Showing papers by "University of Notre Dame published in 1982"

Reasoning, learning, and action

Abstract: This article presents a review of the book "Reasoning, Learning and Action," by Chris Argyris.

Cognitive assessment of social anxiety: Development and validation of a self-statement questionnaire

Abstract: The recent emphasis on cognitive factors in the treatment of emotional problems has stimulated the development of cognitive assessment techniques. This paper presents the development and initial validation of an instrument to assess self-statements about social interactions. The 30-item questionnaire contains 15 positive (facilitative) and 15 negative (inhibitory) self-statements that were derived from subjects who listed thoughts while imagining difficult social situations. Item selection was accomplished by using judges' ratings of those thoughts. Validity studies with two samples compared scores on the self-statement measure with self-report, judges' and confederates' ratings of skill and anxiety following taped role-play and face-to-face interactions, and with questionnaire measures of social anxiety and skill. The measure appears to be a reliable, valid measure of cognitions associated with social anxiety. Research directions in cognitive assessment are suggested.

Values in Science

Abstract: This paper argues that the appraisal of theory is in important respects closer in structure to value-judgement than it is to the rule-governed inference that the classical tradition in philosophy of science took for granted.

Experimental Studies of Separation on a Two-Dimensional Airfoil at Low Reynolds Numbers

Abstract: The laminar separation, transition, and turbulent reattachment near the leading edge of a two-dimensional NACA 663 -018 airfoil were investigated using a low-speed, smoke visualization wind tunnel. Lift and drag force measurements were made using an external strain gage balance for a chord Reynolds number range of 40,GOO400,000. An extensive flow visualization study was performed and correlated with the force measurements. Experiments were also conducted with distributed surface roughness at the leading edge and external acoustic excitation to influence the development of the airfoil boundary layer. This study delineates the effects of angle of attack and chord Reynolds number on the separation characteristics and airfoil performance. Nomenclature c = model chord cd = section profile drag coefficient (uncorrected) cf = section lift coefficient (uncorrected) Cp = pressure coefficient / = acoustic frequency, Hz R = reattachment location Rc = Reynolds number based on chord length, U^ civ S = separation location T = location of approximate end of transition £/«, = freestream velocity x/c = nondimensional distance along chord a = angle of attack v - kinematic viscosity

Leaf litter and larval mosquito dynamics in tree-hole ecosystems'

Abstract: Larvae of Aedes triseriatus mosquitoes feed on microbes that decompose leaf litter in tree—hole ecosystems. Scanning electron micrographs indicate that browsing by mosquitoes substantially reduces microbial abundance on decaying leaves. Experiments using laboratory microcosms demonstrate that increased larval density decreases larval survivorship, pupation rates, pupal biomass, and total yield. Rapidly decomposing leaf litter (sugar maple) supports more mosquito growth than slowly decomposing litter (beech and black oak). In our experiments, mosquito yield was apparently regulated by larval density and detrital dynamics. See full-text article at JSTOR

Catalysts deactivation by coking

Abstract: Catalyst deactivation due to coke formation is an important technological and economic problem in petroleum refining and in the petrochemical industry. Remedies to catalyst deactivation are sought by a variety of strategies involving modification of catalyst surface composition such as the use of polymetallic catalysts and/or by manipulation of the reaction environment which often limits the yield due to thermodynamic constrains (i.e., high hydrogen pressures, etc.). In the limit, when the activity reaches unacceptable limits, regeneration by burning off carbon residues can usually be attained, Regeneration can take place in situ, as in fixed-bed reactors, or in an adjacent reactor to which the catalysts is transported to, such as in moving-bed reactors or in fluidized-bed reactors. In the first case intermittent operation is required, whereas in the second case the operation is continuous, but a second regeneration reactor is required. The choice of the proper process cycle is an economic optimi...

Experimental Investigation of Natural Convection in Partitioned Enclosures

Abstract: Natural convection heat transfer within a two-dimensional, partitioned enclosure of aspect ratio 1 was investigated experimentally using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The vertical walls were maintained isothermal at different temperatures, while the horizontal walls and the partitions were insulated. Local and average heat-transfer coefficients were determined for the air and carbon dioxide filled enclosures both with and without partitions for Grashof numbers between 1.7×105 and 3.0×106 . Good agreement was found between the results in the present study for the nonpartitioned enclosure and those previously published. The partitions were found to significantly influence the convective heat transfer. Observations of the interferometric fringes indicated that the core region is unsteady, with the unsteadiness occasionally affecting the flow along the vertical isothermal walls, beginning at Grashof numbers as low as 5×105 .

Elastic Scattering Measurement of the Negative Pion Radius

Abstract: A new measurement of the elastic scattering of 250-GeV/c negative pions by electrons provides form-factor results from 0.0368

Weight training-related injuries in the high school athlete

Abstract: Eighty young athletes with weight training-related in juries were seen from August 1976 to August 1980. In 37 of the 80 athletes, it was difficult to pinpoint the cause of injury since the history revealed, in addition to weight training, either a program of running exces sive mileage or participation in repetitive lap running in the gymnasium.The injuries of the remaining 43 athletes had a direct causal relationship to the weight training program. Twenty-nine developed lumbosacral pain. Seven of the 29 were hospitalized, and four required surgical treatment. Anterior iliac spine avulsion occurred in six cases, and laceration of the knee meniscus occurred as an initial injury in four athletes who required sur gery. Four athletes developed cervical sprain.Universal Gym (Cedar Rapids, IA), Leaper (Strength/Fitness Systems, Independence MO) Or thotron (Lumex Inc., Bay Shore, NY), and free weights were used either singly or in combination by these young athletes in weight training.

Stemflow chemistry: Effects on population dynamics of detritivorous mosquitoes in tree-hole ecosystems.

Abstract: Experimental studies support four main conclusions about the effects of the chemical composition of stemflow on the growth, development, and survivorship of larvae of the tree hole mosquito Aedes triseratus Say, a vector of human encephalitis. (1) The presence and type of leaf litter is more critical for larval growth and development than the type of stemflow found in tree holes. (2) However, variations in stemflow chemical composition within the natural range of concentrations have substantial effects on growth, development, and survivorship of the larvae. Effects of pH, ammonia, nitrate, and sulfate are especially pronounced. (3) Acidification of stemflow caused increased mortality, prolonged development times, and reduced size of individual pupae, similar to effects of acid precipitation on the insect detritivores of lakes and streams. The stimulatory effects of nitrate and sulfate in acid precipitation do not compensate for the deleterious effects of the acidity. (4) Changes in stemflow characteristics sometimes had opposite effects on detritivores and detritus. The vigor of the larval population was not dependent on litter decomposition alone. In general, emergence patterns of adult treehole mosquitoes depend strongly on the chemical composition of stemflow.A fractional factorial experiment was successfully used. Fractional designs are advocated for experiments that screen a large number of nutrients or toxins for their effects on ecosystem components.

Electric and magnetic susceptibilities and shielding factors for closed-shell atoms and ions of high nuclear charge

Abstract: Theoretical expressions for the electric and magnetic susceptibilities and shielding factors of closed-shell atoms and ions are derived from the point of view of the relativistic random-phase approximation. These expressions are evaluated to determine electric-dipole, electric-quadrupole, and magnetic-dipole susceptibilities, and shielding factors for ions of the noble-gas isoelectronic sequences, as well as for selected ions having closed $s$, $d$, and $f$ shells. Comparisons are given with previous theoretical work and with experiment.

Induction of prostate adenocarcinomas in Lobund Wistar rats by testosterone

Abstract: Prostate adenocarcinomas were induced in Lobund Wistar rats following subcutaneous implants of silastic chambers containing testosterone propionate. The tumors resembled those that developed spontaneously in the Lobund Wistar rats. Tumors were not induced in ACI rats by the same treatment schedule.

A program for increasing manual signing by autistic and profoundly retarded youth within the daily environment.

Abstract: A program was implemented to increase the manual signing of five profoundly retarded and four autistic youth within their daily environment. Each participant was nonvocal or minimally vocal. The program was based on modified incidental teaching strategies and was implemented by direct care personnel under supervision in an institutional setting. Specific components included rearranging the physical environment to prompt signing, altering routine staff-resident interactions to prompt, manually guide and/or reinforce signing; and conducting mini-training sessions. Additionally, staff modeled signs intermittently throughout the day. The program was sequentially implemented during two staff work shifts on each of two resident living modules. Observations conducted at four separate time periods during the day indicated that significant increases in signing occurred for all participating youth and that the increases generally maintained during follow-up checks at 5 and 17 weeks. Differential effects of the increased signing on frequency of vocalizations were noted across residents. A staff acceptability survey indicated favorable staff reports on the usefulness of signing to communicate with the youth. Results are discussed regarding the significance of manual signing for seriously developmentally disabled persons and the importance of ensuring that signing skills are used in the daily environment and not exclusively in formal training sessions. Also, areas for continued research are noted in terms of more refined analyses of client skills and subsequent progress in manual communication programs.

The Church and Politics in Chile: Challenges to Modern Catholicism

Abstract: Clarifying the growing role of the Latin American Catholic Church as an agent of social change, Brian H. Smith discusses the prophetic function of the Chilean Church during the country's metamorphosis from Conservative to Christian Democratic to Marxist to repressive military regime. Originally published in 1982. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Radiative decay rates of metastable one-electron atoms

Abstract: Numerical calculations of the $2E1$ and $M1$ decay rates of the $2{s}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ metastable states of the hydrogen isoelectronic sequence are presented. The $2E1$ rates are found to be in good agreement with recent calculations of Goldman and Drake, but substantially different from the earlier numerical values of Johnson. Effects of nuclear finite size on the $2E1$ rates are found to be insignificant, whereas finite-size effects reduce the $M1$ rate by about 1.1% at $Z=92$.

Ovarian and plasma prostaglandin E and F levels in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) during pituitary-induced ovulation.

Abstract: Prostaglandin E (PGE) and F (PGF) levels in plasma, ovarian tissue and coelomic fluid from ovulating brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were measured using radioimmunoassays. The results demonstrate a significant increase in both plasma and ovarian PGF levels by the completion of ovulation (compared to gravid controls). Plasma PGF levels remained elevated 24 h following ovulation in females retaining ovulated eggs. Coelomic fluid from fish just completing ovulation contained PGF levels that were significantly higher than plasma PGF levels of corresponding fish. There were no significant variations in plasma PGE levels throughout ovulation; however, the ovarian PGE levels of gravid controls were significantly higher than those of fish just prior to, during or following ovulation.

Parametric sensitivity and runaway in tubular reactors

Abstract: Parametric sensitivity of tubular reactors is analyzed to provide critical values of the heat of reaction and heat transfer parameters defining runaway and stable operations for all positive-order exothermic reactions with finite activation energies, and for all reactor inlet temperatures. Evaluation of the critical values does not involve any trial and error.

Photoreduction of methyl viologen in aqueous neutral solution without additives

Abstract: Methyl viologen (paraquat; 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-dipyridinium dichloride; MV2+(Cl−)2) has been of great interest not only for its herbicidal activity1, but also for its use as an electron relay in photochemical systems designed for solar energy conversion2–12. In both cases principal attention has been directed towards the reduced species, that is the radical cation MV+Cl− which can be generated through the photosensitized reduction of MV2+(Cl−)2. Such reduction can be achieved in vivo by the photosynthetic system1 or in vitro by Ru (II) tris-bipyridine derivatives2–6, porphyrins7–9, proflavine10 and other aromatic compounds12–14. Direct photoreduction of MV2+(Cl−)2 has been widely investigated in the presence of alcohols15–18 and has also been noted in alkaline19 and acid20 solutions. Solid phase photoreduction of MV2+(Cl−)2 on cellulose involving the oxidation of the substrate has recently been reported21. We describe here the direct photoreduction of methyl viologen in neutral aqueous solution to give the complex MV+Cl−2. This is potentially important for the understanding of the herbicidal activity of methyl viologen. It also suggests an explanation for the photoreduction process of methyl viologen in alcohols and a possible extension of the role of methyl viologen in the photochemical conversion of solar energy.

A Social Influence Interpretation of Worker Motivation

Abstract: A framework for understanding worker motivation is proposed. The framework draws heavily on theory and research in the areas of social influence, individual differences, and organizational typology. In addition to integrating these theoretical approaches in a social influence interpretation of worker motivation, the proposed framework identifies specific, testable hypotheses.

Attitudes Toward Younger and Older Adult Speakers: Effects of Varying Speech Rates

Abstract: Undergraduates listened to tape recorded voices of either younger (20-22 years) or older (60-65 years) male speakers who varied in their rate of speech (slow, medium, and fast). The listeners evalu...

Improving classroom behavior in mentally retarded children through correspondence training.

Abstract: Except for a few studies, most research investigating correspondence training procedures has been more analogue in nature. The purpose of the present set of studies was to examine whether a "say-do" correspondence training technique could be used with children in special education classes to improve classroom behavior. The specific behaviors targeted for change included: out-of-seat behavior (Experiment 1), sitting posture (Experiment 2), and on-task behavior (Experiment 3). The say-do procedure used in Experiment 1 resembled that of previous studies, whereas that in Experiment 2 was more elaborate in the specificity of verbal statements required from the children and the feedback given them. The training procedure in Experiment 3 used a format similar to the say-do approach, but stressed visual rather than verbal cuing because it was used with nonverbal children. All three studies used single-subject designs and examined maintenance and/or generalization questions. Experiments 2 and 3 also evaluated whether concomitant changes in performance on academic tasks occurred. The results of the three studies provide strong evidence that correspondence training can be effectively used with educationally handicapped children. Moreover, the successful modification of the "say-do" to a "show-do" procedure in Experiment 3 points out the flexibility of the correspondence training approach.

Job Satisfaction and Life Satisfaction: An Empirical Evaluation of Their Interrelationship

Abstract: A survey of job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and work related attitudes was administered to 129 employees of an auto parts manufacturer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between job and life satisfaction. Using three-stage least squares, the results suggest that the two variables are jointly determined.

Human-computer interaction: A preliminary social psychological analysis

Abstract: Considering an interactive computer as a social stimulus suggests that contemporary social psychological theories can contribute to the prediction of user attitude and performance. In order to assist in the systematic exploration of this possibility, we developed DIALOGUE, an on-line system to investigate the effects of varying the computer’s responses to the user. This system involves a presentation program that displays the computer’s responses, performs the pacing of video information, and collects a variety of measurements, including the user’s response time and the number of correct/incorrect user responses. DIALOGUE also includes a data manager that allows the experimenter to examine or modify the information collected by the presentation program. Utilizing DIALOGUE, we conducted a preliminary investigation of one aspect of human-computer interaction, the effects of varying the degree of human-like responses exhibited by the computer. Results suggest that (1) there are underlying dimensions of judgment involving perception of interactive computers, (2) a manipulation of human-like computer responses is reflected primarily in certain of these dimensions, and (3) such a manipulation influences user performance and feelings of responsibility. Factors related to the implementation of DIALOGUE are considered, and its potential for investigations of a variety of human-computer interactions is discussed.