Showing papers by "University of Notre Dame published in 1986"

Triplet-triplet absorption spectra of organic molecules in condensed phases

Abstract: We present a compilation of spectral parameters associated with triplet–triplet absorption of organic molecules in condensed media. The wavelengths of maximum absorbance and the corresponding extinction coefficients, where known, have been critically evaluated. Other data, for example, lifetimes, energies and energy transfer rates, relevant to the triplet states of these molecules are included by way of comments but have not been subjected to a similar scrutiny. Work in the gas phase has been omitted, as have theoretical studies. We provide an introduction to triplet state processes in solution and solids, developing the conceptual background and offering an historical perspective on the detection and measurement of triplet state absorption. Techniques employed to populate the triplet state are reviewed and the various approaches to the estimation of the extinction coefficient of triplet–triplet absorption are critically discussed. A statistical analysis of the available data is presented and recommendations for a hierarchical choice of extinction coefficients are made. Data collection is expected to be complete through the end of 1984. Compound name, molecular formula and author indexes are appended.

Classifying Products Strategically

Abstract: This article proposes an integrated product classification scheme. It is argued that, in view of the 1985 definition of marketing, one classification for all products—goods, services, and ideas—is ...

Interrelations among a Channel Entity's Power Sources: Impact of the Exercise of Reward and Coercion on Expert, Referent, and Legitimate Power Sources:

Abstract: Several distribution channel studies have examined the effects of various sources of a channel member's power on such phenomena as power, conflict, and satisfaction. However, as causal relationship...

Developing a Process Model of Problem Recognition

Abstract: A descriptive theoretical model is presented that explains how individuals recognize problems in organizational situations. The model draws on the information-processing literature in an attempt to capture key activities and their sequence in the process of problem recognition. The model suggests that individuals move among three stages of gestation, categorization, and diagnosis, and deal with choice and value situations as the process unfolds. The paper presents propositions for empirical testing. Implications for management education are offered.

The Index of Consumer Sentiment toward Marketing

Abstract: There have been a number of published measures of generalized consumer attitudes, perhaps the most familiar being the Index of Consumer Sentiment of the University of Michigan's Survey Research Cen...

Intrinsically Unstable Behavior during the Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide on Platinum

Abstract: Although the oxidation of carbon monoxide on platinum is one of the oldest known catalytic reactions and one of the most thoroughly studied, it continues to pose difficulties and challenges to both the experimentalist and the theoretician. For the most part, these are due to the frequent observations of hysteresis, associated with steady-state multiplicity, and self-sustained oscillations in the reaction and to the fact that no generally accepted theoretical explanation for them is at hand. even though a large number of studies have addressed the subject.

Society and identity : toward a sociological psychology

Abstract: Preface Part I. The Story of Whence Identity and a Step Toward Theory: 1. Identity: its emergence within sociological psychology 2. Sociological psychology and identity theory: a propositional essay Part II. So What? Applying and Extending Identity Theory, and Back to Society: 3. Applying identity theory to bodies: gender identity 4. Extending identity theory beyond bodies: prenatal and postmortem identities 5. Identity in a pluralistic society: some parting words Bibliography Index.

The "Crisis of Cenobitism" Reconsidered: Benedictine Monasticism in the Years 1050-1150

Abstract: Well into the twelfth century and beyond, most medieval Christians instinctively identified some form of the contemplative life, usually Benedictine monasticism, as the highest "order" in Christian society and the exemplar toward which all should strive.1 It is altogether appropriate then that within the broad compass of medieval studies few areas have attracted such concentrated attention since the Second World War as the religious revival of the twelfth century.2 This movement, hardly mentioned two generations ago in Charles Homer Haskins's "renaissance," looms so large today that its preachers and reformers threaten at times to overshadow Haskins's poets, translators, lawyers, and scholars. Such a notable shift in emphasis could hardly have taken place without a distinct rearrangement of the historiographical terrain. To create a separate space worthy of monastic thought and culture, Jean Leclercq argued vigorously for a "monastic theology" that rivaled "scholasticism" in creativity and beauty. And to provide a setting adequate to so many contemporary reformers, several scholars argued for a

Chlorophyll production, degradation, and sedimentation: Implications for paleolimnology1

Abstract: Chlorophyll a production, degradation, and sedimentation were studied simultaneously during summer stratification in three lakes with contrasting plankton communities. Pigment budgets showed that chlorophyll production and pigment resuspension were both major sources of water column pigments. Photodegradation rates were rapid and indicated that detritus particles that remained in the epilimnion for periods longer than about 3 days lost nearly all detectable pigments. Therefore, only rapidly sinking detrital particles or those produced in deep layers at low light intensity could make appreciable contributions to sedimentary chlorophyll degradation products. Pheophorbide a, a grazing indicator, was the dominant chlorophyll a degradation product found in sediment traps. Pigment sedimentation increased significantly with mean size of cladocerans and omnivorous copepods. In contrast, sedimentation rates of chlorophyll degradation products did not increase with primary production. In these lakes, the deposition of chlorophyll degradation products in sediments depended primarily on the size and biomass of grazers.

Computation of second-order many-body corrections in relativistic atomic systems.

Abstract: A novel technique employing $B$ splines is introduced that permits the precise evaluation of multiple sums over excited states occurring in higher-order many-body perturbation theory. As a test of the technique, the accurately known nonrelativistic expression for the second-order energy of helium in the $\frac{1}{Z}$ approximation is first calculated. The corresponding relativistic expression is then evaluated over the entire helium isoelectronic sequence with attention to the proper treatment of negative-energy states.

Octupole deformation in neutron-rich barium isotopes.

Abstract: Partial decay schemes for the very neutron-rich nuclei $^{142}$,144Ba and $^{146}\mathrm{Ba}$ have been determined by the study of \ensuremath{\gamma}-\ensuremath{\gamma} coincidences in $^{252}\mathrm{Cf}$ fission fragments. Interlaced positive- and negative-parity levels connected by fast electric dipole transitions are observed in $^{144}\mathrm{Ba}$ and $^{146}\mathrm{Ba}$ above spin 7\ensuremath{\Elzxh}. This is similar to the situation in some light actinide nuclei, where the data have been interpreted in terms of reflection-asymmetric shapes.

Family interaction patterns and childhood depression.

Abstract: Rehm's (1977) self-control model for depression and Bandura's (1977) concept that children internalize external controls placed upon them are united to predict family interaction patterns that may contribute to the etiology or maintenance of depression in children. Families of depressed, nondepressed, and nonclinic children were compared on rates of, and criteria for, parental and self-reinforcement. Mother-father-child interactions were sequentially coded to reveal that mothers of depressed and nonclinic children both set very high criteria for rewarding their children, compared to mothers of clinic/nondepressed children. However, mothers of depressed children rewarded their depressed children at much lower rates than mothers of either clinic/nondepressed or nonclinic children. These factors, taken together, are discussed in terms of their possible etiological role in childhood depression.

Gradual Dinosaur Extinction and Simultaneous Ungulate Radiation in the Hell Creek Formation

Abstract: Dinosaur extinction in Montana, Alberta, and Wyoming was a gradual process that began 7 million years before the end of the Cretaceous and accelerated rapidly in the final 0.3 million years of the Cretaceous, during the interval of apparent competition from rapidly evolving immigrating ungulates. This interval involves rapid reduction in both diversity and population density of dinosaurs. The last dinosaurs known are from a channel that contains teeth of Mantuan mammals, seven species of dinosaurs, and Paleocene pollen. The top of this channel is 1.3 meters above the likely position of the iridium anomaly, the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary.

Hispanic Americans and Educational Policy: Limits to Equal Access

Abstract: This research examines the relationship between Hispanic representation on school boards and public policy outputs that affect Hispanic students. Using a data set of 35 large urban school districts, several questions are examined. First, the level of Hispanic representation on school boards is measured and related to types of electoral structure. Second, Hispanic representation on school boards is found to be a significant determinant of Hispanic employment as teachers. Third, Hispanic teachers have a major impact on the educational environment of the Hispanic student. Districts with larger percentages of Hispanic teachers also have Hispanic students who are more likely to complete school and more likely to attend college. These findings contribute to the growing literature linking passive representation with active representation.

Applications and Implementation DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS: AN EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT FOR DECISION MAKING

Abstract: A laboratory experiment examined the effects of applying decision support system (DSS) technology to decision making in ill-structured problem environments under varying information conditions. Marketing executives participated in the experiment which investigated the effects of DSS availability, DSS training, and data availability on dependent variables that included: (1) the number of alternatives considered by a subject during decision making, (2) the period of time spent by a subject to complete the decision-making process, (3) the subject's perceived confidence in the decisions he or she had made, (4) the amount of data considered by a subject's during decision making, (5) the individual subject's decision processing, and (6) the subject's performance overall. Our results indicate that all three factors significantly affect the number of alternatives considered by subjects during the decision-making process. We therefore suggest that DSS training be coordinated with decision training in order to realize the potential of DSSs as described in the DSS literature.

The Predictive Utility of the Vertical Dyad Linkage Approach

Abstract: In a constructive replication of past vertical dyad linkage (VDL) research, the leader-member exchange scores of 192 hospital employees in the United States were used to predict reports of felt equity and satisfaction, as well as employment status over a one-year period. Although the results failed to establish leader-member exchange as predictive of employee turnover, leader-member exchange was closely associated with satisfaction and felt equity. These results suggest that previous findings reported by Graen, Liden, and Hoel (1982) and Ferris (1985) should not be overgeneralized and that additional conceptual refinement of the VDL approach may be necessary.

Effects of encoding strategy on long-term memory for odours

Abstract: The effects of various encoding tasks on long-term recognition of odours were examined. Different groups of subjects were instructed (a) to form visual images of the source of the odour, (b) to generate the name of the odour and provide a dictionary-like definition, or (c) to describe a life episode of which the odour reminded them. A no-strategy control was simply told to try to remember the odours for a subsequent recognition test. One week later, subjects performed a yes–no recognition test for the odours. The second and third groups displayed significantly higher recognition than the controls. The visual imagery group did not differ significantly from the control group. The results seem to be accounted for best by dual coding theory.

Laminar Natural Convection in Shallow Open Cavities

Abstract: Etude experimentale realisee par anemometrie laser Doppler. La cavite est rectangulaire avec une paroi laterale ouverte

Maillard reactions: nonenzymatic browning in food systems with special reference to the development of flavor.

Abstract: Publisher Summary For an individual, especially a civilized person, the selection of foods is determined largely by flavor. Concern for physical well-being and the nutritional values involved come far behind flavor as a factor determining human dietary choice. The gradual recognition that complex, presumably nonenzymatic transformations, which take place in certain foods, responsible for deterioration in some cases and for the development of traditionally valued flavors in others, have a common chemical basis leading to the carrying out of experiments in relatively simple model systems. The reaction initiating the sequence between a carbonyl group and a trivalent nitrogen atom is the most thoroughly investigated and best understood of all the reactions. Many bland or even downright unpleasant-tasting substances are transformed into some of the most desirable flavors and popular foods by roasting. The enormous variety in flavor is due almost entirely to the large number of permutations from the interactions of a relatively few primary reactants and to the importance of balance among the components finally present. Since humans began to cook meat and bake bread, they have been familiar with the aromas and flavors produced by Maillard browning reactions. The presence and the consumption of products of browning reactions in foodstuffs present two possible problems for human health, one nutritional and the other mutagenic. Investigations in the field of Maillard chemistry are now directed to the solution of an ever-widening circle of problems, which differ more and more from each other, though each is still attached to the core.

Mutual orientation effects on electron transfer between porphyrins

Abstract: Mutual orientation effects on the rate of nonadiabatic electron transfer between several diporphyrin pairs of experimental interest are examined The electronic matrix element for electron transfer is calculated within a one-electron spheroidal model for a variety of states and orientations which are relevant to both biological and synthetic electron-transfer systems Both the mutual orientation of the pairs and the nodal structure of the donor and acceptor orbitals can have large effects on calculated rates

Metamemory and Motivation A Comparison of Strategy Use and Performance in German and American Children

Abstract: The interrelationships among metamemory, intelligence, attributional beliefs, self-concept, and strategy use were investigated in 102 German and 91 American children. After pretest assessment, -children in the experimental conditions were trained to use a cluster-rehearsal strategy on a Sort Recall task. Posttraining assessments included tests of strategy maintenance, near-transfer, and task-related metamemorial knowledge. The two samples differed significantly on metamemorial, attributional, strategic, and performance variables. Causal modeling procedures showed that different causal models were required to explain relationships among the cognitive and personality/motivational variables in the two samples, with metamemory having the most consistent influence on strategy use.

Linear feedback equivalence and control of an unstable biological reactor

Abstract: A novel method for the feedback control of an unstable, continuous stirred tank bioreactor is described in this paper. The models considered describe the growth of a single microorganism on a single, rate limiting substrate. A theoretical discussion demonstrates that for models of this type, a global feedback transformation exists which linearizes the state response. Such a transformation is computed using the methods of Hunt, Su and Meyer (1983). A controller is computed using linear state feedback control, and an extended Kalman filter is used to estimate unmeasured state variables. Simulation results demonstrate satisfactory control behavior over a wide region of the phase plane.