Showing papers by "University of Oklahoma published in 1983"

Evaluation of right-heart catheterization in the critically ill patient without acute myocardial infarction

Abstract: FLOW-directed right-heart catheterization is used extensively to monitor the hemodynamic status of critically ill patients. After acute myocardial infarction, measurements of the cardiac index and ...

Biometrical genetic models of self-reported delinquent behavior: a twin study.

Abstract: Adolescent twins reported delinquent acts on an anonymous questionaire. Intraclass correlations and mean squares were obtained by analysis of variance. Monozygotic (MZ) twins were more alike in their rates of antisocial behavior (ABS) than dizygotic (DZ) twins, and this result held for both sexes (rs MZ, 0.62–0.74; rs DZ, 0.46–0.52). Biometrical models were fitted to ASB (untransformed and log-transformed) mean squares. Only models containing a parameter for additive genetic variability fitted; the purely environmental common environment (CE) specific environment (SE) model was rejected. Several tests supported the equal environments assumption, indicating that the inference of genetic influence was legitimate. However, antisocial behavior was a complex “phenotype.” A correlation between pair means/differences showed that influences common to twin partners interacted with SE. This result suggested that random evironmental opportunities which may be present for one twin but not the other had an effect on delinquency rates. Twins also commited delinquent acts with one another. This result provides a different interpretation for the “common-environment” parameter; this parameter may reflect the influence of one twin on the other, rather than aspects of home environment determined by the twins' parents.

Algae-grazing minnows (Campostoma anomalum), piscivorous bass (Micropterus spp.), and the distribution of attached algae in a small prairie-margin stream

Abstract: Campostoma anomalum is an algae-grazing minnow, abundant in many streams of the central and eastern United States. In a small stream in south-central Oklahoma, Campostoma has a marked impact on standing crops of attached algae. Pools with schools of Campostoma are barren, while pools in which Campostoma are apparently excluded by bass (Micropterus salmoides or M. punctulatus) support large standing crops of filamentous green algae (predominantly Spirogyra sp. and Rhizoclonium sp.). Campostoma grazed actively on algae-covered cobbles transferred into their pools, and visibly reduced standing crops within one hour. After 24 h of exposure to Campostoma, standing crops of attached algae on cobbles were reduced from 22.0 to 6.3 mg ash-free dry weight cm-2. When a largemouth bass was tethered in a pool with Campostoma, the minnows did not graze on algae-covered cobbles within 30-50 cm of the bass, but fed actively on cobbles that were more than 1.3 m away. These results indicate that interactions of Campostoma and their predators may be an important factor contributing to pool-to-pool variation in attached algae in small streams of the central and eastern United States.

Genetic variability within and among populations of the black-tailed prairie dog.

Abstract: Genetic heterogeneity over short geographic distances has been observed for many populations of small mammals (house mice: Selander, 1970; deer mice: Wright, 1978; pocket gophers: Patton and Yang, 1977; Smith et al., 1978; Wright, 1978; Patton and Feder, 1981) as well as for large, highly mobile species such as the elephant (Osterhoff et al., 1974), moose (Ryman et al., 1977, 1980), red deer (Gyllensten et al., 1980), and white-tailed deer (Manlove et al., 1976; Chesser et al., 1982). For most studies of the genetic structure of populations the specific mechanisms of genetic differentiation have not been identified. To understand the causes of population subdivision more fully, comparison of genetic variability should be made among the breeding and/or social units, rather than arbitrarily selected samples. Allele frequency differences among observed social groups within populations have been documented for house mice (Selander, 1970), dark-eyed juncos (Baker and Fox, 1978), marmots (Schwartz and Armitage, 1980), and humans (Neel and Ward, 1972). The organization of populations into independent breeding units may have important effects on the shortterm evolution of populations (Wright, 1980) as well as on the maintenance of genetic polymorphisms (Chesser et al., 1980; Karlin and Campbell, 1980). The black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) is perhaps the most socially complex of any rodent species (King, 1955; Koford, 1958). Prairie dog populations are comprised of several small coteries (har-

Large-scale bed configurations (macroforms), Platte River Basin, Colorado and Nebraska: Primary structures and formative processes

Abstract: Large-scale, current bed forms, defined here as bed configurations having dimensions commensurate with the size of the turbulent boundary layer, are considered by many workers to be hydrodynamically equivalent to the regime bed forms. These bed forms were investigated at formative flows (bankfull flows) on the South Platte and Platte Rivers in Colorado and Nebraska to determine structures and formative processes. Results of this study suggest that large-scale bed forms, here termed macroforms, are not hydrodynamically equivalent to the regime bed forms but constitute a unique hierarchical class of bed configurations produced by turbulent vortices that involve the entire boundary layer. Macroforms are oriented obliquely to the mean flow direction and are attached to one or both channel banks. Three members of a continuum of geometries are recognized in the channels of the Platte River Basin. The internal stratification for each of the three macroform types recognized in the basin is similar and in its simplest form consists of the coarsening-upward sequence apron laminae-foreset laminae-topset laminae. Although it may not be possible to differentiate the three macroform types solely on the basis of internal stratification, the presence of a distinctive coarsening-upward sequence in coarse-grained fluvial systems offers a potentially powerful tool for identifying these environments in the geologic record.

Effect of spouse support and health beliefs on medication adherence.

Abstract: This study addressed the issue of social support for patients' adherence to medical regimens. Social support of wives was assessed by structured interview of 150 male participants in the Coronary Primary Prevention Trial, their wives, and medical staff. In addition, wives were interviewed about their beliefs related to their husbands' health and participation in the trial. Unobtrusive packet counts were used as the measure of adherence. The participants were classified as having high spouse support if wife support scores were in the top one third of the distribution and as having low spouse support if scores were in the bottom one third as measured from inquiry of the participant, the spouse, and the staff. The adherence of men having low support averaged 70 percent, significantly lower than the high-support group, which averaged 96 percent. The correlations between spouses' health beliefs and their level of support were significant for three of four health belief variables. In particular, highly adhering men had wives who believed more strongly in the benefits of the Coronary Primary Prevention Trial.

Succession in grasslands: Thirty-two years of change in a central Oklahoma tallgrass prairie

Abstract: Old field succession in Oklahoma has been reported to involve four stages of development: pioncer weeds, annual grass, bunch grass, and mature prairie. This sequence has been the basis for a number of analyses of grassland structure and function, but has never been documented on a single site. We used multivariate techniques to study succession on three permanent plots with different initial plowing treatments in a central Oklahoma grassland. Only two of the four hypothesized stages could be identified: pioneer weeds and mature prairie. The intervening vegetation development was heterogeneous and unpredictable. Convergence was evident in only a general manner in that all plots are currently being invaded by shrubs and some tree species. Thus, succession on these plots has advanced beyond prairie to shrub-grassland and we predict that upland forest trees may eventually dominate the site. Succession from pioneer weeds beyond prairie to shrub-grassland has been very rapid. Fire suppression may have contributed to these rapid vegetation changes. Finally, no trends in diversity, evenness, or total number of species were evident during succession.

Observation of Exclusive Decay Modes of B Flavored Mesons

Abstract: $B$-meson decays to final states consisting of a ${D}^{0}$ or ${D}^{*\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ and one or two charged pions have been observed. The charged-$B$ mass is 5270.8 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 2.3 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 2.0 MeV and the neutral-$B$ mass is 5274.2 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 1.9 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 2.0 MeV.

Biosurfactant and enhanced oil recovery

Abstract: A pure culture of Bacillus licheniformis strain JF-2 (ATCC No. 39307) and a process for using said culture and the surfactant lichenysin produced thereby for the enhancement of oil recovery from subterranean formations. Lichenysin is an effective surfactant over a wide range of temperatures, pH's, salt and calcium concentrations.

Mimicry of snail host antigens by miracidia and primary sporocysts of Schistosoma mansoni

Abstract: Polyvalent antisera generated in rabbits to soluble haemolymph components from Schistosoma mansoni-susceptible (PR albino 'M line') and S. mansoni-resistant (10-R2) stocks of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata were employed as membrane probes to determine if antigens related to snail haemolymph were produced by the early larval stages of S. mansoni (PR-1 strain). Using immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopical methods we have demonstrated that antibodies to susceptible (anti-Suscept) and resistant (anti-Resist) snail haemolymph (Hg-depleted fraction) crossreact with miracidial epidermal and ciliary membranes as well as the surface membranes of intercellular ridges. Primary sporocysts, both transformed in vitro and maintained in culture for various time intervals in the absence of snail-derived factors, retain haemolymph-like antigens on their surface tegument although at reduced levels in comparison to miracidial stages. Furthermore prolonged cultivation of sporocysts (48 h) has little effect on the density of crossreacting tegumental antigens suggesting that as sporocysts mature these antigenic components are continually being expressed at the surface membrane. Since miracidia and sporocysts were derived in media devoid of snail host materials, shared antigens on larval surfaces are believed to be of parasite origin and constitute true molecular mimicry as defined by Damian (1979). The occurrence of crossreacting antibodies in both anti-Suscept and anti-Resist antisera further suggests that mimicked haemolymph-like antigens include at least some which are common to both snail stocks.

Police officers' responses to 8 and 12 hour shift schedules

Abstract: The opportunity arose to conduct an extensive before and after study when a city police force changed from an 8 hour 12 day shift cycle to a 12 hour 8 day system. W170, blood pressure, sleep duration, sleep quality and subjective level of alertness measures showed improvements with the new system. Critical flicker fusion showed reliable within shifts decrements, but no between system differences. Oral temperature showed the expected circadian changes with no indication of phase shift under either system. Urinary catecholamine and grammatical reasoning measures showed no influence of shift-related factors. The overwhelming atmosphere of support for the new system coupled with the absence of any negative ergonomics evidence led to its adoption on a permanent basis.

When Congress and the President Collide: Why Presidents Veto Legislation

Abstract: This study considers the major explanations for the use of the veto by utilizing multivariate time-series analysis. It concludes that many explanations found in the conventional wisdom are overrated or inaccurate. But it also shows that a few variables can explain one-half to two-thirds of the variation in the use of the veto from year-to-year. Among the most influential determinants of the use of the veto are the scope of government, opposition control of Congress, and whether the president has had a veto overridden. Among the most overrated explanations are that international crises limit the use of the veto, and that Democrats use the veto more than Republicans.

Some Methodological and Analytic Considerations in Cross-National Comparative Research

Abstract: This article demonstrates one methodological approach to aid in the complex process of making inferences about the meaning and usefulness of observed national differences. By using data from an international study of “The Meaning of Working,” 3 points are made: 1) it is important to use multiple methods of measurement for conceptual ideas or domains; 2) it is important to use intra-country reference group comparisons; and 3) it is important to use some form of relative position analysis in addition to score analysis.

Postoperative Wound Infection in Foot and Ankle Surgery

Abstract: In 20 years through 1981, the author performed 1841 clean foot and ankle operations without any prophylactic antibiotics. Excluded from this study group are patients with compound fractures or open wounds, prior infection, toenail procedures, and other superficial operations. All postoperative wound infections were recorded in a timely manner and healing was documented. Infections occurred in 41 cases (gross infection rate, 2.2%). Thirty-seven cases healed without further surgery and without sequellae from the infection. Three cases required further surgery. One patient developed narrowing of the ankle joint (permanent damage rate, 0.05%). These four patients represent 0.22% of the study group.

Japanese and American Management: Theory Z and Beyond

Abstract: This article analyzes studies comparing Japanese and American managers, workers, and societies in order to consider questions raised by William Ouchi's book, Theory Z: How American Business Can Meet the Japanese Challenge. The analysis results in 2 general observations: 1) Theory Z management is not likely to become the accepted norm in American companies to the extent that it has in Japan, and 2) the major conceptual or theoretical lesson we can learn from the Japanese is the potential values of developing a management system that is internally consistent, that fits societal norms and expectations and that obtains support from the major institutional actors in the world of work.

Oak catkins, leaves and fruits from the oligocene catahoula formation and their evolutionary significance'

Abstract: Remains of staminate inflorescences, leaves, and fruits of Quercus from the Oligocene Catahoula Formation show striking similarity to modem subgenera Erythrobalanus (catkins and leaves) and Lepidobalanus (fruits). The appearance of modem subgenera in the Oligocene, only a short period of time after the first occurrences of Quercus in the fossil, record suggest a period of rapid evolution resulting in the modernization of Quercus. It is suggested that this period of relatively rapid evolution was in response to global climatic changes initiated at the EoceneOligocene boundary that may have been exaggerated by an Oligocene global lowstand of sea

Effect of Arm Ergometry Training on Physical Work Capacity of Individuals with Spinal Cord Injuries

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate arm cycle ergometry as an aerobic training method in the rehabilitation of individuals with spinal cord injuries. Four male subjects with spinal cord injuries trained for five weeks with arm cycle ergometry. Training sessions were 30 minutes long three times a week at an intensity of 60 to 80 percent of maximal heart rate. Pretraining and posttraining maximal exercise testing consisting of noncontinuous, multistage graded arm ergometry was completed by each subject. Heart rates, oxygen consumption, and work loads were measured. Mean increases of 64.32 percent and 60.54 percent were found for posttraining maximal work loads and maximal oxygen consumption values, respectively. A paired t test (p less than .05) revealed that only the change in posttraining mean maximal oxygen consumption value to be statistically significant. That only this value was significant may be attributable to the small sample size and the large intersubject variability. Implications of these results for clinicians and the limitations of the study are discussed.

Optimization of waverider configurations generated from axisymmetricconical flows

Abstract: Analytic results from inviscid hypersonic small-disturbance theory for axisymmetric conical flow are used to generate waverider configurations valid for all values of Kb ^A/^5, where d is the semi vertex angle of the basic cone. By means of the calculus of variations, those configurations are sought that yield the maximum lift-todrag ratio subject to suitable constraints, such as fixed lift, fixed volume, fixed base area, fixed planform area, and so on. The inviscid analysis accounts for wave drag only, but the effects of viscous drag are discussed. For the fixed-lift constraint, two types of optimized configurations are found: types with pointed noses, and types with round noses with sharp leading edges. The results are analytic in nature and particularly suitable for studying the various tradeoffs that are involved in missile design. Comparison of the results with other types of lifting bodies suggests that properly selected cone-derived waveriders are among the best producers of large liftto-drag ratios.

Geographic Variation in Habitat Structure of the Black-Throated Green Warbler (Dendroica virens)

Abstract: --Habitat structure of the Black-throated Green Warbler (Dendroica virens) was examined at five study sites: (1) Mount Desert Island, Maine; (2) Mount Blue State Park, Maine; (3) White Mountain National Forest, New Hampshire; (4) southern Adirondacks, New York; and (5) Itasca State Park, Minnesota. Principal component analysis of 13 habitatstructure variables measured at each site produced habitat gradients from tall to shorter canopies, large to smaller trees, and coniferous to deciduous forests. A second ordination indicated that the habitat sampled included five plant-community types: pine forests, sprucearbor vitae, balsam fir, mixed spruce-fir-deciduous, and beech-maple-birch. Consistent structural features within the total range of habitats sampled were difficult to identify. I suggest that widely occurring species such as the Black-throated Green Warbler have a wide range of habitats with a suitable structure and that regional analyses, even within a single plant-community type, may be of limited value with regard to habitat management when considering the entire range of many species. Received 10 September 1981, resubmitted 24 May 1982, accepted 20 October 1982. GEOGRAPHIC variation has been analyzed for several aspects of avian biology--song dialects (Nottebohm 1975), morphology (James 1970), foraging behavior (Roth 1979), and plumage (Pratt 1980)--yet most analyses of avian habitat have been confined to single-site comparisions (Whitmore 1975, Smith 1977, Collins et al. 1982). Community-level comparisons between sites are common (e.g. Karr 1971, Rabenold 1978, Rotenberry and Wiens 1980), but these studies were based upon a defined habitat structure so that bird-species diversity, niche parameters, and behavior could be compared within a similar habitat type. Some detailed analyses of geographic habitat differences for a single species do exist (Noon and Able 1978, Cody 1978, Noon et al. 1980, Noon 1981). In particular, Noon et al. (1980) determined that habitat structure was consistent within the range of most eastern United States breeding birds. Their analysis was cast in a community-oriented context, however, so some important differences in habitat structure between sites may not have been detectable with their techniques. In this study I have used the 0.04-ha circle technique, a more direct approach, to elucidate local habitat structure at five sites within the range of the Black-throated Green Warbler (Dendroica virens). In this paper, \"habitat\" refers to the specific life form or structure of the vegetation in which a species 382 occurs (Grinnell 1917, James 1971). The Blackthroated Green Warbler was selected because of its wide geographic range and because this species is reported from a number of plantcommunity types (Brooks 1940, Bent 1953), including pine forests (Collins et al. 1982), deciduous vegetation (Maurer and Whitmore 1981), and spruce-fir (Picea-Abies) forests in the northeast (MacArthur 1958). Although differences in vegetation structure between plantcommunity types would appear obvious intuitively some characteristics of this species' habitat may not vary between sites. Therefore, data were gathered in Maine, New Hampshire, New York, and Minnesota to determine: (1) is the habitat structure of the Black-throated Green Warbler different at several points in its range, and (2) if differences exist, which structural variables change and which are similar between sites? Knowledge of the range of habitat structure may facilitate development of regional models for predicting the future extent of a species' habitat (Shugart 1981). MATERIALS AND METHODS To analyze patterns of habitat structure of the Blackthroated Green Warbler, five study sites were selected: (1) Mount Desert Island (MDI), a large island about 300 m off the coast of Maine, the vegetation of which consists of large areas of spruce and arbor vitae (Thuja occidentalis) forests (Davis 1966) and of The Auk 100: 382-389. April 1983 April 1983] Geographic Variation in Dendroica Habitat 383 TABLE 1. Mean and standard error for the habitat-structure variables per 0.04-ha sample. Differences were tested by Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance (H-statistic). Site abbreviations are given in the text; variable abbreviations are presented in Table 2. Site GC SC CC CH CO SPT T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 MDI J 52.5 21.0 84.0 46.2 79.0 5.5 44.2 43.2 15.7 7.0 2.9 0.0 0.0 (n = 10) SE 6.8 4.5 2.9 1.9 3.5 0.7 6.7 3.4 1.4 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.0 MBP J 36.8 32.7 92.7 46.7 34.5 8.5 34.4 21.4 9.9 3.8 1.5 0.6 0.2 (n = 11) SE 3.9 5.8 1.9 2.3 5.4 0.6 4.0 3.1 1.4 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.1 WMF ;r 45.5 43.5 94.5 49.9 23.5 6.9 29.5 19.0 10.6 4.9 3.9 1.4 0.3 (n = 10) SE 5.9 7.7 1.8 1.6 5.2 0.5 2.6 2.2 1.1 0.7 0.6 0.2 0.2 NYA J 28.8 78.8 92.5 66.8 36.2 7.0 25.5 6.5 2.2 4.2 4.8 3.0 2.2 (n = 4) SE 6.2 2.7 2.2 4.1 5.7 0.9 2.8 1.3 0.4 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.7 ISP J 52.7 39.0 84.3 66.1 50.3 5.7 15.1 10.5 5.7 4.4 3.3 1.9 0.9 (n = 15) SE 4.3 5.7 3.4 3.8 7.7 0.3 2.2 1.5 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.7 3.9

Evidence for the F meson at 1970 MeV

Abstract: Evidence is presented for a narrow meson resonance of mass 1970\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 MeV produced in continuum ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ annihilations at $\sqrt{s}$ of 10.5 GeV, and decaying into a $\ensuremath{\phi}$ and a charged $\ensuremath{\pi}$.

Regulation of cell-mediated immunity in cryptococcosis. II. Characterization of first-order T suppressor cells (Ts1) and induction of second-order suppressor cells.

Abstract: Cryptococcosis patients frequently have high levels of cryptococcal antigen in their body fluids, and the levels of circulating antigen can generally be used to predict the patient's recovery, with high or rising antigen titers indicating a poor prognosis and low or decreasing levels a good prognosis. In a previous study, we reported on a murine model for studying the effects of cryptococcal antigen on host defense mechanisms. In that work, we demonstrated that an i.v. injection of cryptococcal antigen (CneF) into CBA/J mice, to simulate the antigenemia known to occur in human cryptococcosis, induced a population of T suppressor cells (Ts1) in the lymph nodes (LN). Upon adoptive transfer, the Ts1 cells specifically suppressed the afferent limb of the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to cryptococcal antigen. In the present study, we show that the precursors of the Ts1 cells are sensitive to low-dose cyclophosphamide treatment and that the phenotype of the Ts1 cells is Lyt-1+, Ia+ (I-J+). LN cells from CneF-injected mice or a soluble factor derived therefrom can induce in the spleens of recipient mice a second-order suppressor cell population that suppresses the efferent limb of the DTH response. The cells that induce the second-order or efferent suppressor cells have the same phenotype as the cells that appear to suppress the afferent limb of the DTH response. The findings in this study indicate that a complex regulatory mechanism is responsible for the observed suppression of the DTH response in this infectious disease model. Furthermore, the suppressive circuit thus far defined for cryptococcal antigen is similar to the antigen-specific suppressor cell pathway outlined for certain chemically defined haptenic systems.

Spontaneous Use of Mnemonics by Elderly Individuals.

Abstract: This study was prompted by the confusion that exists in the literature concerning the effectiveness of mnemonic training programs for elderly adults Our purpose was to understand what kinds of mnemonic activities might occur spontaneously in standard (or “do‐nothing") control groups of older individuals Elderly adults in two studies were asked to: (1) predict how successful they might be in a simple memorization task; (2) memorize a short list of common words; (3) report how they actually carried out the memory task In the second study, reports of strategy usage were also given before the memorization task and compared with reports of strategies actually used Summaries of the reported mnemonic strategies are presented The relationships between strategy reports, memory performance, and predicted memory performance are examined Predicted memory performance and actual memory performance were not strongly related Reports of using imagery were relatively rare Persons using deep processing stra