scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Showing papers by "University of North Texas published in 1996"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The psychopathy checklist (PCL/PCL-R) continues to receive recognition among clinicians and researchers for its ability to predict violent and nonviolent recidivism as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The Psychopathy Checklist (PCL/PCL-R) continues to receive recognition among clinicians and researchers for its ability to predict violent and nonviolent recidivism. This article reviews the psychometric properties and the clinical utility of the PCL-R and reports a meta-analysis of 18 studies that Investigate the relationship between the PCL/PCL-R and violent and nonviolent recidivism. We found that the PCL and the PCL-R had moderate to strong effect sizes and appear to be good predictors of violence and general recidivism. As a component of dangerousness assessments, psychologists may want to consider utilizing the PCL-R when making probability statements regarding placement decisions in institutions, parole and conditional release decisions, and community placement decisions for psychiatric patients. The generalizabilfty of the PCL beyond these groups, which have primarily consisted of Anglo-American samples, is still in question and requires further research.

729 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors apply long-memory processes to describe inflation for 10 countries, and find strong evidence of long memory with mean reverting behaviour for all countries except Japan, which appears stationary.
Abstract: This paper considers the application of long-memory processes to describing inflation for 10 countries. We implement a new procedure to obtain approximate maximum likelihood estimates of an ARFIMA-GARCH process; which is fractionally integrated I(d) with a superimposed stationary ARMA component in its conditional mean. Additionally, this long-memory process is allowed to have GARCH type conditional heteroscedasticity. On analysing monthly post-World War II CPI inflation for 10 different countries, we find strong evidence of long memory with mean reverting behaviour for all countries except Japan, which appears stationary. For three high inflation economies there is evidence that the mean and volatility of inflation interact in a way that is consistent with the Friedman hypothesis. Copyright 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

623 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the effect of economic linkages on the likelihood that dyads will engage in militarized interstate disputes and 14 wars, and found that high degree of economic interdependence has the greatest potential for increasing the likelihood of conflict.
Abstract: This article investigates the long-standing liberal hypothesis that trade ties facilitate interstate peace. Rather than assuming that trade will always promote peace, the author highlights the need to consider both the nature and context of economic linkages in assessing whether such ties are more likely to dampen or amplify interstate conflict. The study encompasses a diverse group of dyadic relationships for the period 1870-1938, 14,341 dyad years, and includes 270 militarized interstate disputes and 14 wars. After controlling for the potentially confounding influences of contiguity, regime type (joint democracy), relative capabilities, and alliance commitments, the author finds evidence that economic linkages have a dramatic influence on whether or not dyads engage in militarized disputes, but no influence on the occurrence of wars. Rather than inhibiting conflict, extensive economic interdependence increases the likelihood that dyads will engage in militarized interstate disputes. Peace through trade is most likely to arise among dyads composed of mutually dependent trading partners. Even then, the relationship between interdependence and conflict appears to be curvilinear, where low to moderate degrees of interdependence reduce the likelihood of dyadic disputes, and extensive economic linkages increase the probability of militarized disputes. Extreme interdependence, whether symmetrical or asymmetrical, has the greatest potential for increasing the likelihood of conflict.

554 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results support the view that oxidative stress is a causal factor in brain senescence and suggest that age-related declines of cognitive and motor performance progress independently, and involve oxidative molecular damage within different regions of the brain.
Abstract: The hypothesis that age-associated impairment of cognitive and motor functions is due to oxidative molecular damage was tested in the mouse. In a blind study, senescent mice (aged 22 months) were subjected to a battery of behavioral tests for motor and cognitive functions and subsequently assayed for oxidative molecular damage as assessed by protein carbonyl concentration in different regions of the brain. The degree of age-related impairment in each mouse was determined by comparison to a reference group of young mice (aged 4 months) tested concurrently on the behavioral battery. The age-related loss of ability to perform a spatial swim maze task was found to be positively correlated with oxidative molecular damage in the cerebral cortex, whereas age-related loss of motor coordination was correlated with oxidative molecular damage within the cerebellum. These results support the view that oxidative stress is a causal factor in brain senescence. Furthermore, the findings suggest that age-related declines of cognitive and motor performance progress independently, and involve oxidative molecular damage within different regions of the brain.

497 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper examined the relations among the five-factor model of personality, creative ability, and creative accomplishments and found that verbal creativity and openness had significant positive correlations with creative accomplishments, while conscientiousness was negatively correlated with creative ability.

477 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the level of human capital embodied in the proprietor, firm location, sector, and proprietor gender are found to be important determinants of growth in small-firm dynamics.

466 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors used Hofstede's cultural model as a tool for analyzing cultures and using advertising appeals identified by Pollay to shed light on the question of whether systematic differences in advertising content mirror predictable differences in the cultures themselves.
Abstract: Across cultures, do systematic differences in advertising content mirror predictable differences in the cultures themselves? The authors designed a study to shed light on that question, using Hofstede's cultural model as a tool for analyzing cultures and using advertising appeals identified by Pollay. After coding advertisements in business publications from 11 countries for the appeals employed, they computed correlation coefficients relating the proportional use of each appeal and Hofstede's cultural dimensions: individualism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, and masculinity. The culture-reflecting quality of advertising was supported for 10 of 30 hypothesized relationships, and for an additional eight after removal of outliers from the data.

351 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identified distinct elements of bank service quality and ascertained which of those elements are most important to different demographic groups in order to understand which elements of service quality are more important for different groups of customers.
Abstract: Service quality continues to be a significant issue in the banking industry. Because money and other financial services are generally undifferentiated products, banks are continually striving for increased service quality in order to achieve and maintain a competitive edge. Critical to the improvement of service quality is the determination of those service quality characteristics considered important by consumers. Moreover, it is necessary to understand which of those elements of service quality are more important to different groups of customers. Reports a study that identifies distinct elements of bank service quality and ascertains which of those elements are most important to different demographic groups.

260 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A neural network model for forecasting daily maximum ozone levels is developed that is superior to the regression and Box-Jenkins ARIMA models the authors tested and compared the neural network's performance with those of two traditional statistical models.

251 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article argued that the apparent syntactic optionality one observes in, for example, the placement of medial adverbs vis-a-vis thematic verbs in French-English Interlanguage can be e
Abstract: In Eubank (1993/94), I argued that the apparent syntactic optionality one observes in, for example, the placement of medial adverbs vis-a-vis thematic verbs in French-English Interlanguage can be e

211 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a number of empirical studies have demonstrated that job satisfaction levels vary widely in the American labor force and the effect of age, tenure, salary, job type, and job type on job satisfaction.
Abstract: Over the past several decades a number of empirical studies have demonstrated that job-satisfaction levels vary widely in the American labor force. The effect of age, tenure, salary, job type, job ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the relationship between property rights and economic growth has been investigated using cross-national panel data from 1960-90 and the evidence supports two conclusions: (1) economies of nations that protect property rights grow more rapidly than those that do not, and (2) the nature of a political regime influences economic growth indirectly through its commitment to prop erty rights.
Abstract: In attempting to identify institutional factors that influence a nation's per capita growth rate, scholarship in political science has focused almost ex clusively on differences in political regimes. This article argues that if we are interested in understanding why some nations grow faster than others, then we must redirect our inquiry and focus on property rights. Using new measures for property rights protection and democracy, and building on an endogenous growth model, this study presents the first approximation of the relationship between property rights, democracy, and economic growth. These relationships are tested using cross-national panel data from 1960-90. The evidence supports two conclusions: (1) economies of na tions that protect property rights grow more rapidly than those of nations that do not protect property rights; and (2) the nature of a political regime influences economic growth indirectly through its commitment to prop erty rights.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors found that few if any relationships are likely to be found between presidential popularity, congressional support, economic conditions and elections and the use of force, and also test to determine if the causal order is not reversed and if it is domestic conditions which precipitate international crises.
Abstract: One of the most intriguing claims that has been made about the behavior of American presidents is that they have been motivated by deteriorating political conditions at home to engage in conflict abroad. However, we identify three problems with this literature: (1) the use of increments of time rather than international crises as the unit of analysis; (2) the assump tion that presidents can respond to international crises whenever they wish; and (3) the assumption that there are significant political payoffs for diver sionary uses of force. We argue that few if any relationships are likely to be found between presidential popularity, congressional support, economic conditions and elections and the use of force. We test our hypotheses by looking at the political use of military force by American presidents in the post-World War II era (1953-88). We also test to determine if the causal order is not reversed and if it is domestic conditions which precipitate international crises. Ultimately, we find little e...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Although moderately effective with naive simulators, the PAI validity scales evidenced only modest positive predictive power with their sophisticated counterparts, and a two-stage discriminant analysis yielded a moderately high hit rate that was maintained in the cross-validation sample, irrespective of the feigned disorder or the sophistication of the simulators.
Abstract: Psychological assessment with multiscale inventories is largely dependent on the honesty and forthrightness of those persons evaluated. We investigated the effectiveness of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) in detecting participants feigning three specific disorders: schizophrenia, major depression, and generalized anxiety disorder. With a simulation design, we tested the PAI validity scales on 166 naive (undergraduates with minimal preparation) and 80 sophisticated (doctoral psychology students with 1 week preparation) participants. We compared their results to persons with the designated disorders: schizophrenia (n = 45), major depression (n = 136), and generalized anxiety disorder (n = 40). Although moderately effective with naive simulators, the validity scales evidenced only modest positive predictive power with their sophisticated counterparts. Therefore, we performed a two-stage discriminant analysis that yielded a moderately high hit rate (> 80%) that was maintained in the cross-validation sample, irrespective of the feigned disorder or the sophistication of the simulators.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the cow-path problem is studied and the first randomized algorithm for the cow path problem is presented. But the algorithm is optimal for two paths (w = 2) and is not optimal for larger values of w.
Abstract: Searching for a goal is a central and extensively studied problem in computer science. In classical searching problems, the cost of a search function is simply the number of queries made to an oracle that knows the position of the goal. In many robotics problems, as well as in problems from other areas, we want to charge a cost proportional to the distance between queries (e.g., the time required to travel between two query points). With this cost function in mind, the abstract problem known as thew-lane cow-path problem was designed. There are known optimal deterministic algorithms for the cow-path problem; we give the first randomized algorithm in this paper. We show that our algorithm is optimal for two paths (w=2) and give evidence that it is optimal for larger values ofw. Subsequent to the preliminary version of this paper, Kaoet al.(in“Proceedings, 5th ACM?SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithm,” pp. 372?381, 1994) have shown that our algorithm is indeed optimal for allw?2. Our randomized algorithm gives expected performance that is almost twice as good as is possible with a deterministic algorithm. For the performance of our algorithm, we also derive the asymptotic growth with respect tow?despite similar complexity results for related problems, it appears that this growth has never been analyzed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that people management is the most important element of property management, and that it is even more valuable than technical knowledge, and therefore it should be prioritized.
Abstract: People management is the most important element of property management—even more valuable than technical knowledge.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a study was designed to identify patterns of psychological abuse (abuse) and determine whether different patterns mediate the effects of violence and sexual aggression, and found that the most serious types of abuse, including domestic violence, verbal abuse, and sexual aggressiveness, were more subtle than dominating-controlling abuse discussed by others.
Abstract: This study was designed to identify patterns of psychological abuse (abuse) and determine whether different patterns mediate the effects of violence and sexual aggression. Interviews were completed with 578 (80.3%) of 720 women who volunteered for a study of “bad” or “stressful” heterosexual relationships. Cluster analysis with 51 items assessing many types of subtle and overt psychological abuse identified six groups. Cluster 1 sustained the most serious abuse, violence, and sexual aggression, but partners did not denigrate women or control finances. Cluster 2 sustained serious abuse which was more subtle than the dominating-controlling abuse discussed by others and had moderate violence and sexual aggression scores. Cluster 3 scored relatively low on abuse but reported controlling types (e.g., isolation, enforced secrecy) and relatively little violence and sexual aggression. Cluster 4 sustained the least abuse, violence, and sexual aggression but the abuse was overt (e.g., criticism, several types of control). Clusters 5 and 6 were similar with high abuse and moderate violence and sexual aggression scores but they experienced very different types of abuse. Total psychological abuse, threats of violence, acts of violence, and sexual aggression scores made different contributions to women's health, help seeking, and relationship perceptions depending on the pattern of abuse they sustained. Results for each type of harmful act are discussed separately.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results indicate that the PCL:SV is predictive of aggression and treatment noncompliance.
Abstract: The predictive utility of Hare, Hart, and Cox's Psychopathy Checklist Screening Version (PCL:SV) was assessed utilizing a sample of forensic psychiatric patients from Vernon State Hospital in Vernon, Texas. A sample of 55 patients were interviewed and rated on the PCL:SV. During a six month follow up, occurrences of self-harm (suicide attempts and self mutilation), aggression (verbal abuse and threats, irritability, belligerence, and fighting) escape potential (threats and attempts), and treatment refusal (medication, tests, and physician's appointments) were rated. Separate stepwise multiple regression analyses were performed utilizing patient's age, type of charges, documented history of alcohol/drug abuse and the PCL:SV as predictor variables. Results indicate that the PCL:SV is predictive of aggression and treatment noncompliance.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors tried to answer two central questions related to the use of force by the United States in the ostensible quest to promote democracy, and found that in the majority of cases, regardless of the manner in which democratic change is measured, US military interventions do not appear to lead to increased levels of democracy.
Abstract: All through history, when United States presidents have sought to explain or defend US military interventions in foreign lands, no goal, with the exception of the national security of the United States, has been advanced with such regularity and frequency as the promotion of democracy. Interestingly, however, this readiness to use force in the name of democracy does not appear to square with some of the emerging findings on the pacific relations among democratic nations. If states do not war on each other because they are democratic, does it make sense that they wage war or use force to compel others to become democratic? In this article the author attempts to answer two central questions related to the use of force by the United States in the ostensible quest to promote democracy. First, why would the United States intervene in the affairs of other nations to promote democracy? And second, is the use of force an effective tool in the promotion of democracy? The article finds that in the majority of cases, regardless of the manner in which democratic change is measured, US military interventions do not appear to lead to increased levels of democracy. Most nations retain their current level of democracy. However, when a comparison is made between nations which have experienced intervention, with those that have not, it is shown that the former group is more likely to experience democratic growth. Probit analyses of the effects of military intervention on democratization generally support the notion that the use of US ground forces does lead to increased democratization. A probit model is also developed to predict which military interventions are most likely to promote democracy. The predictive success of the models is quite high. The author finds that when the president declares democracy is a goal of the intervention, and if the US government is opposed to the targeted regime, democracy is more likely to be promoted.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For example, the authors argues that conservation biologists should reflect on the constitutive values underlying their research programs and policy recommendations, which is itself an inherent element of scientific objectivity and takes into account the social nature of scientific knowledge.
Abstract: Practice of conservation biology that does not actively and continuously question the values that shape it is self-defeating: Conservation biology is inescapably normative. Advocacy for the preservation of biodiversity is part of the scientific practice of conservation biology. If the editorial policy of or the publications in Conservation Biology direct the discipline toward an “objective, value-free” approach, then they do not educate and transform society but rather narrow the focus to the “object of knowledge” (be this species, gene pools, landscapes, or ecosystems). To pretend that the acquisition of “positive knowledge" alone will avert mass extinctions is misguided. Conservation biologists should reflect on the constitutive values (especially contextual, but also methodological and bias) underlying their research programs and policy recommendations. Such reflection is itself an inherent element of scientific objectivity and takes into account the social nature of scientific knowledge. Without openly acknowledging such a perspective, conservation biology could become merely a subdiscipline of biology, intellectually and functionally sterile and incapable of averting an anthropogenic mass extinction.

Journal Article
Abstract: The process is clear: entrepreneurs initiate business ventures. What is not clear is why they do so. The debate continues to rage about entrepreneurial behavior and this singular act of individual volition which is so vital to a nation's economic health and well being. The drives and personalities continue to be debated. Gartner (1988) asks, "Can one know the dancer from the dance?" Is it even important to try? Carland, Hoy and Carland (I 988) think it is essential because one cannot understand the dance without understanding the dancer.We think that the dance takes on the personality of the dancer. It is the dancer who interprets the dance and each artist makes the process his or her own. If we seek to understand the entrepreneurial process, we must have some insight into the entrepreneurial psyche. This is especially true if we wish to design educational and training programs for prospective and practicing entrepreneurs.In this work, we empirically examine 502 owner/managers of small businesses. We identify entrepreneurial vision, the ability to see what is not there, as their commonality. We empirically /ink that vision to the entrepreneurial psyche and use that to build insight into the entrepreneurial enigma, the process of entrepreneurship.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A partial answer to a dual version of a well-known problem of Avital-Hanani, Erdós, Kupitz, Perles, and others, where any piecewise linear one-to-one mappingf∶R2→R2 withf(pi)=qi (1≤i≤n) is composed of at least Ω(n2) linear pieces.
Abstract: Keywords: crossing number ; bisection width of a graph Note: Professor Pach's number: [105]. Also in: Proc. 10th ACM Symposium on Computational Geometry, 1994, 198-202. Reference DCG-ARTICLE-1996-001 Record created on 2008-11-14, modified on 2017-05-12

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of the choice of palladium catalyst precursor on the catalytic performance of polyketone polymers has been investigated, and the effects of the alumoxane structure and the phosphine ligands have been determined.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Nov 1996
TL;DR: A dynamic load balancing scheme to migrate unused channels from underloaded cells to an overloaded one through borrowing a fixed number of channels from cold cells to a hot one according to a channel borrowing algorithm is proposed.
Abstract: We propose a dynamic load balancing scheme for the channel assignment problem in a cellular mobile environment. As an underlying approach, we start with a fixed assignment scheme where each cell is initially allocated a set of channels, each to be assigned on demand to a user in the cell. A cell is classified as 'hot', if the degree of coldness of a cell (defined as the ratio of the number of available channels to the total number of channels for that cell), is less than or equal to some threshold value. Otherwise the cell is 'cold'. Our load balancing scheme proposes to migrate unused channels from underloaded cells to an overloaded one. This is achieved through borrowing a fixed number of channels from cold cells to a hot one according to a channel borrowing algorithm. A channel assignment strategy is also proposed based on dividing the users in a cell into three broad types – 'new', 'departing', 'others' – and forming different priority classes of channel demands from these three types of users. Assignment of the local and borrowed channels are performed according to the priority classes. Next, a Markov model for an individual cell is developed, where the state is determined by the number of occupied channels in the cell. The probability for a cell being hot and the call blocking probability in a hot cell are derived, and a method to estimate the value of the threshold is also given. Detailed simulation experiments are carried out in order to evaluate our proposed methodology. The performance of our load balancing scheme is compared with the fixed channel assignment, simple borrowing, and two existing strategies with load balancing (e.g., directed retry and CBWL), and a significant improvement of the system behavior is noted in all cases.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Examination of the influence of the stage duration and velocity incrementation on the velocity at VO2 max and, consequently, on the two times to exhaustion (tlim) associated with the two vVO2 max generated by the two protocols demonstrated that small changes in protocol have no significant impact on the value of v VO2max and in consequence on tlim.
Abstract: The velocity associated with the achievement of VO2 max during an incremental treadmill test (v VO2 max) has been reported to be an indicator of performance in middle distance running events. Previous study has shown the reproducibility of the time to exhaustion (time limit: tlim) at v VO2 max performed by well-trained males in the same condition at one week of interval (Billat et al., 1994b). It is essential in studies involving tlim at v VO2 max that the v VO2 max be precisely determined, or else the measured tlim will be meaningless. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of the stage duration and velocity incrementation on the velocity at VO2 max and, consequently, on the two times to exhaustion (tlim) associated with the two v VO2 max generated by the two protocols. v VO2 max was determined in 15 trained male endurance athletes as the lowest speed at which VO2 max was attained in speed-incremented 0%-slope treadmill tests. For one test, increments were 1.0 km.h-1 and stages were 2 min in duration; for the other test, increments were 0.5 km.h-1 and stages were 1 min in duration. Results of paired means t-tests revealed no difference in v VO2 max obtained using the two protocols. v VO2 max was 20.7 +/- 1.0 km.h-1 with the 1.0 km.h-1 x 2 min protocol and 20.8 +/- 0.9 km.h-1 with the 0.5 km.h-1 x 1 min protocol. In addition, VO2, VCO2, VE, VE/VO2 and respiratory exchange ratio at the submaximal intensities that were common to both protocols (e.g., 17.0 km.h-1, 18.0 km.h-1, 19.0 km.h-1, 20.0 km.h-1) did not differ. Times to exhaustion at the two v VO2 max demonstrated a high degree of inter-individual variability (coefficients of variation were 35% and 45%) but did not differ (345 +/- 120 s versus 373 +/- 169 s). These results demonstrated that small changes in protocol have no significant impact on the value of v VO2 max and in consequence on tlim v VO2 max.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors assess the importance of services provided by hotels/motels as perceived by mature travelers and find that customer services related to assurance and reliability are highly important.
Abstract: The availability of quality service substantially influences consumer satisfac tion. Therefore, the provision of quality service has become an increasingly impor tant concern of hotel/motel managers. Due to the size, growth rate, and special concerns of the mature population, their assessment of hotel/motel services is necessary in order to determine whatservices hotels/motels should provide to attract and maintain theirbusiness. The purpose of this study was to assess the importance of services provided by hotels/motels as perceived by mature travelers. The objectives of this study were accomplished through descriptive analysis of quantita tive data gathered from a sample of mature consumers in the state of Texas using the SERVQUAL model. Results indicated customer services related to assurance and reliability were considered highly important. To attract and satisfy mature travelers, hotels/motels should focus their efforts to provide quality customer services of all types, particularly in the areas of a...

Book
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: In this article, a discussion concernant les different definitions of the notion of feedback ont emergees avec le developpement de la recherche d'informations and il etudie les relations des ces differentes vues avec la cybernetique and les modeles sociaux du feedback.
Abstract: Cet article propose une discussion concernant les differentes definitions de la notion de feedback qui ont emergees avec le developpement de la recherche d'informations et il etudie les relations des ces differentes vues avec la cybernetique et les modeles sociaux du feedback. Apres une definition du feedback face a la recherche d'information, les concepts et les modeles de feedback dans les domaines de la cybernetique et des sciences sociales sont discutes. Puis les approches traditionnelles et interactives de la recherche d'information face au feedback sont examinees. Et enfin, des recherches supplementaires concernant le feedback sont proposees

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: TRIPACK as mentioned in this paper is a Fortran 77 software package that employs an incremental algorithm to construct a constrained Delaunay traingulation of a set of points in the plane (nodes).
Abstract: TRIPACK is a Fortran 77 software package that employs an incremental algorithm to construct a constrained Delaunay traingulation of a set of points in the plane (nodes). The triangulation covers the convex hull of the nodes but may include polygonal constraint regions whose triangles are distinguishable from those in the remainder of the triangulation. This effectively allows for a nonconvex or multiply connected triangulation (the complement of the union of constraint regions) while retaining the efficiency of searching and updating a convex triangulation. The package provides a wide range of capabilities including an efficient means of updating the triangulation with nodal additions or deletions. For N nodes, the storage requirement is 13N integer storage locations in addition to the 2N nodal coordinates.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A multiple search session model of end‐users' interaction with information retrieval systems based on results from an exploratory study investigating end‐ users' search sessions over time with online public access catalogs or CD‐ROM databases at different stages of their information seeking related to a current research project is discussed.
Abstract: This article discusses a multiple search session model of end-users' interaction with information retrieval systems based on results from an exploratory study investigating end-users' search sessions over time with online public access catalogs (OPAC) or CD-ROM databases at different stages of their information seeking related to a current research project. Interviews were conducted with 200 academic end-users to investigate the occurrence of multiple search sessions. Results show that at the time of the interview, 57% of end-users had conducted multiple search sessions during their research project and 86% of end-users conducted their first search session at the beginning stage of their information-seeking process. Forty-nine percent of end-users had conducted between 1 and 6 search sessions and 8% more than 6 search sessions. Seventy percent of multiple search session end-users' had modified their search terms since their first search session. The implications of the findings for end-user training, information retrieval systems design, and further research are discussed. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.