of time of day on the aerobic or anaerobic contributions. These results provide evidence of a circadian rhythm in aerobic and anaerobic responses to high-intensity short-duration exercise, in women as well as in men.
TL;DR: It is concluded that the K2 accurately measures VO2 during a GXT; however, its accuracy can be compromised by limitations inherent to the system.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and evaluate the accuracy of a portable telemetric oxygen uptake analyzer (K2). Two experiments were carried out: a) using a mechanical lung, the accuracy of the K2 to measure oxygen fractions and minute ventilation following 10 and 60 min of warm-up was determined; and b) two maximal graded exercise tests (GXT) on 15 subjects, one with the K2 system and the other with a standardized breath-by-breath (BBB) system, while heart rate (HR), minute ventilation (VE), and oxygen uptake (VO2) were compared. Following 10-min warm-up prior to calibration, the K2 underestimated the true oxygen fraction as early as 5 min into the test, and this value continued to decrease throughout the 30-min test. After 60 min of warm-up prior to calibration, the K2 accurately measured the true oxygen fraction for the first 15 min; at minute 20, and on to minute 30, the K2 underestimated the oxygen fraction. Ventilation volumes were not affected by warm-up time. Minute ventilation during the K2 GXT was significantly higher than VE for the BBB test. No significant differences were found between the HRs obtained with the BBB or K2 systems. No differences in VO2 for any stage of the GXT were identified between the K2 device, BBB device or when a respiratory exchange ratio (RER) correction factor was applied to the K2 derived values. However, the RER correction factor did minimize the VO2 differences between the BBB and K2 systems. Therefore, we conclude that the K2 accurately measures VO2 during a GXT; however, its accuracy can be compromised by limitations inherent to the system.
TL;DR: A new sorting network with exactly the same size and depth as the odd-even sorting network is presented, and proceeds by first sorting pairs of bits and then sorting the pairs into lexicographic order.
Abstract: A new sorting network with exactly the same size and depth as the odd-even sorting network is presented. This sorting network is designed using the zero-one principle, and proceeds by first sorting pairs of bits and then sorting the pairs into lexicographic order.