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Showing papers by "University of Oklahoma published in 1988"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the 100th anniversary of Galton's first discussion of regression and correlation is celebrated, and 13 different formulas representing a different computational and conceptual definition of Pearson's r are presented.
Abstract: In 1885, Sir Francis Galton first defined the term “regression” and completed the theory of bivariate correlation. A decade later, Karl Pearson developed the index that we still use to measure correlation, Pearson's r. Our article is written in recognition of the 100th anniversary of Galton's first discussion of regression and correlation. We begin with a brief history. Then we present 13 different formulas, each of which represents a different computational and conceptual definition of r. Each formula suggests a different way of thinking about this index, from algebraic, geometric, and trigonometric settings. We show that Pearson's r (or simple functions of r) may variously be thought of as a special type of mean, a special type of variance, the ratio of two means, the ratio of two variances, the slope of a line, the cosine of an angle, and the tangent to an ellipse, and may be looked at from several other interesting perspectives.

3,251 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examines five criticisms of the Shaw and McKay perspective and discusses recent attempts to address those issues and problems that are still in need of resolution, and concludes that "the social disorganization model of Shaw and McKeown is again beginning to appear in the literature".
Abstract: After a period of decline in the discipline, the social disorganization model of Shaw and McKay is again beginning to appear in the literature. This paper examines five criticisms of the perspective and discusses recent attempts to address those issues and problems that are still in need of resolution.

1,331 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results in 192 conscious dogs with a healed MI indicate that analysis of BRS is a powerful tool for risk stratification not only after, but even before, the occurrence of an MI.
Abstract: We have suggested that among conscious dogs with a healed anterior wall myocardial infarction (MI) a depressed baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) carries a higher risk of developing ventricular fibrillation during a brief ischemic episode associated with an exercise stress test. The clinical and pathophysiological implications of our previous findings prompted the present study, which addressed three major questions: 1) Is, indeed, analysis of BRS after MI a specific and sensitive marker for sudden death-risk stratification? 2) Does MI modify BRS? 3) Does analysis of BRS before MI provide information about outcome during ischemic episodes occurring after MI? An anterior MI was produced in 301 dogs, and 4 weeks later, a 2-minute circumflex coronary artery occlusion beginning during the last minute of an exercise stress test could be performed in 192 animals. Ventricular fibrillation occurred in 106 (55%) dogs (susceptible to sudden death), whereas 86 (45%) dogs (resistant to sudden death) survived. BRS was assessed by the phenylephrine method and was expressed by the regression line relating RR intervals to blood-pressure changes. BRS was significantly lower among susceptible than among resistant dogs (9.1 +/- 6.0 vs. 17.7 +/- 6.5 msec/mm Hg, p less than 0.0001). The risk for sudden death increased from 20% (15 of 73 dogs) for a BRS greater than 15 msec/mm Hg to 91% (62 of 68 dogs) for a BRS less than 9 msec/mm Hg (p less than 0.001). An internal control study in 55 animals showed that BRS was reduced 4 weeks after MI compared with control conditions (13.5 +/- 6.7 vs. 17.8 +/- 6.6 msec/mm Hg, p less than 0.001) and that a reduction occurred in 73% of animals. Susceptible dogs and those that spontaneously died after MI had a lower BRS even before the MI (16.2 +/- 5.9 vs. 22.2 +/- 6.2 msec/mm Hg, p less than 0.001). The risk for sudden death after MI increased from 35% (nine of 26 dogs) for a BRS before MI greater than 20 msec/mm Hg to 85% (17 of 20 dogs) for a BRS before MI less than 14 msec/mm Hg (p less than 0.001). This study demonstrates that the presence of a reduced BRS is associated with a greater susceptibility to ventricular fibrillation during subsequent ischemic episodes. In the majority of dogs, BRS is reduced after an MI. The results in 192 conscious dogs with a healed MI indicate that analysis of BRS is a powerful tool for risk stratification not only after, but even before, the occurrence of an MI.

631 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Increased levels of DHBA in brain correlated with ischemia reperfusion-mediated behavioral modification of gerbils, but salicylate administration did not protect against the behavior changes.

436 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the complementary energy method is applied to the free vibration analysis of various structural components, including prismatic and tapered bars, prismatic beams, and axisymmetric motion of circular membranes.
Abstract: Two approximate methods, which have not previously been used for structural dynamics problems, are applied to the free vibration analysis of various structural components. The first method is a new version of the complementary energy method. It is shown to be considerably more accurate than the conventional Rayleigh and Rayleigh-Schmidt methods when applied to spatially one-dimensional free vibration problems: prismatic and tapered bars, prismatic beams, and axisymmetric motion of circular membranes. The second method is the differential quadrature method introduced by Bellman and his associates. It is applied successfully here to all of the problems mentioned plus square membranes and circular and square plates.

307 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Vapor-saturated experiments at 200 MPa with peraluminous, lithophile-element-rich rhyolite obsidian from Macusani, Peru, reveal high miscibility of H2O and silicate melt components as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Vapor-saturated experiments at 200 MPa with peraluminous, lithophile-element-rich rhyolite obsidian from Macusani, Peru, reveal high miscibility of H2O and silicate melt components. The H2O content of melt at saturation (11.5+-0.5 wt.%) is almost twice that predicted by existing melt speciation models. The corresponding solubility of melt components in vapor decreases from 15 wt.% dissolved solids (750°–775° C) to 9 wt.% at 600° C. With regard to major and most minor components, macusanite melt dissolves congruently in vapor. Among the elements studied (B, P, F, Li, Rb, Cs, Be, Sr, Ba, Nb, Zr, Hf, Y, Pb, Th, U, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, and Tm), only boron has a vapor/melt partition coefficient (D[B]) consistently ≥1 at superliquidus temperatures (>645° C). Phosphorus and fluorine behave similarly, with D[P] and D[F]<0.5. Little or no significant vapor/melt fractionation is evident among most periodic groups (alkalis, alkaline earths, Zr/Hf, or the REE). The temperature dependence of vapor/melt partition coefficients is generally greatest for cations with charge ≥ +3 (except Nb and U); most vapor/melt partition coefficients for trace elements increase with decreasing temperature to the liquidus. Crystallization proceeds by condensation of crystalline phases from vapor; most coexisting melts are aphyric. Changes in the major element content of melt are dominated by the mineral assemblage crystallized from vapor, which includes subequal proportions of white mica, quartz, albite, and orthoclase. The volumetric proportion of (mica + or-thoclase)/albite increases slightly with decreasing T, creating a sodic, alkaline vapor. Vapor deposition of topaz (T≤500° C), which consumes F from melt, returns K/Na ratios of melt to near unity with the vapor-deposition of albite. The abundances of most trace elements in residual melt change little with the crystallization of major phases, but in some cases are strongly controlled by the deposition of accessory phases including apatite (T≤550° C), which depletes the melt in P and REE. Below the liquidus, boron increasingly favors the vapor over melt with decreasing temperatures.

224 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For instance, the authors found that humor, self-disclosure, and narratives by fifty-seven college teachers were frequently relevant to course content and utilized to clarify course material, while award winning teachers utilized these same verbal behaviors also in relation to course contents and clarification of course material.
Abstract: The purpose of these investigations was to provide normative data regarding the use of certain verbal behaviors manifested by college teachers. Results of Study One indicated that usage of humor, self‐disclosure, and narratives by fifty‐seven college teachers was frequently relevant to course content and utilized to clarify course material. Results of Study Two suggested that award winning teachers utilized these same verbal behaviors also in relation to course content and clarification of course material. Post‐hoc comparative analyses of the results for Study One and Study Two indicated that significant differences in the average use of humor, self‐disclosure, and narratives existed between the two groups. However, results of Aspin‐Welch t‐tests also indicated no significant differences between the two groups of teachers in relation to the purpose in the use of these verbal behaviors (e. g. relevant to course content; clarification of course material). Implications are also discussed.

178 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The findings indicate that the modified functional appliance is a conservative, successful treatment alternative that could benefit patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

159 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the 488 nm photoelectron spectra were reported for the HCX(X1A) + e−←HCX−(X2A) and HCX (a3A)+e −← HCX− (X 2A) transitions in HCF, DCF, HCCl, HCBr−, and HCI− and for the CX2(X 1A1)+e−−
Abstract: The 488 nm photoelectron spectra are reported for the HCX(X1A’)+e−←HCX−(X2A‘) and HCX(a3A‘)+e−←HCX−(X2A‘) transitions in HCF−, DCF−, HCCl−, HCBr−, and HCI− and for the CX2(X1A1)+e−←CX−2(X2B1) transitions in CF−2 and CCl−2 . Adiabatic electron affinities are found to be 0.557±0.005 eV (HCF), 0.552±0.005 eV (DCF), 1.213±0.005 eV (HCCl), 1.556±0.008 eV (HCBr), 1.683±0.012 eV (HCI), 0.179±0.005 eV (CF2), and 1.603 ± 0.008 eV (CCl2). Bounds for the triplet excitation energies are determined for all the halocarbenes for which photoelectron spectra were observed, with the exception of CCl2. For the HCX halocarbenes, upper bounds for the triplet excitation energies are 14.7±0.2 kcal/mol (HCF, DCF), 11.4±0.3 kcal/mol (HCCl), and 9±2 kcal/mol (HCBr). A more detailed analysis of HCF suggests the actual triplet excitation energy to be 11.4±0.3 kcal/mol, 14.7±0.2 kcal/mol, or 8.1±0.4 kcal/mol, with the first value the most likely. Since the multiplicity of the ground state of HCl is not known, we report the ener...

147 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
F.N. Lee1
TL;DR: A method and an algorithm based on this new method that produces the same unit commitment schedule for the 20-unit system as a frequently used DP-STC algorithm in 15 s of computation time versus 524 s, respectively.
Abstract: A method and an algorithm based on this new method are presented. The effectiveness of the algorithm is illustrated by studying a 20-unit midwestern utility system, the EPRI 174-unit synthetic utility system D, and the EPRI 155-unit synthetic utility system E. The algorithm produces the same unit commitment schedule for the 20-unit system as a frequently used DP-STC algorithm in 15 s of computation time versus 524 s, respectively. The computation time is approximately linear with the number of hours in the unit commitment horizon. For the EPRI 174-unit system the algorithm requires only 205 s of computation time on a VAX 11/780 for a 48-hour horizon. >

141 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Patients with localized resectable neuroblastoma without regional lymph node involvement when no therapy beyond surgical resection was administered had a 2-year disease-free survival of 89% (SE = 5%).
Abstract: A prospective study was designed to evaluate the outcome of patients with localized resectable neuroblastoma without regional lymph node involvement when no therapy beyond surgical resection was administered. One hundred one patients observed for 3 to 60 months had a 2-year disease-free survival of 89% (SE = 5%). Of the nine patients experiencing relapse, only three have died. There were no apparent distinguishing characteristics of the nine failures. Due to the favorable prognosis of the subset of neuroblastoma patients, prognostic factor analysis had very limited power and lacked clinical importance. Complete gross removal of the localized tumors is adequate therapy to ensure the survival of the majority of these patients.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the analytical properties of the separation norm within the context of the Leviathan model of revenue-maximizing government are examined, and the implications of these properties with respect to the implications for restraining Leviathan are discussed.
Abstract: Separation of the tax sources is often advanced as a norm for the fiscal organization of a federal system of government This article examines the analytical properties of the separation norm within the context of the Leviathan model of revenue-maximizing government If two revenue-maximizing units of government at different levels in a federal system share a common tax base, combined tax rates applied to that base will lie on the backward-bending portion of the Laffer curve A challenge of sorts is presented to the Brennan-Buchanan hypothesis that a federal as opposed to a unitary system of government can act as a constraint on Leviathan They base their proposition on the existence of competing governments at a single level However, the essence of federalism is multiple levels of government This layering needs to be more carefully considered with respect to the implications for restraining Leviathan

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors found that students from small high schools show fewer understandings and more misconceptions of biology concepts than students attending large high schools, which could be related to a higher percentage of students in large schools capable of formal operations; sound understanding of diffusion and homeostasis required students to use formal operations.
Abstract: Do students from small high schools show fewer understandings and more misconceptions of biology concepts than students attending large high schools? Fifty students attending large high schools (enrollments exceeding 900 students) and fifty students attending small high schools (enrollments less than 150 students) were randomly selected and than evaluated on their understandings and misunderstandings of four biology concepts: diffusion, homeostasis, food production in plants, and classification of animals and plants. Students attending small high schools showed less instances of understanding and more instances of misunderstanding the concepts of diffusion and homeostasis. These differences could be related to a higher percentage of students in large schools capable of formal operations; sound understanding of diffusion and homeostasis required students to use formal operations. No difference was observed between the large and small school samples for the concepts of food production in plants and classification of plants and animals. Students in the small school sample lived in agricultural communities and their daily experiences allowed them to develop some understanding of food production in plants and prevented instances of misunderstandings from being developed. Classification of animals and plants required concrete operations to understand; therefore, students in small schools were capable of developing sound understanding as well as students from large schools.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors suggest that a multi-faceted approach which combines the use of goal-setting and critical success factors with performance appraisal can facilitate the strategy implementation process.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the behavior of thin, circular, isotropic elastic plates with immovable edges and undergoing large deflections was investigated by the numerical technique of differential quadrature, and approximate results were determined with the aid of a symbolic manipulation computer program and a Newton-Raphson technique to solve the nonlinear systems of equations.
Abstract: The behavior of thin, circular, isotropic elastic plates with immovable edges and undergoing large deflections is investigated by the numerical technique of differential quadrature. Approximate results are determined with the aid of a symbolic manipulation computer program and a Newton-Raphson technique to solve the nonlinear systems of equations. Bending stresses, membrane stresses, and deflections are calculated for clamped and simply supported flexural edge conditions and for a uniform pressure load and a concentrated load at the center.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that aqueous-phase antioxidant levels are not uniformly diminished in tissues of old rats, and some age-associated increases in antioxidant levels also were seen.

Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: The body-frame fixed-nuclei (BF-FN) approximation as mentioned in this paper is a composite of the FNO and RR approximations in the BODY representation, and it can be used in day-to-day electron-molecule scattering calculations.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the scattering of the near-threshold electron-molecule. Low-energy electron-molecule scattering is rich in fundamental physics and a fascinating phenomenon. It is a field whose applications range from pollution control to astrophysics. At energies near zero for elastic scattering and a few meV above threshold for inelastic processes, the calculation, understanding, and measurement of cross sections encounter unique challenges and bizarre phenomena. Frame transformations are an invaluable conceptual tool. But the few existing applications of this procedure bring into question their practical utility. Use of frame transformations in day-to-day scattering calculations, indeed seem feasible only if there exists a wide, energy-independent band of radii at which the transformation leads to accurate cross sections. In any case, strong sensitivity of the approximate cross sections to the transformation radii poses a serious problem. The body-frame fixed-nuclei (BF-FN) approximation can be considered a composite of the FNO and RR approximations in the BODY representation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A case of a right intrathoracic kidney is reported and the possible etiologies of intrathOracic kidneys are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results indicate that administration of exogenous progesterone stimulates an earlier maturation of endometrial development, causing an advanced release of PGF2 alpha which shortens the interestrous interval of the cow.

Journal ArticleDOI
Juneann W. Murphy1, R L Mosley, R Cherniak1, G H Reyes1, T R Kozel1, E Reiss1 
TL;DR: The MP was the primary component recognized by the anticryptococcal cell-mediated immune response in mice and elicited significantly stronger delayed-type hypersensitivity responses than did the GXM or GaIXM fraction when used in mice immunized either with the CneF in complete Freund adjuvant or whole heat-killed Cryptococcus neoformans yeast cells.
Abstract: We compared a cryptococcal culture filtrate antigen referred to as CneF with chemically defined cryptococcal antigen fractions isolated by Cherniak and co-workers by using double immunodiffusion gels, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoblots, and footpad reactivity of immunized mice. The three previously described components of cryptococcal culture filtrates are a high-molecular-weight glucuronoxylo-mannan (GXM), which is the major constituent, a galactoxylomannan (GaIXM), and a mannoprotein (MP). In this study we demonstrated that CneF contained components which were serologically and electrophoretically similar to the three previously described cryptococcal culture filtrate fractions. The MP fraction elicited significantly stronger delayed-type hypersensitivity responses than did the GXM or GaIXM fraction when used in mice immunized either with the CneF in complete Freund adjuvant or whole heat-killed Cryptococcus neoformans yeast cells. These findings were confirmed when the footpads of immunized mice were challenged with GaIXM and MP preparations from a culture filtrate of a C. neoformans acapsular mutant that does not produce GXM. Thus, we concluded that the MP was the primary component recognized by the anticryptococcal cell-mediated immune response in mice.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a group of participants working cooperatively on complex intellective tasks completed open-ended questionnaires that described interaction behaviors that facilitated and behaviors that interfered with their group's performance over the life of the group.
Abstract: Interaction that occurs while a group completes a cooperative task describes how the group works. Group members working cooperatively on complex intellective tasks completed open-ended questionnaires that described interaction behaviors that facilitated and behaviors that interfered with their group's performance over the life of the group (four months). After considerable screening, these descriptions were adapted into behavioral items that made up a group style instrument. This instrument was administered at two points in time to an independent sample of subjects participating in similar groups. Descriptions of the facilitating and interfering interaction behaviors are provided. Group interaction is examined in terms of changes in responses to the items over time. The instrument was sensitive to levels of group performance, and descriptions of interaction behaviors that discriminated between performance levels are discussed. Applications for group feedback are described and implications for future resea...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a matched pairs design (N = 54) was utilized to identify predictors of special needs adoption disruption, the breakdown of an adoptive placement prior to legal finalization.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The growth of the mean gestational sac diameter and the crown-rump length were evaluated from individual series and found to be linear in singletons, twins, and triplets from an in vitro fertilization program as well as in pregnancies with ovulation determined from serial ultrasound folliculograms.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the precipitation phase boundary for mixtures of NaDS and dodecylpyridinium chloride (DPCl) is determined over a wide range of concentrations, and a model is developed to predict the precipitation boundary by combining regular solution theory, to calculate monomer-micelle equilibrium, with a solubility product relationship between surfactant monomer concentrations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new equilibrium model, combining the simple two-phase polyelectrolyte theory of Oosawa with thermodynamic activity, material-balance, and charge-balance equations, successfully correlates ultrafiltration and equilibrium dialysis results for chromate solutions.
Abstract: Micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration can be used to remove multivalent anions or cations from aqueous streams. In the removal of chromate ions (CrO), the cationic surfactant hexadecylpyridinium chloride is added to the solution, and the chromate ions preferentially adsorb at the surface of the highly charged surfactant micelles. The solution is processed by ultrafiltration, using a membrane with pore sizes small enough to block the passage of the micelles and adsorbed ions. The permeate solution has a chromate concentration less than 0.1% that in the original stream. A new equilibrium model, combining the simple two-phase polyelectrolyte theory of Oosawa with thermodynamic activity, material-balance, and charge-balance equations, successfully correlates ultrafiltration and equilibrium dialysis results for chromate solutions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the dynamic instability of simply supported, finite-length, circular cylindrical shells subjected to parametric excitation by axial loading is investigated analytically.
Abstract: The dynamic instability of simply supported, finite-length, circular cylindrical shells subjected to parametric excitation by axial loading, is investigated analytically. The shell is taken to be orthotropic, due to closely spaced longitudinal and/or circumferential stiffeners or to many layers of fiber-reinforced composite material either oriented at angles of 0° and 90° (cross-ply) or at +θ and −θ (angle-ply) with respect to the shell axis. The theory used is a general first-order shear deformable shell theory introduced by Hsu, Reddy, and Bert; it can be considered to be the thick-shell version of the popular Sanders-Koiter thin-shell theory. By means of tracers, this theory can be reduced to thick-shell versions of the theories of Love (and Loo) and of Donnell (and Morley). Quantitative results are presented to show the effects of shell geometry, materials, and fiber orientation on the stability boundaries.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was concluded that renewed folding and uplift of the Ouachita fold belt following the deposition of the early Desmoinesian Krebs Group involved also the compression and folding of the Arkoma basin.
Abstract: The Arkoma basin was depositionally part of a broad, stable shelf along a passive continental margin during much of its history. During the Chesterian, Morrowan, and early Atokan, the depositional patterns on the shelf varied greatly, depending on the inconsistent development of carbonate environments and the intermittent introduction of terrigenous elastics (quartz arenites) from the north. Beginning with the middle Atokan, flexural downwarping of the south margin of the shelf was accompanied by down-to-the-south syndepositional normal faults developed sequentially to the north, as a result of continued collapse of the Ouachita trough. Lithic arenites were introduced into this developing trough from the east, apparently derived from a tectonic provenance southeast of the Ouachita trough, on the southwest margin of the Black Warrior basin. Further closure plus rapid deposition resulted in the closing and filling of this incipient foreland basin by the end of deposition of the middle Atoka. With further compressional deformation, the axis of deposition shifted farther northward with the development of a fully formed and continually subsiding foreland basin (beginning in late Atokan). Lithic arenites were transported westward along the axis of the basin (documented in earliest Desmoinesian). In Arkansas some of the early Desmoinesian sediments apparently came from the uplifted Ouachita thrust belt immediately to the south. During the rest of the early Desmoinesian (most of Krebs Group), with the continued subsidence of the foreland basin, extensive deltaic deposits (sublitharenites) were introduced from the north and provided the primary source of sediments to the foreland basin in Oklahoma. They apparently came from the continental interior to the west and north of the Ozark dome. Although there is evidence of a limited source of sediments from the Ouachita fold belt in Arkansas during the deposition of the Hartshorne Sandstone (earliest Desmoinesian), the fold belt to the west in Oklahoma was apparently quiescent and presumably standing at or near sea level throughout the time of deposition of the upper Atoka and the whole of the early Desmoinesian Krebs Group (Hartshorne, McAlester, Savanna, and Boggy Formations). Although added field confirmations are needed, it is concluded that renewed folding and uplift of the Ouachita fold belt following the deposition of the early Desmoinesian Krebs Group involved also the compression and folding of the Arkoma basin. This ended the progressive downwarping of this basin and shifted the depocenter still farther to the northwest. The core area of the Ouachita fold belt was extensively elevated for the first time resulting in the erosion and transportation of chert pebbles and other sediments to the northwest (Thurman Sandstone). Beginning with the middle Desmoinesian, Cabaniss Group deposition was in a narrow successor foreland basin located to the north-west of the Arkoma basin and to the northeast of the Hunton arch. The Ouachita fold belt was the primary source for terrigenous sediments, periodically including chert-pebble conglomerates, to this area throughout the remainder of the Pennsylvanian.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the structural changes induced by heating were studied in electroless nickel-phosphorus alloy coatings at three phosphorus compositions: 1%−3, 6.5%−8% and 10.5%-11% (by weight).