Showing papers by "University of Notre Dame published in 1977"
TL;DR: The other-minds problem and the justification of induction have been studied in the context of epistemological crisis as discussed by the authors, where an agent who has believed that he was highly valued by his employers and colleagues is suddenly fired; someone proposed for membership of a club whose members were all, so he believed, close friends is blackballed; and someone falls out of love and needs to know how he or she can possibly have been so mistaken in the other.
Abstract: What is an epistemological crisis? Consider, first, the situation of ordinary agents who are thrown into such crises. Someone who has believed that he was highly valued by his employers and colleagues is suddenly fired; someone proposed for membership of a club whose members were all, so he believed, close friends is blackballed. Or someone falls in love and needs to know what the loved one really feels; someone falls out of love and needs to know how he or she can possibly have been so mistaken in the other. For all such persons the relationship of seems to is becomes crucial. It is in such situations that ordinary agents who have never learned anything about academic philosophy are apt to rediscover for themselves versions of the other-minds problem and the problem of the justification of induction. They discover, that is, that there is a problem about the rational justification of inferences from premises about the behavior of other people to conclusions about their thoughts, feelings, and attitudes and of inferences from premises about how individuals have acted in the past to conclusions expressed as generalizations about their behavior, generalizations which would enable us to make reasonably reliable predications about their future behavior. What they took to be evidence pointing unambiguously in some one direction now turns out to have been equally susceptible of rival interpretations.
336 citations
TL;DR: The hypothesis is advanced that certain prostaglandins may protect the mucosa ("cytoprotection") by preventing the spread of microorganisms and/or their toxin through the intestinal wall through the intestine wall.
306 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1977TL;DR: In this paper, sixteen previously unpublished essays provide a focus for the discussion of authoritarianism and corporatism by clarifying various concepts, and pointing to directions for future research utilizing them.
Abstract: Since the mid-1960s it has been apparent that authoritarian regimes are not necessarily doomed to extinction as societies modernize and develop, but are potentially viable (if unpleasant) modes of organizing a society s developmental efforts. This realization has spurred new interest among social scientists in the phenomenon of authoritarianism and one of its variants, corporatism. The sixteen previously unpublished essays in this volume provide a focus for the discussion of authoritarianism and corporatism by clarifying various concepts, and by pointing to directions for future research utilizing them. The book is organized in four parts: a theoretical introduction; discussions of authoritarianism, corporatism, and the state; comparative and case studies; and conclusions and implications. The essays discuss authoritarianism and corporatism in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela."
285 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, 11 different fly ashes from coal-fired power plants were subjected to various chemical extractions and washings for determination of their acid-base and heavy metal chemistry, and the results suggested that the relative amounts of lime and amorphous iron oxides on the surface define the ultimate acidic or basic character of fly ash in solution.
Abstract: Eleven different fly ashes from coal-fired power plants were subjected to various chemical extractions and washings for determination of their acid-base and heavy metal chemistry. Results suggested that the relative amounts of lime and amorphous iron oxides on the surface define the ultimate acidic or basic character of fly ash in solution. In spite of wide variations in heavy metal content, most metals displayed an association with a specific surface oxide of either iron, manganese, or aluminum. Desorption of metals in aqueous solution followed a predictable pattern of decreasing release with increasing pH. Arsenic was an exception to this at high pH. Mercury behaved anomalously due to the presence of the elemental form. Ranges in reported values are attributed primarily to the variable geochemical matrix in which the heavy metals are found before mining.
191 citations
TL;DR: A simple graphical procedure is described which takes into account the regular and reduced selling prices, the give-away cost, and the procurements to determine the best setting for the target value of an industrial process.
Abstract: In this paper the question of what is the best setting for the target value of an industrial process is explored. A simple graphical procedure is described which takes into account the regular and reduced selling prices, the give-away cost, and the proc..
173 citations
TL;DR: Support was found for the proposition that Spanish-accented English is negatively stereotyped and that the more accented the speech, the stronger the stereotype.
Abstract: Approximately 100 college students were asked to evaluate Spanish-English bilingual speakers on the basis of taped readings of an English text. The speakers were chosen to represent a wide range of accentedness. The relationship between the amount of accentedness heard and the attributed characteristics of the speaker was investigated. The results show that the students made rather fine discriminations among varying degrees of accentedness in rating a speaker's personal attributes and speech. Support was thus found for the proposition that Spanish-accented English is negatively stereotyped and that the more accented the speech, the stronger the stereotype. By employing a seven-point rating scale with large groups rather than more involved scaling techniques based on individual testing, this study attempted to generalize the results of recent research which indicated that linguistically naive persons can reliably rate varying degrees of accentedness. Indeed, since the more convenient group-administered rat...
156 citations
TL;DR: Carbonaceous shales of the late Precambrian Chuar Group of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, contain abundant and well-preserved chitinozoans, which seems to suggest that heterotrophic protists (or primitive metaozoans) were extant at least as early as about 750 � 100 million years ago.
Abstract: Carbonaceous shales of the late Precambrian Chuar Group of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, contain abundant and well-preserved chitinozoans. The occurrence of these distinctive, tear- and flask-shaped microfossils, the oldest chitinozoans now known and the first to be reported from the Precambrian, seems to suggest that heterotrophic protists (or primitive metaozoans) were extant at least as early as about 750 ± 100 million years ago.
107 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that small traces of oxygen efficiently remove the phosphorescence as oxygen readily penetrates into the micelle to quench the arene triplet state by solubilization.
102 citations
01 Jan 1977-Journal of Comparative Physiology A-neuroethology Sensory Neural and Behavioral Physiology
TL;DR: One function of the macromolecular antifreeze in the hemolymph of the overwintering larvae of the darkling beetle, Meracantha contracta may be to hinder inoculative freezing which might otherwise occur because of the dampness of the hibernaculae.
Abstract: Macromolecular antifreeze solutes are present in the hemolymph of the overwintering larvae of the darkling beetle,Meracantha contracta. These antifreeze solutes produce a thermal hysteresis in the hemolymph of overwinteringMeracantha larvae whereby the freezing point of the hemolymph may be 3–4 °C below the melting point. This thermal hysteresis is very similar to that produced by proteinaceous and glycoproteinaceous antifreezes which are used by many cold water, marine teleost fishes to prevent freezing. One function of the macromolecular antifreeze inMeracantha may be to hinder inoculative freezing which might otherwise occur because of the dampness of the hibernaculae. A probably more important function is to depress the supercooling point of the frost susceptibleMeracantha larvae, thereby preventing lethal ice formation in the larvae's body fluids down to temperatures of approximately −11 °C.
99 citations
TL;DR: A review and critique of previous field experimental studies of movie violence in a naturalistic setting is presented in this article, where adolescent boys are exposed to several full-length unedited commercial films in their usual environment and observed interpersonal aggression formed the basis for the dependent indices.
Abstract: Publisher Summary Few recent topics in social psychology have generated as much controversy as the impact of exposure to film and television violence on the behavior of observers Although a large number of laboratory investigations have demonstrated that viewing aggression can increase subsequent viewer aggression, skeptics have seriously questioned the generalizability of these laboratory- derived results to real-life situations The chapter reviews studies that provide a more adequate test of the effects of exposure to movie violence in a naturalistic setting Three field experiments are described in which adolescent boys are exposed to several full-length unedited commercial films in their usual environment Observations of interpersonal aggression formed the basis for the dependent indices The purpose of this approach was to overcome some of the usual problems of generalizability A brief examination of these problems and a review and critique of previous field experimental studies of movie violence are presented in the chapter
89 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the long-tail hopping-time distribution of trapped electrons in aqueous glasses has been analyzed over the time span of more than eight decades in terms of a time-dependent "rate constant" of the form $0l\ensuremath{\alpha}l1$, which can be derived from the long tail hopping time distribution of Scher and Montroll.
Abstract: Decay patterns of trapped electrons in aqueous glasses have been analyzed over the time span of more than eight decades in terms of a time-dependent "rate constant" of the form ${t}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}1}$, $0l\ensuremath{\alpha}l1$, which can be derived from the long-tail hopping-time distribution of Scher and Montroll. The curve fitting of experiments in our model is quite satisfactory with $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\sim}0.1$ and with another adjustable parameter which depends on the trapping species and varies within one order of magnitude from one system to another. The time-dependent spectral shift for the absorption spectrum of trapped electrons can also be fitted by $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\sim}0.1$, providing fairly direct evidence that non-Gaussian diffusion of electrons from shallow to deep traps underlies the ${t}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}1}$ dependence.
TL;DR: In this paper, RPA corrections to the self-consistent cranking model are studied for self-contained systems, with special emphasis on conservation of angular momentum and particle number, and a prescription is given for writing down wave functions and calculating transition amplitudes within the accuracy of the RPA.
TL;DR: The Lyngbya aestuarii, an oscillatoriacean cyanophyte, forms surficial mats in portions of the salt marsh and evaporite flat at Laguna Mormona, a closed coastal lagoon on the Pacific coast of Baja California as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Lyngbya aestuarii, an oscillatoriacean cyanophyte, forms surficial mats in portions of the salt marsh and evaporite flat at Laguna Mormona, a closed coastal lagoon on the Pacific coast of Baja California. Aggregations of this alga produce structures ranging from small-diameter mounds to tufts, rounded ridges, sharp-crested ridges, large-diameter flat-topped mounds, and rings. The specific structural type seems to be controlled largely by the overall filament abundance, flooding history, and water depth. Study of these Lyngbya aestuarii mats and associated tufted structures produced by other oscillatoriacean cyanophytes have a bearing on certain problems in Precambrian paleontology, including: the formation of the stromatolite Conophyton; the origin of "molar-tooth structure; and the effect of environmental factors on algal-mat structure.
TL;DR: In this paper, the electromagnetic form factor of the charged pion was measured by direct scattering of 100-GeV/c from stationary electrons in a liquid-hydrogen target at Fermilab.
Abstract: We have measured the electromagnetic form factor of the charged pion by direct scattering of 100-GeV/c ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ from stationary electrons in a liquid-hydrogen target at Fermilab. The deviations from the pointlike pion-scattering cross section may be characterized by a root-mean-square charge radius for the pion of ${〈{{\mathcal{r}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{2}〉}^{\frac{1}{2}}=0.56\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04$ F.
TL;DR: In this article, the deactivation of a commercial reforming catalyst having 0.6% Pt supported on γ-alumina was studied in a single pellet diffusion reactor using the dehydrogenation of methylcyclohexane to toluene reaction as a model of the reforming process.
TL;DR: In this article, the validity of Fiedler's Contingency Model was examined in the context of four-man groups and the results of univariate and multivariate analyses of variance for a LPC × Leader-Person Relations × Task Structure × Position Power factorial design failed to support the model.
TL;DR: C-banding patterns in two species of mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and Aedes mascarensis, their hybrids and backcross progeny revealed differences in the sex chromosome pair, and the implications of the reversible expression of the intercalary band on the A. aeEgypti m chromosome are discussed.
Abstract: Giemsa C-banding patterns in two species of mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and Aedes mascarensis, their hybrids and backcross progeny revealed differences in the sex chromosome pair. In A. aegypti, the female determining or the m chromosome in both males and females shows a conspicuous band in the centromere region and another band in one arm. The male determining or the M chromosome is devoid of any bands. Progeny of crosses involving A. aegypti females and A. mascarensis males showed interesting albeit unexpected results. The intercalary band was suppressed in both sons and daughters. When such F1 sons were backcrossed to A. aegypti females, a proportion of males developed into intersexes. These intersex progeny differed from the normal males in terms of their banding pattern. In the reciprocal cross (A. mascarensis female × A. aegypti male), the F1 and the backcross progeny yielded the expected C-banding patterns. The implications of the reversible expression of the intercalary band on the A. aegypti m chromosome and its relevance to genetic regulation are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that groups of type D n are homomorphic images of Spin + (2n, q) or Spin −(2n-q) according as n is even or n is odd.
Abstract: We shall determine in this paper groups of types D n , E 6 , E 7 and E 8 generated by SU (3, q)'s, q odd, q > 3. These groups are defined in Phan (1975). [We shall refer to this paper as I]. Acquaintance with the results of I is assumed. The identification of groups of type D 4 is similar to that of SU (n, q). We actually construct an isomorphism from the universal group of type D 4 onto Spin + (8, q). This direct approach does not appear to be feasible for groups of type D n with n ≧ 5. Fortunately Wong's recent result (1974) is applicable here. But his theorem requires that the characteristic of the field be odd; hence unlike the unitary case, we assume that q is odd and q 3. Using Wong's theorem, we proceed to show by induction that groups of type D n are homomorphic images of Spin + (2n, q) or Spin − (2n, q) according as n is even or n is odd.
TL;DR: Temperature seems to be the major environmental factor responsible for the control of antifreeze levels in Meracantha; however, other environmental factors may also be involved.
Abstract: Overwintering larvae of the darkling beetle, Meracantha contracta, produce a macromolecular antifreeze that is similar in activity to the glycoproteinaceous and proteinaceous antifreezes found in some cold-water, marine teleost fishes. The antifreeze is not present in the hemolymph of the Meracantha larvae in summer, but its production begins by late September in the wild population. The antifreeze reaches a maximum concentration in February, decreases slowly through spring, and disappears by early June. The supercooling points of the larvae are lowest in February, when the antifreeze levels are highest, and increase as the antifreeze concentrations in the hemolymph decrease in the spring. Larvae collected in mid-February and warm-acclimated lost the antifreeze with-in 12 days. Larvae collected in early September and cold-acclimated required nearly two months to produce concentrations of antifreeze comparable to those of overwintering larvae. Temperature seems to be the major environmental factor responsible for the control of antifreeze levels in Meracantha; however, other environmental factors may also be involved.
TL;DR: In this article, it is shown that the disparity is due in part to the neglect of certain "exchange overlap" terms in the evaluations of transition-matrix elements in MCHF calculations.
Abstract: Recent calculations of oscillator strengths by Armstrong, Fielder, and Lin employing relativistic multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock (MCHF) methods give a disparity between length- and velocity-gauge results. It is shown here that the disparity is due in part to the neglect of certain "exchange overlap" terms in the evaluations of transition-matrix elements in MCHF calculations. Including such exchange overlap terms brings velocity-gauge values into substantial agreement with length-gauge results for high-$Z$ members of the Be isoelectronic sequence. The disparity for lower members of the sequence is increased and the resulting difference between length- and velocity-gauge values reflects the changing reliability of the MCHF calculation as $Z$ increases along the sequence.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Differential vertical oviposition of Aedes triseriatus (Say) and Aedes hendersoni Cockerell was studied in an isolated woodlot in Indiana and a linear relationship between the height of the breeding place and the proportion of eggs that were A. triseratus as opposed to A. hendERSONi was indicated.
Abstract: Differential vertical oviposition of Aedes triseriatus (Say) and Aedes hendersoni Cockerell was studied in an isolated woodlot in Indiana. Oviposition traps were set on 3 widely separated trees at basal level, 10 and 20 feet. Results showed that 97.3% of all larvae from basal traps were A. triseriatus , while 38.3% were A. triseriatus from traps at 20 feet. A linear relationship between the height of the breeding place and the proportion of eggs that were A. triseriatus as opposed to A. hendersoni was indicated.
TL;DR: A minimal dimension realization is a realization, with minimal dimension, from a given input-output sequence; while a minimal realization is one from agiven transfer function.
Abstract: A necessary and sufficient condition of identifiability of an input-output sequence is given. An algorithm is presented by which a minimal dimension realization from a given input-output sequence can be obtained. A canonical input-output equation is introduced. It is shown that the state equation realization from a canonical input-output equation exists and is unique, up to an isomorphism.
TL;DR: In this paper, a mathematical model was developed to describe, as a function of time, the waste and organism concentration and the oxygen uptake rate of sequencing batch (fill and draw) biological reactors.
TL;DR: In this article, measurements of γ-ray yield functions, γγ coincidence spectra and y-ray angular distributions following the 64Ni(α, n) and (α, 2n) reactions have been made.
TL;DR: Acclimation of Meracantha contracta larvae collected in late summer to low temperatures, short photoperiods or low relative humidities induces production of a macromolecular antifreeze which functions to depress the freezing and supercooling points of the larvae.
Abstract: Acclimation of Meracantha contracta larvae collected in late summer to low temperatures, short photoperiods or low relative humidities induces production of a macromolecular antifreeze which functions to depress the freezing and supercooling points of the larvae. Overwintering larvae must be exposed to a combination of high temperature and long photoperiod before the antifreeze is lost.
TL;DR: Night interruption experiments were used to investigate the behavior of the clock controlling diapause induction in the mosquito, Aedes atropalpus, and indicated that the circadian clock behaved like an interval timer which was set at dusk.