Showing papers by "University of Notre Dame published in 1995"
TL;DR: In this paper, a definition of trust and a model of its antecedents and outcomes are presented, which integrate research from multiple disciplines and differentiate trust from similar constructs, and several research propositions based on the model are presented.
Abstract: Scholars in various disciplines have considered the causes, nature, and effects of trust. Prior approaches to studying trust are considered, including characteristics of the trustor, the trustee, and the role of risk. A definition of trust and a model of its antecedents and outcomes are presented, which integrate research from multiple disciplines and differentiate trust from similar constructs. Several research propositions based on the model are presented.
16,559 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss theoretical principles, practical issues, and pragmatic decisions to help developers maximize the construct validity of scales and subscales, and propose factor analysis as a crucial role in ensuring unidimensionality and discriminant validity.
Abstract: A primary goal of scale development is to create a valid measure of an underlying construct. We discuss theoretical principles, practical issues, and pragmatic decisions to help developers maximize the construct validity of scales and subscales. First, it is essential to begin with a clear conceptualization of the target construct. Moreover, the content of the initial item pool should be overinclusive and item wording needs careful attention. Next, the item pool should be tested, along with variables that assess closely related constructs, on a heterogeneous sample representing the entire range of the target population. Finally, in selecting scale items, the goal is unidimensionality rather than internal consistency ; this means that virtually all interitem correlations should be moderate in magnitude. Factor analysis can play a crucial role in ensuring the unidimensionality and discriminant validity of scales.
5,867 citations
TL;DR: An expanded and revised compilation on the reactivity of singlet oxygen, the lowest electronically excited singlet state of molecular oxygen, 1O2*(1Δg), in fluid solution is presented in this paper.
Abstract: An expanded and revised compilation on the reactivity of singlet oxygen, the lowest electronically excited singlet state of molecular oxygen, 1O2*(1Δg), in fluid solution is presented, which supersedes the publication of Wilkinson and Brummer, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 10, 809 (1981). Rate constants for the chemical reaction and physical deactivation of singlet oxygen available through 1993 have been critically compiled. Solvent deactivation rates (kd) are tabulated for 145 solvents or solvent mixtures and second‐order rate constants for interaction of singlet oxygen with 1915 compounds are reported.
1,239 citations
TL;DR: The scope and functionality of a versatile environment for testing small- and large-scale nonlinear optimization algorithms, and tools to assist in building an interface between this input format and other optimization packages are discussed.
Abstract: The purpose of this article is to discuss the scope and functionality of a versatile environment for testing small- and large-scale nonlinear optimization algorithms. Although many of these facilities were originally produced by the authors in conjunction with the software package LANCELOT, we believe that they will be useful in their own right and should be available to researchers for their development of optimization software. The tools can be obtained by anonymous ftp from a number of sources and may, in many cases, be installed automatically. The scope of a major collection of test problems written in the standard input format (SIF) used by the LANCELOT software package is described. Recognizing that most software was not written with the SIF in mind, we provide tools to assist in building an interface between this input format and other optimization packages. These tools provide a link between the SIF and a number of existing packages, including MINOS and OSL. Additionally, as each problem includes a specific classification that is designed to be useful in identifying particular classes of problems, facilities are provided to build and manage a database of this information. There is a Unix and C shell bias to many of the descriptions in the article, since, for the sake of simplicity, we do not illustrate everything in its fullest generality. We trust that the majority of potential users are sufficiently familiar with Unix that these examples will not lead to undue confusion.
783 citations
605 citations
01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: In this article, a model category is defined as an ordinary category with three classes of morphisms: fibrations, cofibrations and weak equivalences, which satisfy a few simple axioms that are deliberately reminiscent of the properties of topological spaces.
Abstract: This chapter explains homotopy theories and model categories. A model category is just an ordinary category with three specified classes of morphisms—fibrations, cofibrations, and weak equivalences—which satisfy a few simple axioms that are deliberately reminiscent of the properties of topological spaces. Surprisingly enough, these axioms give a reasonably general context in which it is possible to set up the basic machinery of the homotopy theory. The machinery can then be used immediately in a large number of different settings, as long as the axioms are checked in each case. Although many of these settings are geometric, some of them are not. This chapter provides a background material, principally a discussion of some categorical constructions (limits and colimits), which come up almost immediately in any attempt to build new objects of some abstract category out of the old ones. The chapter also provides a conceptual interpretation of the homotopy category of a model category. Surprisingly, this interpretation depends only on the class of weak equivalences. This suggests that in a model category, weak equivalences carry the fundamental homotopy theoretic information, while the cofibrations, fibrations, and the axioms they satisfy function mostly as tools to make various constructions.
486 citations
13 Dec 1995
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors introduce the notion of invariant set (e.g., equilibrium) for hybrid dynamical systems and define several types of (Lyapunov-like) stability concepts for invariant sets.
Abstract: Hybrid systems which are capable of exhibiting simultaneously several kinds of dynamic behavior in different parts of a system are of great current interest. In the present paper we first formulate a definition of hybrid dynamical system which covers a very large number of classes of hybrid systems and which is suitable for the qualitative analysis of such systems. Next, we introduce the notion of invariant set (e.g., equilibrium) for hybrid dynamical systems and we define several types of (Lyapunov-like) stability concepts for an invariant set. We then establish sufficient conditions for the uniform stability and the uniform asymptotic stability of an invariant set of a hybrid dynamical system. Under some mild additional assumptions, we also establish necessary conditions for some of the above stability types (converse theorems). To demonstrate the applicability of the developed theory, we present two specific examples of hybrid dynamical systems and we conduct a stability analysis of one of these examples (a sampled-data feedback control system with a nonlinear (continuous-time) plant and a linear (discrete-time) controller).
310 citations
TL;DR: Hypersaline wastes are generated during industrial activities that include chemical manufacturing, oil and gas production and waste minimization practices and biological treatment to remove organics without dilution will require the use of halophilic organisms which have special adaptations for survival at high salinities.
303 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the function and effectiveness of certain behaviors in regulating negative arousal in 5-and 10-month-old infants were examined and found that self-comforting behaviors were preferred at both 5 and 10 months of age.
Abstract: This study examined the function and effectiveness of certain behaviors in regulating negative arousal in 5- and 10-month-old infants. Infants participated in an arm restraint procedure at 5 months (N=87) and a toy removal task at 10 months (N=82). Negative reactivity and regulatory behaviors ― avoidance, orienting, self-comforting, and communicative behaviors (10-month only) ― were coded and sectioned into 10-s epochs. Results showed that self-comforting behaviors were preferred at both 5 and 10 months of age. A comparison of changes in negative reactivity across every 2 consecutive 10-s epochs (decreasers vs. increasers vs. no change) revealed self-conforting behaviors to be exhibited most often during periods of decreasing negative arousal. Orienting behaviors also appeared to serve a regulatory function but in a more limited way. Finally, under these circumstances, avoidance and communicative behaviors were exhibited most often during increasing distress
286 citations
TL;DR: The importance of including control-structure interaction when modeling a control system is discussed in this article, and a general framework within which one can study its effect on protective systems is presented.
Abstract: Most of the current research in the field of structural control for mitigation of responses due to extreme environmental loads does not directly account for the effects of control-structure interaction and actuator/sensor dynamics in analysis and design The importance of including control-structure interaction when modeling a control system is discussed herein, and a general framework within which one can study its effect on protective systems is presented A specific model for hydraulic actuators typical of those used in many protective systems is developed, and a natural velocity feedback link is shown to exist which tightly couples the dynamics of the hydraulic actuator to the dynamics of the structure to which it is attached Experimental verification of this model is given Numerical examples are provided that use seismically excited structures configured with active bracing, active tendon, and active mass driver systems These examples show that accounting for control-structure interaction and actu
280 citations
TL;DR: Some bound conditions for the time delays under which a given Cohen-Grossberg network with multiple delays is globally stable and possesses the same asymptotically stable equilibria as the corresponding network without delays are established.
Abstract: It is well known that a class of artificial neural networks with symmetric interconnections and without transmission delays, known as Cohen-Grossberg neural networks, possesses global stability (ie, all trajectories tend to some equilibrium) We demonstrate in the present paper that many of the qualitative properties of Cohen-Grossberg networks will not be affected by the introduction of sufficiently small delays Specifically, we establish some bound conditions for the time delays under which a given Cohen-Grossberg network with multiple delays is globally stable and possesses the same asymptotically stable equilibria as the corresponding network without delays An effective method of determining the asymptotic stability of an equilibrium of a Cohen-Grossberg network with multiple delays is also presented The present results are motivated by some of the authors earlier work [Phys Rev E 50, 4206 (1994)] and by some of the work of Marcus and Westervelt [Phys Rev A 39, 347 (1989)] These works address qualitative analyses of Hopfield neural networks with one time delay The present work generalizes these results to Cohen-Grossberg neural networks with multiple time delays Hopfield neural networks constitute special cases of Cohen-Grossberg neural networks
TL;DR: The proposed image decompression provides a reconstructed image with reduced visibility of transform coding artifacts and superior perceived quality.
Abstract: The perceived quality of images reconstructed from low bit rate compression is severely degraded by the appearance of transform coding artifacts. This paper proposes a method for producing higher quality reconstructed images based on a stochastic model for the image data. Quantization (scalar or vector) partitions the transform coefficient space and maps all points in a partition cell to a representative reconstruction point, usually taken as the centroid of the cell. The proposed image estimation technique selects the reconstruction point within the quantization partition cell which results in a reconstructed image that best fits a non-Gaussian Markov random field (MRF) image model. This approach results in a convex constrained optimization problem that can be solved iteratively. At each iteration, the gradient projection method is used to update the estimate based on the image model. In the transform domain, the resulting coefficient reconstruction points are projected to the particular quantization partition cells defined by the compressed image. Experimental results will be shown for images compressed using scalar quantization of block DCT and using vector quantization of subband wavelet transform. The proposed image decompression provides a reconstructed image with reduced visibility of transform coding artifacts and superior perceived quality.
TL;DR: This article analyzed the statistical literature on gender and sentencing to determine whether findings of "sex effects" favoring women are related to the statistical procedures used, to court contexts and sample composition, and to conceptual dimensions of the research.
Abstract: We analyze the statistical literature on gender and sentencing to determine whether findings of “sex effects” favoring women are related to the statistical procedures used, to court contexts and sample composition, and to conceptual dimensions of the research. The unit of analysis (or case) is court data sets; our search identified 50 such cases, most of which analyze data from the 1970s. Half of these showed sex effects favoring women; one-quarter each showed mixed effects or no effects. These proportions remained constant when the sample was weighted by a quality score. In comparison with Kleck's review of race and sentencing, sex effects favoring women are far more frequent than race effects favoring whites. Results from the weighted sample suggest that sex effects are evident in both recent and older data sets and in both recent and earlier published work. They are more likely to emerge in analyses of felony offenses, in offenses prosecuted in felony courts, in courts in urban areas, and in the decisi...
TL;DR: The mechanism of cytokines is an old problem in cell biology that has received fresh attention recently with a large variety of powerful approaches and experimental systems, leading to a major revision in understanding of this important process.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on some tactical issues of bundling, such as which types of products should be bundled, what price one can charge for the bundle, and how the price of the bundle should be presented to consumers to improve purchase intent.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a more general solution to identify the location of and quantifying the volume of groundwater/surface water interaction by incorporating measured surface temperature (rather than an assumed surface temperature), which is targeted on quantification of flux across the sediment for conditions of one-dimensional downflow with a constant flux over periods of days to weeks.
TL;DR: Investigating the effects that two braconid wasp parasitoids have on sympatric host races of Rhagoletispomonella infesting apple and hawthorn at a field site near Grant, Michigan, USA finds apples provided greater physical protection for fly larvae than hawthorns.
Abstract: Enemy-free space is a potentially important factor affecting host plant use by phytophagous insects. In particular, escape from parasitoids, predators and competitors could mediate a successful host shift by compensating for decreased feeding performance on a new plant. Here I investigate the effects that two braconid wasp parasitoids (Opius lectus and Biosteres melleus) have on sympatric host races of Rhagoletispomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) infesting apple (Malus pumila) and hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) at a field site near Grant, Michigan, USA. Levels of parasitoid attack were much lower for fly larvae infesting the derived host apple (13%) compared to the ancestral host hawthorn (46%). At least three factors con- tributed to apples being a relatively safe haven from parasitoids for maggots. First, apples were larger (mean fruit width = 5.2 cm) than hawthorns (mean width = 1.6 cm). Apples therefore provided greater physical protection for fly larvae than hawthorns because the ovipositors of female wasps were too short to reach a majority of maggots feeding within apples. Second, apples had an earlier fruiting phenology than hawthorns and the seasonal distribution of 0. lectus parasitoids was asynchronous with the development of larvae in apples. Third, hawthorn fruits were infested by various species of caterpillars (tortricids and an agonoxenid) and a curculionid weevil to a much greater degree than apples (65% compared to 11%). These heterospecific insects forced fly larvae to feed near the surface of hawthorn fruits where they were more prone to detection and attack from braconids (73% of larvae feeding in hawthorns with heterospecific insects were parasitized compared to 34% of larvae infesting hawthorns without caterpillars and weevils). Data from other
TL;DR: This assay provides the first demonstration that a Lepidopteran transposon is capable of transposing while carrying a marker gene in insect cells, and provides strong evidence that IFP2 encodes a protein that facilitates its own movement.
TL;DR: The large differences found between the predictions for DNA and for the gaseous media bring into serious question calculations of radiation-induced damage in DNA which make use of cross sections for gaseus media.
Abstract: Experimentally derived optical constants and X-ray attenuation cross sections were used to construct the complete dipole oscillator strength distribution for solid, dry DNA. Monte Carlo simulations of the energy loss by electrons of initial energy 5 keV to 1 MeV in DNA were performed using cumulative inelastic cross sections obtained from a formulation incorporating the constructed dipole oscillator strength distribution. The energy-loss distribution, the most probable energy loss and the mean energy loss for electrons in DNA are compared to those for liquid water, gaseous water and gaseous hexane. For the most part, the calculations show that electron energy loss in DNA is very similar to that in liquid water; however, it is quite different from both gaseous water and gaseous hexane. The mean energy losses for a 1 MeV incident electron in DNA, liquid water, gaseous water and gaseous hexane are 57.9, 56.8, 50.9 and 38.4 eV, respectively. The large differences found between the predictions for DNA and for ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the potential feedback from northern wetlands, particularly with regard to carbon dioxide and methane flux, to climate change is explored, and a mechanistic approach is used to predict the direct and indirect feedbacks between climate and northern wetlands.
Abstract: Atmospheric concentrations of many greenhouse gases, in particular carbon dioxide and methane, are rapidly increasing from preindustrial levels. This paper explores the potential feedback from northern wetlands, particularly with regard to carbon dioxide and methane flux, to climate change. Although progress has been made in determining current trace gas fluxes from major biomass, the authors believe that a mechanistic approach is necessary to predict the direct and indirect feedbacks between climate and northern wetlands. Relevant areas covered in the article include the following: feedback mechanisms; carbon and nutrient mineralization; the kinetics of carbon and nutrient mineralization; methane oxidation and the role of plants; field dynamics of gases in a meadow and bog in Minnesota; and extrapolating to larger scales. 80 refs., 8 figs., 1 tab.
TL;DR: Microelectrode measurements revealed photosynthetically produced O 2 -supersaturation in upper layers during day, although conditions at the band-coral interface were consistently anoxic and, at night, sulfide-rich.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used configuration interaction (CI) techniques to carry out accurate calculations of energies of n = 1 and n = 2 states along the helium isoelectronic sequence, starting from the no-pair Hamiltonian.
Abstract: The helium atom and helium-like ions occupy a special position in atomic physics as the simplest multielectron systems. Unlike atoms and ions with many electrons, the fact that only two electrons are present allows calculations of extremely high accuracy to be carried out in the nonrelativistic case. At low Z, the leading relativistic and QED corrections can be calculated as perturbations. However, at higher Z it is desirable to start from a completely relativistic formalism. A well-known problem of any such formalism is the correct treatment of negative-energy states, which, if included improperly, lead to the continuum dissolution problem discussed by Sucher. This problem can be avoided by using the no-pair Hamiltonian, which excludes negative-energy states. Configuration interaction (CI) techniques were used to carry out accurate calculations of energies of n = 1 and n = 2 states along the helium isoelectronic sequence, starting from the no-pair Hamiltonian. Similar calculations were carried out in using interactive techniques. It is the purpose of this chapter to extend these calculations to evaluate transition amplitudes along the helium isoelectronic sequence. Specifically, we present highly accurate theoretical calculations of single-photon transition amplitudes and transition rates for 2-2 and 2-1 transitions in helium-like ions withmore » charges in the range Z = 2-100. Amplitudes for the electric-dipole (E{sub 1}) transitions 2{sup 1}P{sub 1} {r_arrow} 1 {sup 1}S{sub o}, 2{sup 1}P{sub 1} {r_arrow} 2{sup 1}S{sub o}, 2{sup 3}P{sub o,1,2} {r_arrow} 2{sup 3}S{sub 1}, w{sup 1}P{sub 1} {r_arrow}, and 2{sup 3}P{sub 1} {r_arrow} 1{sup 1}S{sub o} are calculated in length form and in velocity form. Amplitudes for the magnetic-dipole M{sub 1} transitions 2{sup 3}S{sub 1}{r_arrow} 1 {sup 1}S{sub o} and the magnetic-quadrupole (M{sub 2}) transitions 2{sup 3}P{sub 2} {r_arrow} 1 {sup 1}S{sub o} are evaluated in velocity form. 78 refs., 5 figs., 16 tabs.« less
TL;DR: In this article, a study of large U.S. based corporations concerning the status of formal ethics statements was conducted, finding that almost all companies have a formal code of ethics while one-half have published values statements and about one-third have a corporate credo.
Abstract: This paper reports on a study of large U.S. based corporations concerning the status of formal ethics statements. Almost all responding firms (91%) have promulgated a formal code of ethics while one-half have published values statements and about one-third have a corporate credo. Analysis of these statements concentrated on to whom they are communicated; whether codes of ethics contain information pertinent to the industry, include sanctions for violations and provide specific guidance regarding gifts. Conclusions and implications for managers and researchers are drawn.
TL;DR: In this article, the search for the top quark in p anti-p collisions at S**(1/2) = 1.8 TeV with an integrated luminosity of 13.9.
Abstract: We present new results on the search for the top quark in p anti-p collisions at S**(1/2) = 1.8 TeV with an integrated luminosity of 13.5 +- 1.6 pb**(-1). We have considered t anti-t production in the Standard Model using electron and muon dilepton decay channels (t anti-t -> e mu + jets, e e + jets, and mu mu + jets) and single-lepton decay channels (t anti-t -> e + jets and mu + jets) with and without tagging of b quark jets. From all channels, we have 9 events with an expected background of 3.8 +- 0.9. If we assume that the excess is due to t anti-t production, and assuming a top mass of 180 GeV/c**2, we obtain a cross section of 8.2 +- 5.1 pb.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue for a qualified right to self-determination, rooted in democratic theory, which they call the "right of self-representation" in self-defense.
Abstract: This article argues for a qualified right to self-determination, rooted in democratic theory.
TL;DR: This paper examined the relationship between economic conditions and the vote in the major industrial democracies and found that in countries with low to moderate levels of welfare spending, the economy has a more dramatic effect on the vote when things are good than when things were bad, and the economy plays less of a role in states with high levels of spending regardless of the direction of economic change.
Abstract: We examine the question of economic voting in the major industrial democracies. Using pooled time series data for 17 nations from 1960 to 1987, we argue that the magnitude and nature of the relationship between economic conditions and the vote depends upon the level of welfare state development. We find that (a) in countries with low to moderate levels of welfare spending, the economy has a more dramatic effect on the vote when things are good than when things are bad, and (b) the economy plays less of a role in states with high levels of spending, regardless of the direction of economic change. The implications for voting behavior, democratic accountability, and welfare policy are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the linkages between work and family of 281 dual-employed couples and provided an illustration of how this framework can be used to generate a model for a specific sample.
TL;DR: The results indicate that misfolded or unstable mutant rhodopsin can interfere with maturation of wild-type rhodopin, and that these cellular conditions may trigger retinal degeneration.
TL;DR: In this article, the degradation of methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) has been shown to be readily degraded photocatalytically with an initial pseudo first-order rate constant of 1.2 · 10−3 s−1.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the I-V behavior of nanophase ZnO (60 nm average grain size, presintered at 600 °C) and found that the activation energy was 55 kJ/mole (0.57 eV) and was independent of oxygen partial pressure.
Abstract: Sintered compacts of nanophase ZnO (∼60 nm average grain size, presintered at 600 °C) were made from powders (∼13 nm) prepared by the gas-condensation technique. Impedance spectra were taken as a function of temperature over the range 450–600 °C and as a function of oxygen partial pressure over the range 10−3−1 atm (550 and 600 °C only). The activation energy was determined to be 55 kJ/mole (0.57 eV) and was independent of oxygen partial pressure. The oxygen partial pressure exponent was −1/6. Impedance spectra exhibited nonlinear I-V behavior, with a threshold of approximately 6 V. These results indicate that grain boundaries are governing the electrical properties of the compact. Ramifications for oxygen sensing and for grain boundary defect characterization are discussed.