Showing papers by "University of Oklahoma published in 1986"
Book•
28 Feb 1986TL;DR: In this paper, the authors introduce the concept of anisotropic elasticity and composite Laminate Theory for composite materials, and present a test standard for polymer matrix composites.
Abstract: Preface to the Second Edition. Preface to the First Edition. 1. Introduction to Composite Materials. 2. Anisotropic Elasticity and Composite Laminate Theory. 3. Plates and Panels of Composite Materials. 4. Beams, Columns and Rods of Composite Materials. 5. Composite Material Shells. 6. Energy Methods For Composite Material Structures. 7. Strength and Failure Theories. 8. Joining of Composite Material Structures. 9. Introduction to Composite Design. Appendices: A-1. Micromechanics. A-2. Test Standards for Polymer Matrix Composites. A-3. Properties of Various Polymer Composites. Author Index. Subject Index.
1,144 citations
TL;DR: The primary structure of normal abl protein was determined by sequencing the coding region of its cDNA, which contains two alternative 5' exons spliced to a common set of 3' exon to yield the two major abl RNA transcripts.
470 citations
TL;DR: A study of a large number of these oils has permitted a number of biomarker distributions to be determined that appear to be characteristic for oils derived from terrigenous source material.
378 citations
TL;DR: Examination by crossed immunoelectrophoresis of 31 functionally protein S-deficient individuals from seven families reveals that 29 of the 31 have all or most of their protein S complexed to C4b-binding protein with little or no free protein and have correspondingly low levels of protein S functional activity.
296 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate, however, that grassland diversity was not a simple function of disturbance rate, size or intensity, and species diversity was maximized under a combination of natural disturbances.
Abstract: Seven grassland treatments representing different disturbance regimes were sampled within a large area of mixed-grass prairie in southwestern Oklahoma, USA. Species diversity was low on the undisturbed and most severely disturbed grasslands. The results also indicate, however, that grassland diversity was not a simple function of disturbance rate, size or intensity. Instead, species diversity was maximized under a combination of natural disturbances. To some extent, the increase in species diversity was the result of increased habitat diversity associated with a type of disturbance. That is, disturbances such as grazing and wallowing have a cumulative effect one grassland diversity. Overall, the structure one grassland communities can not be accurately determined without considering the structure of the natural disturbance regime.
253 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple helical (Beltrami) flow model was proposed to characterize rotating "supercell" thunderstorms, which is characterized by high helicity, the vector inner product of velocity and vorticity.
Abstract: Rotating “supercell” thunderstorms are shown to be characterized by high helicity, the vector inner product of velocity and vorticity, which is obtained both from the mean flow in which they are embedded and from buoyancy enrichment. Some unique properties of supercell helical flow are described, including a tendency for trajectory rotation to be reversed from parcel vorticity. A simple helical (Beltrami) flow model resembles gross supercell structure and also provides a prediction of storm motion. Since theory, closure model calculations and numerical simulations indicate that helicity suppresses turbulent dissipation, it is suggested that supercells owe their noted stability and long life to this effect. Enhanced predictability of such storms is then expected and is apparently seen in some results of Wilhelmson and Klemp. It is concluded that rotating storm structure and propagation must involve a compromise between the energetic effects discussed by Lilly in Part I of this study and those cons...
236 citations
TL;DR: An overview of a methodological paradigm that enhances the integration of theory construction and theory testing is presented and an illustration of its use in both exploratory and confirmatory phases of research is provided.
Abstract: An overview of a methodological paradigm that enhances the integration of theory construction and theory testing is presented. This paper discusses the conceptual advantages of that paradigm and provides an illustration of its use in both exploratory and confirmatory phases of research.
181 citations
TL;DR: The trace element and Pb isotopic geochemistry of these lavas is explicable by contamination of the oceanisland basalt source that gave rise to Ascension, Bouvet, St. Helena, Gough and Tristan da Cunha as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The South Atlantic Ocean islands of Ascension, Bouvet, St. Helena, Gough, and Tristan da Cunha display considerable inter-island (and to a variable extent intra-island) heterogeneity in ratios of highly incompatible trace elements. Basaltic and hawaiitic lavas from Ascension, Bouvet, and St. Helena have consistent trace-lenient ratios (e.g., La/Nb, Ba/Nb, Ba/La, Ba/Th, Rb/Th). In contrast, Tristan da Cunha and Gough (and Walvis Ridge) lavas are depleted in Nb and enriched in Ba relative to other highly incompatible trace elements as compared to the other islands. The trace-element and Pb isotopic geochemistry of these lavas is explicable by contamination of the ocean-island basalt source that gave rise to Ascension, Bouvet, and St. Helena lavas by variable, but small (about 1%), amounts of ancient (1.5–2.0 Ga) pelagic sediment.
165 citations
TL;DR: Sulfide production was inhibited for periods of at least 6 months and was accompanied by the oxidation of resazurin from its colorless reduced state to its pink oxidized state, which appeared to have a cytotoxic effect on sulfate-reducing populations.
Abstract: The addition of 59 mM nitrate inhibited biogenic sulfide production in dilute sewage sludge (10% [vol/vol]) amended with 20 mM sulfate and either acetate, glucose, or hydrogen as electron donors Similar results were found when pond sediment or oil field brines served as the inoculum Sulfide production was inhibited for periods of at least 6 months and was accompanied by the oxidation of resazurin from its colorless reduced state to its pink oxidized state Lower amounts of nitrate (6 or 20 mM) and increased amounts of sewage sludge resulted in only transient inhibition of sulfide production The addition of 156 mM sulfate to bottles with 59 mM nitrate and 10% (vol/vol) sewage sludge or pond sediment resulted in sulfide production Nitrate, nitrite, and nitrous oxide were detected during periods where sulfide production was inhibited, whereas nitrate, nitrite, and nitrous oxide were below detectable levels at the time sulfide production began The oxidation of resazurin was attributed to an increase in nitrous oxide which persisted in concentration of about 10 mM for up to 5 months The numbers of sulfate-reducing organisms decreased from 106 CFU ml−1 sludge to less than detectable levels after prolonged incubation of oxidized bottles The addition of 10 mM glucose to oxidized bottles after 145 weeks of incubation resulted in rereduction of the resazurin and subsequent sulfide production The prolonged inhibition of sulfide production was attributed to an increase in oxidation-reduction potential due to biogenic production of nitrous oxide, which appeared to have a cytotoxic effect on sulfate-reducing populations
157 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the common-family environmental, within-family environment, and hereditary components of antisocial behavior and its correlates using a twin study design and LISREL was used to model the observed relationships using structural equations containing CE, WE, and H factors.
Abstract: This study investigates the common-family environmental (CE), within-family environmental (WE), and hereditary (H) components of antisocial behavior and its correlates using a twin study design. The subjects are 265 adolescent twin pairs who reported in a mail survey on their antisocial behavior, deceitfulness, parental rejection (as perceived), anger, impulsivity, and value placed on school achievement. These six variables are intercorrelated in two ways: between-families (twin pairs' sums) and within-families (twin pairs' differences). The former covariance structure captures the twins' resemblances: the latter, the twins' differences in behavior. LISREL is used to model the observed relationships using structural equations containing CE, WE, and H factors. The best-fitting model requires only H and WE factors to explain the variables' relationships. Within this population, delinquent behavior is unaffected by CE influences such as social class, child rearing styles, parental attitudes, parental religion, and other factors equally affecting the twins. The principal genetic correlates of delinquency appear to be deceitfullness and temperamental traits.
139 citations
TL;DR: Data from great egrets and great blue herons were used to test a fundamental assumption of Lack's brood‐reduction hypothesis, that mortality is brood‐size dependent, and it is advanced that parents desert unprofitably small broods when sufficient time remains for production of a larger brood.
Abstract: Data from great egrets and great blue herons were used to test a fundamental assumption of Lack's brood-reduction hypothesis, that mortality is brood-size dependent. This was confirmed for the largest brood sizes (4 and 3), which, in egrets, also have the highest sib-fighting rates. Broods of one, however, experienced paradoxically high mortality, especially early in the season. The hypothesis is advanced that parents desert unprofitably small broods when sufficient time remains for production of a larger brood. A simple game-theory model shows that this parental desertion may hinge primarily on the overall costs of renesting. Egret brood reduction caused by sibling aggression (siblicide) occurred later than less aggressive forms of brood reduction. The inclusive fitness of senior broodmates is maximized by the successful fledging of all sibs, and the physical superiority of seniors (in food-handling for herons; food-handling and aggression for egrets) usually suffices to guarantee their own welfare in brood competitions. Finally, it is shown that the last chick in asynchronously hatching broods represents two kinds of reproductive value (RV) to the parents-"extra RV" (obtained despite the survival of elder sibs) and "insurance RV" (obtained only when at least one elder sib dies first)-which can be distinguished from field data. This approach can be used in comparisons with other asynchronous species for partitioning the fitness contributions of marginal offspring.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors extended the positive theory of accounting choice to examine the factors associated with a management's choice of adoption date and found that early adopters were smaller, typically decreased in pre-charge earnings the year before adoption, had less stock owned by directors and officers, and were more constrained on dividend payouts and interest coverage ratios than later adopters.
TL;DR: The sequence of the three phases of two high school learning cycles in chemistry was altered in order to give insights into the factors which account for the success of the learning cycle as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The sequence of the three phases of two high school learning cycles in chemistry was altered in order to: (I ) give insights into the factors which account for the success of the learning cycle, (2) serve as an indirect test of the association between Piaget's theory and the learning cycle, and (3) to compare the learning cycle with traditional instruction. Each of the six sequences (one n o d and five altered) was studied with content and atritudc measures. The outcomes of the study supported the contention that the normal learning cycle sequence is the optimum sequence for achievement of content knowledge.
TL;DR: This paper examined how decision makers evaluate their feelings of certainty toward specified and unspecified hypotheses and found that subjects generally were overconfident for specified hypotheses and conservative for unspecified hypotheses, while expressing more confidence with specified hypotheses when evaluating them individually than as an aggregate.
TL;DR: The distribution of fishes within 23 streams in the eastern and central United States was analyzed for evidence of distinct longitudinal faunal "breaks" and to compare location of the breaks to stream order and longitudinal position of stations within watersheds as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The distribution of fishes within 23 streams in the eastern and central United States was analyzed for evidence of distinct longitudinal faunal ‘breaks’, and to compare location of the breaks to stream order and longitudinal position of stations within watersheds. On the basis of presence-absence data for fish species, distinct faunal breaks were found in only 8 of the 23 streams. Qualitative faunal breaks were not significantly more common in any particular reach of streams, and the breaks did not correspond to changes in stream order. In 11 of 14 streams for which data on fish abundance were available, quantitative faunal breaks were found, but the locations of these breaks were unrelated to stream order or longitudinal position of stations in streams. Earlier studies have postulated that stream orders may represent distinct biological units for fishes. In contrast, this analysis shows that local fish faunas differ as much within as between adjacent stream orders, and suggests that stream order alone is not a pervasive organizer of lotic fish communities.
TL;DR: This paper found that workers who scored high on the burnout scales used in their study would be more likely to report feelings of anxiety, depression, irritability, and somatic complaints and would also report less satisfaction with their jobs and lower self-esteem.
Abstract: aforementioned symptoms of mental and physical distress.3 Nonetheless, the few available empirical studies, which for the most part appeared after Perlman and Hartman's review, tend to support the existence of such relationships.4 In our study, therefore, we addressed this issue first: We hy pothesized that workers who scored high on the burnout scales used in our study would be more likely to report feelings of anxiety, depression, irritability, and somatic complaints and would also be more likely to report less satisfaction with their jobs and lower self-esteem compared to workers who scored low on the burn
TL;DR: Based on a review of existing algorithms, a general branch-and-bound concept in global optimization is presented and a broad class of realizations are derived that include existing and several new approaches for concave minimization problems.
Abstract: Based on a review of existing algorithms, a general branch-and-bound concept in global optimization is presented. A sufficient and necessary convergence condition is established, and a broad class of realizations is derived that include existing and several new approaches for concave minimization problems.
TL;DR: In this article, the 488 nm photoelectron spectra of HCO and DCO were used to estimate the equilibrium geometry of the anion in the X 2A' state of neutral formyl radical up to 10,000 cm−1 above the vibrational ground state.
Abstract: The 488 nm photoelectron spectra of HCO− and DCO− show vibrational structure in the X 2A’ state of neutral formyl radical up to 10 000 cm−1 above the vibrational ground state. Electron affinities are found to be 0.313±0.005 eV for HCO and 0.301±0.005 eV for DCO. The CH bond strength and heat of formation of HCO− and the gas phase acidity of formaldehyde are derived from these data. A Franck–Condon analysis of the photoelectron spectra provides an estimate of the equilibrium geometry of the anion. Transitions to excited vibrational states of HCO enable the determination of a complete set of quadratic anharmonicities.
01 Apr 1986-Journal of Comparative Physiology A-neuroethology Sensory Neural and Behavioral Physiology
TL;DR: The descending input to the ELLL seems to function as a gain control mechanism that is capable of compensating for losses in stimulus strength resulting from reduced EOD amplitude.
Abstract: 1.
The responses of E-cells, basilar pyramidal cells, of the electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELLL) were studied in normal animals (Apteronotus leptorhynchus) and in fish in which a component of the descending input from the midbrain n. praeeminentialis to the ELLL was interrupted by lesions or by application of local anesthetics. This treatment increased the responsiveness of these neurons by 100 to 300%.
2.
A method is described by which the animal's electric organ discharge (EOD) can be increased or decreased in amplitude. Responses of E-cells to a brief stationary electrosensory stimulus and to moving electrolocation targets were studied in normal and in lesioned animals with normal and altered EOD amplitudes.
3.
Large reductions in EOD amplitude, approximately 50%, result in no significant changes in the average size of E-cell responses to either type of electrosensory stimulus in normal animals. Interruption of the descending input, however, results in a loss of the E-cells' ability to maintain constant response size when the EOD amplitude is reduced.
4.
Increases in EOD amplitude cause reductions in the size of E-cell responses to the moving electrolocation targets and to the stationary stimulus. The effects of increased EOD amplitude are present in normal animals and in animals in which the descending input is interrupted.
5.
The descending input to the ELLL seems to function as a gain control mechanism that is capable of compensating for losses in stimulus strength resulting from reduced EOD amplitude. The component of the descending input studied here does not seem to play a role in the response of the system to increases in EOD amplitude. These results are discussed in conjunction with the known details of the ELLL circuitry and its connections with other brain areas.
TL;DR: In this paper, psychographic segmentation solutions developed for 17 different cities were compared and the findings indicate that psychographic segments which were developed for markets in one geographic location ar....
Abstract: Psychographic segmentation solutions developed for 17 different cities were compared. The findings indicate that psychographic segments which are developed for markets in one geographic location ar...
TL;DR: It is concluded that pediatric tumors are more likely to be benign than previously thought, and that size is the only morphologic predictor of their biologic behavior.
Abstract: Morphologic features (abnormal mitoses, necrosis, vascular and capsular invasion, broad fibrous bands, cellular pleomorphism, size) previously suggested to be predictors of malignant behavior in adrenal cortical tumors were assessed individually in 23 (17 benign, 6 malignant) pediatric and 42 (29 benign, 13 malignant) adult tumors. Of these features, size was the only predictor of malignancy in pediatric tumors. All pediatric tumors weighing more than 500 g were malignant and all but one weighing less than 500 g were benign. The remaining features were present in both benign and malignant pediatric tumors, and pediatric benign tumors were significantly more likely to have mitoses (P less than 0.01), necrosis (P less than 0.001), broad fibrous bands (P less than 0.005), and moderate to severe pleomorphism (P less than 0.01) than were adult benign tumors. The authors conclude that pediatric tumors are more likely to be benign than previously thought, and that size is the only morphologic predictor of their biologic behavior.
TL;DR: Gallery forest supported the highest species richness, most complex vertical distribution of species, highest level of trophic diversity, and highest macroniche diversity, while all habitat types supported both rodents and marsupials.
Abstract: Community structure, macrohabitat selection, and patterns of species co-occur- rence were examined during a 14-month study of small mammals in the Cerrado Province of central Brazil. Data were collected from mark-recapture grids in brejo and gallery forest, and from live-trapping and specimen collection in all habitat types within cerrado (campo limpo, campo sujo, cerrado (s.s.), cerradao, brejo, valley-side wet campo, and gallery forest). Gallery forest supported the highest species richness, most complex vertical distribution of species, highest level of trophic diversity, and highest macroniche diversity. Degree of habitat selection varied widely. All habitat types supported both rodents and marsupials, although marsupials tended to be much less common in the grasslands (campos) than in woodlands (cerrado) and forests (cerradao, gallery forest). Some species, such as Didelphis albiventris, occurred in all habitat types, while others were much more restricted. Oryzomys bicolor, for example, ocur- red only in gallery forest. No habitat type had a completely distinct fauna: overlap in species composition always occurred with at least one other habitat type. Because of the great varia- bility of habitats, and the fact that subsets of the mammal fauna were frequently habitat specific, the overall species richness of any portion of mixed cerrado vegetation is remarkably high.
TL;DR: Ketamine should only be used for asthmatics whose respiratory failure does not respond to conventional management and mechanical ventilation, and except for increased secretions during the infusion, patients showed no immediate or long-term sequelae from ketamine therapy.
Abstract: We treated two pediatric patients suffering respiratory failure associated with status asthmaticus. Neither patient responded to maximal bronchodilatory therapy and mechanical ventilation; however, continuous infusion of ketamine (1.0 to 2.5 mg/kg X h) immediately improved airway obstruction. Ketamine appears to increase catecholamine levels and directly relax bronchial smooth muscle. Except for increased secretions during the infusion, our patients showed no immediate or long-term sequelae from ketamine therapy. However, ketamine should only be used for asthmatics whose respiratory failure does not respond to conventional management and mechanical ventilation.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The data demonstrated that two monoclonal antibodies against streptococci were specific for skeletal muscle and/or cardiacMyosin and for subfragments of the myosin molecule.
Abstract: Anti-group A streptococcal monoclonal antibodies were obtained from BALB c/BYJ mice immunized with purified membranes from M type 5 Streptococcus pyogenes. Two of the anti-streptococcal monoclonal antibodies were previously shown to cross-react with muscle myosin. In this study the monoclonal antibodies were reacted with tissue sections of normal human heart and skeletal muscle. Antibody binding was estimated by indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques. Both of the monoclonal antibodies (36.2.2 and 54.2.8) investigated in this report reacted with heart and/or skeletal muscle sections. When evaluated by immunofluorescence, monoclonal antibody 54.2.8 demarcated the periphery of cardiac striated muscle cells and reacted to a lesser degree with subsarcolemmal components. Monoclonal antibody 36.2.2 failed to react with heart sections, but both of the monoclonal antibodies reacted strongly with skeletal muscle sections. Results similar to those observed with indirect immunofluorescence were obtained with the immunoperoxidase technique. By Western immunoblotting and competitive inhibition assays, monoclonal antibodies 36.2.2 and 54.2.8 both were found to react with the heavy chain of skeletal muscle myosin. However, only 54.2.8 reacted with the heavy chain of cardiac myosin. The specificity of the monoclonal antibodies for subfragments of skeletal muscle myosin indicated that monoclonal antibody 36.2.2 was specific for light meromyosin fragments, whereas 54.2.8 reacted with both heavy and light meromyosin. The data demonstrated that two monoclonal antibodies against streptococci were specific for skeletal muscle and/or cardiac myosin and for subfragments of the myosin molecule. The reactions of the monoclonal antibodies with human tissue sections were consistent with the immunochemical reactions of the monoclonal antibodies with both denatured and native myosin.
TL;DR: This work examined the immediate effects of conflict on male mating behavior, and found that it increases the time spent in pursuit of an estrous female, reduces the efficiency of copulating, but carries only a small risk of exclusion from mating.
Abstract: The scramble competition polygyny of male thirteen-lined ground squirrels involves overt conflict and sperm competition as well as competitive mate searching. The overt conflict component of intrasexual competition occurs sporadically: males sometimes are able to mate in the complete absence of competitors, while on other occasions up to five other males may be present. We examined the immediate effects of conflict on male mating behavior, and found that it increases the time spent in pursuit of an estrous female, reduces the efficiency of copulating, but carries only a small risk of exclusion from mating. In contrast to some other sciurid species, dominance appears to be a poor predictor of the mating success of male thirteen-lined ground squirrels. However, skill at locating females is very important. Because overt conflict seldom results in exclusion from mating opportunities, and because females of this species accept multiple mates, success in copulating conforms closely with success in mate searching: the sheer number of estrous females located is a consistently strong predictor of male mating success. Furthermore, individual differences in mate location ability seem to generate levels of variance in male copulatory success that are comparable to those of more combative species.
TL;DR: In this article, a flow visualization study of the near-nozzle regions of a cold jet, an attached flame, and a lifted flame of propane jet exiting a contoured nozzle with uniform velocity profile in quiescent air is presented.
Abstract: A flow visualization study of the near-nozzle regions of a cold jet, an attached flame, and a lifted flame of propane jet exiting a contoured nozzle with uniform velocity profile in quiescent air is presented. The observed flowfields and celerities of the coherent structures in the three cases are compared. The results show that com- bustion reactions occur away from both jet boundary and cores of coherent structures. The presence of flame retards the growth of the coherent structures and increases their celerity substantially. HE interaction of flames and flow structure in combus- tion systems has been the subject of several investiagations in the past. Many of these studies were concerned with pre- mixed flames. In recent years, however, considerable effort has been devoted to understand the flame/flow interaction in reacting plane shear layers1"3 and axisymmetric gas jets.4"7 Such studies are motivated by the necessity to understand the roles of coherent structures in the mixing rates.8"9 This infor- mation is needed to improve the burning characteristics of dif- fusion flames and to develop theoretical models for their prediction. A review of the uses of coherent structures was presented recently by Coles.10 An understanding of the detailed flow structure and its interaction with reaction zones is also crucial to unfold the stability mechanism of diffusion flames, including liftoff and blowout phenomena, which has been a topic of controversy in recent years.11'12 Here, we present some results from a flow visualization study in the near-nozzle region of propane gas jet flames where the flowfield is essen- tially an axisymmetric shear layer. The results not only con- firm the presence of large-scale structures in the flames but also reveal some characteristic features of their behavior in the presence of combustion. We focused our attention on the near-nozzle region in order to understand 1) the changes in flow structure of cold jets caused by the presence of a surrounding burner-attached flame, and 2) the liftoff and reattachment processes of flames.
TL;DR: The authors found that people who are satisfied with the general physical appearance, the noise level, and the quality of neighbors in their communities tend to be more attached to them than those who are less satisfied.
Abstract: In this paper we compare the relative effects of satisfaction with specific community (neighborhood) attributes and social integration into the community on community attachment. Previous research on community attachment has not assessed the importance of satisfaction with specific attributes as a determinant of attachment. Instead, this research has focussed on integration into the social life of a community as the primary source of community attachment. We find that although social integration has the more important effect on attachment, satisfaction with specific community attributes also has a statistically significant effect. People who are satisfied with the general physical appearance, the noise level, and the quality of neighbors in their communities tend to be more attached to them than those who are less satisfied. We address the theoretical and policy implications of this finding. In short, this finding implies, contrary to previous thought, that it is possible for there to be higher levels of ...
TL;DR: The reaction of alkyl-and aryl-(dicyclopentadienyl)lutetium complexes with H 2 or D 2 gives dimeric dicyclopsedienyl-hydride or -deuteride.