Showing papers by "University of Oklahoma published in 1995"
Book•
01 Jan 1995TL;DR: The last "Indian war" was fought against Native American children in the dormitories and classrooms of government boarding schools as discussed by the authors and Education for Extinction offers the first comprehensive account of this dispiriting effort, focusing on the day-to-day experiences of Indian youths living in a "total institution" designed to reconstruct them both psychologically and culturally.
Abstract: The last "Indian war" was fought against Native American children in the dormitories and classrooms of government boarding schools. Only by removing Indian children from their homes for extended periods of time, policymakers reasoned, could white "civilization" take root while childhood memories of "savagism" gradually faded to the point of extinction. In the words of one official, "Kill the Indian and save the man." Education for Extinction offers the first comprehensive account of this dispiriting effort. Much more than a study of federal Indian policy, this book vividly details the day-to-day experiences of Indian youths living in a "total institution" designed to reconstruct them both psychologically and culturally. Based upon extensive use of government archives, Indian and teacher autobiographies, and school newspapers, it is essential reading for anyone interested in Western history, Native American studies, American race relations, educational history, or multi-culturalism.
846 citations
TL;DR: The Oklahoma mesonet as discussed by the authors is a joint project of Oklahoma State University and the University of Oklahoma, which is used to measure air temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, wind speed and direction, rainfall, solar radiation, and soil temperatures.
Abstract: The Oklahoma mesonet is a joint project of Oklahoma State University and the University of Oklahoma. It is an automated network of 108 stations covering the state of Oklahoma. Each station measures air temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, wind speed and direction, rainfall, solar radiation, and soil temperatures. Each station transmits a data message every 15 min via a radio link to the nearest terminal of the Oklahoma Law Enforcement Telecommunications System that relays it to a central site in Norman, Oklahoma. The data message comprises three 5-min averages of most data (and one 15-min average of soil temperatures). The central site ingests the data, runs some quality assurance tests, archives the data, and disseminates it in real time to a broad community of users, primarily through a computerized bulletin board system. This manuscript provides a technical description of the Oklahoma mesonet including a complete description of the instrumentation. Sensor inaccuracy, resolution, height ...
668 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the impact of the supplier's use of power on two key outcomes: (1) the retailer's commitment to the channel relationship and (2) both supplier and retailer performance within the channel.
549 citations
TL;DR: Upper and lower limits on the branching ratio, each at 95% C.L., are {ital B}({ital b}{r_arrow}{ital s}{gamma}){gt}1.0{times}10{sup {minus}4}.
Abstract: We have measured the inclusive {ital b}{r_arrow}{ital s}{gamma} branching ratio to be (2.32{plus_minus}0.57{plus_minus}0.35){times}10{sup {minus}4}, where the first error is statistical and the second is systematic. Upper and lower limits on the branching ratio, each at 95% C.L., are {ital B}({ital b}{r_arrow}{ital s}{gamma}){lt}4.2{times}10{sup {minus}4} and {ital B}({ital b}{r_arrow}{ital s}{gamma}){gt}1.0{times}10{sup {minus}4}. These limits restrict the parameters of extensions of the standard model.
478 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of computer animations depicting the particulate nature of matter on college students' mental models of the chemical phenomena was explored using Particulate Nature of Matter Evaluation Test (PNMET).
Abstract: Modern chemistry concepts have the particulate nature of matter at their core. Chemists explain most phenomena in terms of atomic and molecular models. The lack of understanding of chemistry concepts may be linked to the students' inability to build complete mental models that visualize particulate behavior. With computer animation technology, dynamic and three-dimensional presentations are possible. This study explores the effect of computer animations depicting the particulate nature of matter on college students' mental models of the chemical phenomena. A Particulate Nature of Matter Evaluation Test (PNMET) instrument was used to determine the nature of the students' visualizations and, therefore, their comprehension of the chemical concept studied. Animations were used in two treatment situations: (a) as a supplement in large-group lectures, and (b) as both the lecture supplement and an assigned individual activity in a computer laboratory. These two experimental treatments were compared to a control group. Both treatment groups received significantly higher conceptual understanding scores on the PNMET than did the control group. This increased understanding may be due to the superiority of the formation of more expertlike, dynamic mental models of particle behavior in these chemical processes.
385 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that P-selectin, through its ligands on monocytes, may locally regulate cytokine secretion in inflamed tissues.
Abstract: Adhesion molecules that tether circulating leukocytes to endothelial cells may also transduce or modulate outside-in signals for cellular activation, providing an initial regulatory point in the inflammatory response. Adhesion of human monocytes to P-selectin, the most rapidly expressed endothelial tethering factor, increased the secretion of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) by the leukocytes when they were stimulated with platelet-activating factor. Increased cytokine secretion was specifically inhibited by G1, an anti-P-selectin mAb that prevents P-selectin from binding to its ligand (P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1) on myeloid cells. Moreover, tethering by P-selectin specifically enhanced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B), a transcription factor required for expression of MCP-1, TNF-alpha, and other immediate-early genes. These results demonstrate that P-selectin, through its ligands on monocytes, may locally regulate cytokine secretion in inflamed tissues.
385 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a spectral sequence among Type Ia supernovae (SN Ia's) is presented based on the systematic variation of several features seen in the near-maximum light spectrum.
Abstract: In this Letter we present evidence for a spectral sequence among Type Ia supernovae (SN Ia's). The sequence is based on the systematic variation of several features seen in the near-maximum light spectrum. This sequence is analogous to the recently noted photometric sequence among SN Ia's which shows a relationship between the peak brightness of a SN Ia and the shape of its light curve. In addition to the observational evidence we present a partial theoretical explanation for the sequence. This has been achieved by producing a series of non-LTE synthetic spectra in which only the effective temperature is varied. The synthetic sequence nicely reproduces most of the differences seen in the observed one and presumably corresponds to the amount of 56Ni produced in the explosion.
373 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an intercomparison of various cluster techniques was carried out on a well-studied dataset (7-day precipitation data from 1949 to 1987 in central and eastern North America).
Abstract: Cluster analysis (CA) has been applied to geophysical research for over two decades although its popularity has increased dramatically over the past few years. To date, systematic methodological reviews have not appeared in geophysical literature. In this paper, after a review of a large number of applications on cluster analysis, an intercomparison of various cluster techniques was carried out on a well-studied dataset (7-day precipitation data from 1949 to 1987 in central and eastern North America). The cluster methods tested were single linkage, complete linkage, average linkage between groups, average linkage within a new group, Ward's method, k means, the nucleated agglomerative method, and the rotated principal component analysis. Three different dissimilarity measures (Euclidean distance, inverse correlation, and theta angle) and three initial partition methods were also tested on the hierarchical and nonhierarchical methods, respectively. Twenty-two of the 23 cluster algorithms yielded na...
355 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the relationship between capital intensity, the use of advanced manufacturing technology, growth rates, and exit probabilities for a sample of U.S. manufacturing plants was investigated and it was shown that capital-intensive plants and plants employing advanced technology have higher growth rates and are less likely to fail.
334 citations
TL;DR: The evidence that the sleep-related vagal activation is lost after MI may provide new insights to understanding the nocturnal occurrence of sudden death.
Abstract: Background Heart rate variability (HRV) is typically higher during nighttime. This evidence supports the concept that overall, sleep is a condition during which vagal activity is dominant. Myocardial infarction (MI) results in a loss in the overall nocturnal HRV increase. However, the characteristics of HRV during specific sleep stages in normal subjects and, more importantly, after MI, are unknown. This study describes HRV during sleep stages in normal subjects and in patients with a recent MI. Methods and Results HRV was measured from 5 minutes of continuous ECG recording in 8 subjects with no clinical evidence of coronary artery disease (age, 47±4 years) and in 8 patients with a recent MI (age, 51±2 years; NS versus control subjects) in the awake state, non–rapid eye movement (REM), and REM sleep. In normal subjects, the low- to high-frequency ratio (LF/HF) derived from power spectral analysis of HRV decreased significantly from the awake state to non-REM sleep (from 4±1.4 to 1.22±0.33, P<.01). During ...
330 citations
TL;DR: The Strong Heart Study, a study of cardiovascular disease among American Indians, was conducted to determine cardiovascular disease rates and the prevalence of risk factors among members of 13 tribal groups in South Dakota/North Dakota, southeastern Oklahoma, and Arizona, indicating that cardiovascular disease risk factors vary significantly among tribal groups.
Abstract: The Strong Heart Study, a study of cardiovascular disease among American Indians, was conducted to determine cardiovascular disease rates and the prevalence of risk factors among members of 13 tribal groups in South Dakota/North Dakota (SD/ND), southeastern Oklahoma, and Arizona. From 1989 to 1992, 4,549 tribal members aged 45-74 years (62% of eligible participants) were surveyed and examined for cardiovascular disease and its risk factors. Mean total cholesterol concentrations were over 20 mg/dl lower among the men and 27 mg/dl lower among the women than national mean levels for the same age groups. Cholesterol levels varied by tribal group; Arizona Indians had mean levels more than 20 mg/dl lower than those of SD/ND Indians. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was almost twice as high among SD/ND Indians as among Arizona Indians, but the rates for all three groups were much lower than total US rates (all races). Mean levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol were lower among Indian men and women than in the US population as a whole. The prevalence of hypertension among Arizona and Oklahoma Indians was higher than that for the entire United States. SD/ND Indians had significantly lower mean blood pressures and prevalence rates of hypertension than Oklahoma and Arizona Indians and the United States as a whole. The prevalence of cigarette smoking was higher for all Indian groups except Arizona women in comparison with US rates. Smoking rates were highest in SD/ND and lowest in Arizona. Indian smokers smoked fewer cigarettes per day than the average US smoker. Arizona Indians had the highest prevalence of diabetes mellitus; over 60% of those participants were diabetic. In Oklahoma and SD/ND, one third of the men and over 40% of the women were diabetic. In addition, 13-20% of the participants had impaired glucose tolerance. Proteinuria was also a common problem; almost half of the Arizona Indians had micro- or macroalbuminuria, and 20% of Oklahoma and SD/ND Indians had significant proteinuria. The prevalence of obesity was high in all three groups, with Arizona Indians having the highest rates and the highest mean body mass indices. The prevalence of current alcohol use was lower among Indians than in the nation as a whole, but binge drinking was common among those who used alcohol. These results indicate that cardiovascular disease risk factors vary significantly among tribal groups. Prevention programs tailored toward decreasing the prevalence of risk factors are recommended for long-term reduction of cardiovascular disease rates in American Indian communities.
TL;DR: A true metal-insulator transition in the two-dimensional electron system in silicon at B=0, in contrast with the well-known scaling theory is suggested.
Abstract: We have studied the temperature dependence of resistivity, \ensuremath{\rho}, for a two-dimensional electron system in silicon at low electron densities ${\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{s}}$\ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{11}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$, near the metal-insulator transition The resistivity was empirically found to scale with a single parameter ${\mathit{T}}_{0}$, which approaches zero at some critical electron density ${\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{c}}$ and increases as a power ${\mathit{T}}_{0}$\ensuremath{\propto}\ensuremath{\Vert}${\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{s}}$-${\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{c}}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Vert}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}$ with \ensuremath{\beta}=16\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}01 both in metallic (${\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{s}}$g${\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{c}}$) and insulating (${\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{s}}$${\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{c}}$) regions This dependence was found to be sample independent We have also studied the diagonal resistivity at Landau-level filling factor \ensuremath{
u}=3/2, where the system is known to be in a true metallic state at high magnetic field and in an insulating state at low magnetic field The temperature dependencies of resistivity at B=0 and \ensuremath{
u}=3/2 were found to be identical These behaviors suggest a true metal-insulator transition in the two-dimensional electron system in silicon at B=0, in contrast with the well-known scaling theory
TL;DR: Findings from the initial Strong Heart Study examination emphasize the importance of diabetes and its associated variables as risk factors for CHD in Native American populations.
Abstract: Although coronary heart disease (CHD) is currently the leading cause of death among American Indians, information on the prevalence of CHD and its association with known cardiovascular risk factors is limited. The Strong Heart Study was initiated in 1988 to quantify cardiovascular disease and its risk factors among three geographically diverse groups of American Indians. Members of 13 Indian communities in Arizona, Oklahoma, and South and North Dakota between 45 and 74 years of age underwent a physical examination that included medical history; an electrocardiogram; anthropometric and blood pressure measurements; an oral glucose tolerance test; and measurements of fasting plasma lipoproteins, fibrinogen, insulin, hemoglobin A1c, and urinary albumin. Prevalence rates of definite myocardial infarction and definite CHD were higher in men than in women at all three centers (p < 0.0001) and higher in those with diabetes mellitus (p = 0.002 in men and p = 0.0003 in women). Diabetes was associated with relatively higher prevalence rates of myocardial infarction (diabetic:nondiabetic prevalence ratio = 3.8 vs. 1.9) and CHD (prevalence ratio = 4.6 vs. 1.8) in women than in men. Prevalence rates of heart disease were lowest in the communities in Arizona; prevalence rates were similar in Oklahoma and South Dakota/North Dakota and were two- to threefold higher than those in Arizona. By logistic regression, prevalent CHD among American Indians was significantly and independently related to age, diabetes, hypertension, albuminuria, percentage of body fat, smoking, high concentrations of plasma insulin, and low concentrations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. In contrast to reports from other non-Indian populations, diabetes was the strongest risk factor. The lower prevalence of CHD among Indians in Arizona is distinctive in view of their higher rates of diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and albuminuria, but it may be partly related to their low frequency of smoking and their low concentrations of total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. These findings from the initial Strong Heart Study examination emphasize the importance of diabetes and its associated variables as risk factors for CHD in Native American populations.
TL;DR: Prevalence rates of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in three American Indian populations were estimated using standardized diagnostic criteria, and diabetes rates were positively associated with age, level of obesity, amount of Indian ancestry, and parental diabetes status.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE To estimate prevalence rates of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in three American Indian populations, using standardized diagnostic criteria, and to assess the association of diabetes with the following selected possible risk factors: age, obesity, family history of diabetes, and amount of Indian ancestry. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This cross-sectional study involved enrolled members, men and women aged 45-74 years, of 13 American Indian tribes or communities in Arizona, Oklahoma, and South and North Dakota. Eligible participants were invited to the clinic for a personal interview and a physical examination. Diabetes and IGT status were defined by the World Health Organization criteria and were based on fasting plasma glucose and oral glucose tolerance test results. Data on age, family history of diabetes, and amount of Indian ancestry were obtained from the personal interview, and measures of obesity included body mass index, percentage body fat, and waist-to-hip ratio. RESULTS A total of 4,549 eligible participants were examined, and diabetes status was determined for4,304(1,446 in Arizona, 1,449 in Oklahoma, and 1,409 in the Dakotas). In all three centers, diabetes was more prevalent in women than in men. Arizona had the highest age-adjusted rates of diabetes: 65% in men and 72% in women. Diabetes rates in Oklahoma (38% in men and 42% in women) and South and North Dakota (33% in men and 40% in women), although considerably lower than in Arizona, were several times higher than those reported for the U.S. population. Rates of IGT among the three populations (14-17%) were similar to those in the U.S. population. Diabetes rates were positively associated with age, level of obesity, amount of Indian ancestry, and parental diabetes status. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes is found in epidemic proportions in Native American populations. Prevention programs and periodic screening should be implemented among American Indians. Standards of care and intervention have been developed by the Indian Health Service for individuals in whom diabetes is diagnosed. These programs shoula be expanded to include those with IGT to improve glycemie control or to reduce the risk of development of diabetes as well as to reduce the risk of diabetic complications.
TL;DR: Comparative analysis of genomic sequences encompassing the murine homologues to the human ABL exons 1b and 1a, as well as regions encompassing those of the BCR exons 2 and 3, reveals that although there is a high degree of homology in their corresponding exons and promoter regions, these two vertebrate species show a striking lack ofhomology outside these regions.
TL;DR: Geographic-Information-System analysis of range collapse in nonvolant, terrestrial mammals reveals that extant populations of 23 of 31 species were located along the periphery, not the center, of their historic range, and range collapse appears to be independent of fragment area and has a directional bias from east to west.
Abstract: Population densities of terrestrial animals tend to be higher and less variable near the center versus along the periphery of a species' geographic range. If extinctions are tied to local population dynamics, geographic ranges of endangered species should collapse inward, with remnant populations persisting near the center of a species' historic range. Geographic-Information-System analysis of range collapse in nonvolant, terrestrial mammals reveals, however, that extant populations of 23 of 31 species were located along the periphery, not the center, of their historic range. In addition, range collapse appears to be independent of fragment area and has a directional bias from east to west. Persistence of endangered populations also appears to be greater on islands than on continents. These results contradict conventional wisdom in biogeography and macroecology and have important implications for conserving biodiversity. Because of their relative isolation from central populations and from a suite of anthropogenic disturbances, islands and other sites along the periphery of a species' historic range represent critical refugia for many endangered species.
TL;DR: In choosing how many offspring to rear per cycle, parents commonly starts with more than they really can afford, then allow/encourage some to die, and have a stock of replacements for any core offspring that either fail to survive or develop poorly.
Abstract: In choosing how many offspring to rear per cycle, parents commonly starts with more than they really can afford, then allow/encourage some to die. Multiple incentives for overproduction exist. By creating marginal young, parents may: (1) capitalize when unpredictable resources prove unusually rich; (2) supply these as food or servants for core brood members; and/or (3) have a stock of replacements for any core offspring that either fail to survive or develop poorly.
TL;DR: The tropical gallery forests of central Brazil support a small-mammalian fauna that is at least as rich and complex as any other tropical site that has been examined to date and may support higher densities than any other site heretofore examined.
Abstract: Population ecology of small mammals was examined over a 14-month period in the tropical gallery forests of the cerrado of central Brazil. Mark-recapture techniques provided detailed information on age structure, population dynamics, biomass, and patterns of reproduction for six species of oryzomyine rodents ( Oecomys bicolor, Oecomys concolor, Oryzomys capito, Oligoryzomys eliurus, Rhipidomys mastacalis , and Nectomys squamipes ) and two species of marsupials ( Didelphis albiventris and Gracilinanus agilis ). Different species show distinctive patterns of population increase and reproductive activity, with some maintaining stable populations throughout the year and others having a boom-and-bust pattern. Those that show pronounced differences in population size at different times of the year generally reach their lowest population levels during the region's pronounced dry season. Among the smaller-bodied species, the great majority of mammalian biomass on the study area is contained in the rodents. If the larger-bodied species are included, however, the marsupials comprise most of the biomass. Most species did not appear to be long-lived. Only D. albiventris persisted on the grid for >12 months; the majority of species lasted <6 months. The tropical gallery forests of central Brazil support a small-mammalian fauna that is at least as rich and complex as any other tropical site that has been examined to date and may support higher densities than any other site heretofore examined.
TL;DR: 15% of all cases of low birth weight in this study could have been prevented if women did not smoke cigarettes during pregnancy, and cocaine use was uncommon and was not related to most adverse birth outcomes.
TL;DR: The most intense areas of tourmalinization do surround the small stocks and sheets of topaz microgranite, which are not the most likely sources of boron for voluminous, late-stage tourmaline.
Abstract: Tourmaline is a common and locally abundant mineral in all products of the granite magmatism and associated hydrothermal activity in southwest England, particularly in the county of Cornwall. Tourmaline of magmatic origin is homogeneous and is marked by high Fe/Mg, high F, and high Al in the place of divalent cations (R2 site). The substitution of Al for divalent cations such as Mg and Fe (super 2+) is charge-compensated by a deficit of alkalies and protons in other structural sites. Tourmaline compositions from the granites clearly reflect the sequence of increased differentiation among the magma types, with biotite granites as the least evolved, and topaz granites as the most evolved. In contrast, tourmaline of hydrothermal origin within granites displays fine-scale compositional zonation with a general tendency toward more magnesian compositions nearer the schorl-dravite solid solution (i.e., little or no Al in the R2 site). Metasomatic tourmaline precipitated in the surrounding pelitic and mafic rocks also possesses fine-scale zonation, and generally reflects the compositions of the host rocks. In addition, tourmaline formed in the country rocks has a higher proportion of Fe (super 3+) to Fe (super 2+) , which presumably indicates a higher oxidation state of fluids in the metamorphic rocks than in the granites. This variation may correlate with the mobilization of tin from the granites and its consequent deposition as cassiterite in the host rocks. The abundance of magmatic tourmaline is limited by the initial Fe-Mg content of the magmas to not more than a few modal or weight percent. Although they contain tourmaline, the biotite granites are not the most likely sources of boron for voluminous, late-stage tourmalinization. Magmas that contained only tourmaline or no Fe-Mg minerals at all, such as the those that formed the topaz granites, may have been sources of large quantities of boron. The most intense areas of tourmalinization do surround the small stocks and sheets of topaz microgranite. High concentrations of tourmaline, for example in hydrothermal veins and breccias, appear to require mixing of two different chemical reservoirs: one a source of boron (the magmas or fluids..
TL;DR: The preliminary results in this report revealed clear and significant coupling of this laser and indocyanine green in laser-tissue photothermal interaction and the chromophore targeted tissue showed laser damage while peripheral tissues remained intact.
TL;DR: It was concluded that the concentration throughout the rhizosphere was below substrate levels, but for some plant species (i.e. mulberry) there was evidence that portions of therhizosphere possessed levels of phenols sufficiently high enough to support microbial growth.
TL;DR: It is important that primary care providers begin to recognize these androgen disorders as a clue to the existence of a complex, lifelong pattern potentially placing women at risk for premature morbidity and mortality and initiate preventive treatment before irreversible thresholds are crossed.
TL;DR: Proteinuria is a common, important, and rather non‐specific risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality in diabetes and the relation of proteinuria to mortality is similar for both types of diabetes.
Abstract: The relation between proteinuria and mortality was investigated in 1188 patients with Type 1 diabetes and 3234 patients with Type 2 diabetes, aged 35-55 at baseline and followed up for a mean of 9.4 +/- 3.1 years in the WHO Multinational Study of Vascular Disease in Diabetes. Baseline prevalence of light or heavy proteinuria was the same (25 %) in both types of diabetes after adjustment for differences in diabetes duration. Compared with patients with no proteinuria, all cause mortality ratios were 1.5 (95 % confidence interval 1.1-2.0) and 2.9 (2.2-3.8) for Type 1 patients with light and heavy proteinuria, respectively, and 1.5 (1.2-1.8) and 2.8 (2.3-3.4) for Type 2 patients, after adjustment for age, duration of diabetes, blood pressure, cholesterol, and smoking. Proteinuria was associated with significantly increased mortality from renal failure, cardiovascular disease, and all other causes of death. In both types of diabetes, the association was strongest for renal deaths, and of similar magnitude for cardiovascular and all other causes of death. In conclusion, proteinuria is a common, important, and rather non-specific risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality in diabetes. The relation of proteinuria to mortality is similar for both types of diabetes. The benefits and risks of proteinuria reduction should be examined in large randomized trials with clinical endpoints.
TL;DR: Disruption of a gene in 22q11.2 by the breakpoint and haploinsufficiency of this locus in deleted DGS patients make it a strong candidate for the major features associated with this disorder.
Abstract: DiGeorge syndrome (DGS), a developmental defect, is characterized by cardiac defects and aplasia or hypoplasia of the thymus and parathyroid glands. DGS has been associated with visible chromosomal abnormalities and microdeletions of 22q11, but only one balanced translocation--ADU/VDU t(2;22)(q14;q11.21). We now report the cloning of this translocation, the identification of a gene disrupted by the rearrangement and the analysis of other transcripts in its vicinity. Transcripts were identified by direct screening of cDNA libraries, exon amplification, cDNA selection and genomic sequence analysis using GRAIL. Disruption of a gene in 22q11.2 by the breakpoint and haploinsufficiency of this locus in deleted DGS patients make it a strong candidate for the major features associated with this disorder.
TL;DR: In this article, a very effective method for direct load control (DLC) dispatch with the objective of minimizing system operational costs is presented, where the coordination between DLC dispatch and unit commitment is discussed and the significant potential benefit accrued from using DLC capacity as a part of system spinning reserve is illustrated.
Abstract: This paper presents a very effective method for direct load control (DLC) dispatch with the objective of minimizing system operational costs. In the paper, the coordination between DLC dispatch and unit commitment is discussed, and the significant potential benefit accrued from using DLC capacity as a part of system spinning reserve is illustrated. This paper also presents an extension of the proposed method to include consideration of capital cost saving.
TL;DR: In this paper, the relative solubilities of monazite, xenotime, and apatite in peraluminous granitic liquids were studied in month-long experiments at 750 °C and 200 MPa (PH20).
Abstract: The relative solubilities of monazite (Mnz), xenotime (Xno), and apatite (Ap: REE- and Sr-rich, and REE- and Sr-poor) have been studied in peraluminous granitic liquids in month-long experiments at 750 °C and 200 MPa (PH20). In contrast with the high solubility of the apatite (0.7 wtOjoP205) in strongly peraluminous liquids, monazite and xenotime have much lower solubilities «0.05 wt°joP205). In mildly to strongly peraluminous compositions, P205 in the liquid is 0.03-0.04 wt°joat xenotime saturation and 0.02-0.05 wt°jo at monazite saturation; in keeping with the low P in the glasses, RE203 contents are below EMP detection thresholds (:50.08 wt°jo) for all conditions of experiments (saturation of liquid at equilibrium and local saturation around apatite). Apatite dissolves incongruently, crystallizing REE-rich monazite on its surface (1-4 ~m-Iong grains), resulting in similar low REE contents in liquids. Monazite precipitation occurs along the margins of dissolving apatite crystals, even though the bulk liquid is not monazite-saturated. The abundance of monazite microcrystals increases with the REE content of the apatite and the degree of apatite dissolution. The reaction relationship (Ap + LiqI -+ Mnz + Liq2), stemming from differences in relative solubilities (greater than an order of magnitude) between apatite and monazite, results in the dissolution of much smaller amounts of REE into peraluminous liquids than expected by simple evaluation of apatite REE contents. The amount of REE contributed from apatite directly to peraluminous granitic liquid is related to the amount of apatite dissolved by simple mass balance only if the total REE content of the apatite is sufficiently low that monazite saturation in liquid (50-100 ppm RE203 at 750 °C) is avoided. During dissolution of Sr-rich apatite, the Sr partitions into the liquid, and, at 750 °C and 200 MPa (PH20),the diffusion coefficient of Sr in liquid is ---2 x 10-10 cm2js (R2 = 0.659). The reaction relationships described above may have application to some textural features observed in natural igneous rocks. For example, clusters of monazite microcrystals might be indicators of dissolved apatite; monazite morphology can be used to distinguish the source of its REE and the general petrological process (rock anatexis or magma crystallization) under which the monazite formed. In addition, monazite microcrystals could serve as nucleation sites for other minerals, which might explain their common inclusion in biotite and amphibole within granitoids.
TL;DR: A cDNA, extracted from a neuroectodermal cDNA library, was predicted to encode a new 886-amino-acid protein with three distinct domains, named EMR1 because of its unique characteristics, which have been assigned to human chromosome 19p13.3.