Showing papers by "University of Oregon published in 1971"
TL;DR: Experimental techniques designed to separate these components of alertness, selectivity, and processing capacity and examine their interrelations within comparable tasks are outlined.
Abstract: The study of human attention may be divided into three components. These are alertness, selectivity, and processing capacity. This paper outlines experimental techniques designed to separate these components and examine their interrelations within comparable tasks. It is shown that a stimulus may be used to increase alertness for processing all external information, to improve selection of particular stimuli, or to do both simultaneously. Development of alertness and selectivity are separable, but they may go on together without interference. Moreover, encoding a stimulus may proceed without producing interference with other signals. Thus, the contact between an external stimulus and its representation in memory does not appear to require processing capacity. Limited capacity results are obtained when mental operations such as response selection or rehearsal must be performed on the encoded information.
1,343 citations
398 citations
398 citations
TL;DR: The results of two experiments designed to scale pitch by transposition methods lead to the conclusion that the musical scale, not the mel scale, describes the morphophoric function of pitch.
Abstract: Certain psychophysical continua have a primarily morphophoric function: they are the media in which patterns occur. The appropriate scale for any such medium is one that reflects the invariances preserved in transposition behavior. The results of two experiments designed to scale pitch by transposition methods lead to the conclusion that the musical scale, not the mel scale, describes the morphophoric function of pitch. However, an abrupt breaking point is evident at about 5,000 Hz, above which transposition behavior is erratic.
310 citations
TL;DR: In the multilayers, all four lipid spin labels were found to orient with their long axes perpendicular to the glass slide, but there is a pronounced systematic variation in anisotropy, dependent on the positional isomer used.
298 citations
TL;DR: Sensory cells in the pigeon's basilar papilla can be divided into three groups on the basis of shape, cuticular plate dimensions, and innervation.
287 citations
237 citations
TL;DR: The data suggest that the photosynthetic system could be involved in determining both the upper and lower limits of growth in this organism.
Abstract: A high temperature strain of the blue-green alga, Synechococcus lividus has been cultured and cloned in defined medium.
226 citations
TL;DR: The locomotion of free, intact cockroaches, Periplaneta americana, was studied with the aid of high speed motion pictures to show how a single mechanism could account for walking in each.
Abstract: 1. The locomotion of free, intact cockroaches, Periplaneta americana , was studied with the aid of high speed motion pictures. 2. The insects used a single gait, alternating triangle, at all speeds of locomotion 5-80 cm/s) except the very lowest ones (below 5 cm/s). 3. Both forward (protraction) and rearward (retraction) movements of the legs relative to the body decreased in duration as the insect9s rate of forward progression increased, but at different rates. In addition, protraction was usually shorter for the two middle legs than for the remaining four. 4. The ratio of protraction to retraction increased as the locomotor rate increased. The rate of change of this ratio was the same for each of the legs. 5. Phase relationships between adjacent ipsilateral legs were constant at about 0.5 at all walking speeds above about 5 cm/s. Phase between legs in a single segment (i.e. contralateral pairs) was constant at about 0.5 at all speeds. 6. The locomotion of Periplaneta was compared to that of other insects. Despite the differences, a single mechanism could account for walking in each.
201 citations
TL;DR: Raman scattering appears to provide a technique for simultaneously observing the effects of base stacking, backbone conformation and carbonyl hydrogen bonding in nucleic acids in moderately dilute (10–25 mg/ml) aqueous solutions.
Abstract: Raman spectra are presented on ordered and presumably helical structures of DNA and RNA as well as the poly A·poly U helical complex, polydAT, and the helical aggregates of 5′-GMP and 3′-GMP The changes in the frequency and the intensity of the Raman bands as these structures undergo order-disorder transitions have been measured In general the changes we have found can be placed into three categories: (1) A reduction in the intensities of certain ring vibrations of the polynucleotide bases is observed when stacking or ordering occurs (Raman hypochromism) Since the ring vibrational frequencies are different for each type of base, we have been able to obtain some estimate of average amount of order of each type of base in partially ordered helical systems (2) A very large increase in the intensity of a sharp, strongly polarized band at about 815 cm−1 is observed when polyriboA and polyriboU are formed into a helical complex Although this band is not present in the separated chains at high temperature, a broad diffuse band at about 800 cm−1 is present The 815 cm−1 band undoubtedly arises from the vibrations of the phosphate-sugar portions of the molecule and provides a sensitive handle to the back-bone conformation of the polymer This band also appears upon ordering of RNA, formation of the helical aggregate of 5′-riboGMP, and to some extent in the selfstacking of the polyribonucleotides polyA, polyU in the presence of Mg++, PolyC, and polyG No such intense, polarized band is found, however, in ordered DNA, polydAT, or the 3′-riboGMP aggregate, although there is a conformationally independent band at about 795 cm−1 in DNA and polydAT (3) Numerous frequency changes occur during Conformational changes In particular the 1600–1700 cm−1 region in D2O shows significant conformationally dependent changes in the CO stretching region analogous to the changes in this region which have been observed in these substances in the infrared Thus, Raman scattering appears to provide a technique for simultaneously observing the effects of base stacking, backbone conformation and carbonyl hydrogen bonding in nucleic acids in moderately dilute (10–25 mg/ml) aqueous solutions
196 citations
TL;DR: Twelve kindreds with congenital contractural arachnodactyly, a distinct syndrome of arachnis, dolichostenomelia, contractures, scoliosis, characteristic ear shape, and normal intelligence that is transmitted by autosomal dominant inheritance have been identified in the literature and two additional kindreds described.
Abstract: Twelve kindreds with congenital contractural arachnodactyly, a distinct syndrome of arachnodactyly, dolichostenomelia, contractures, scoliosis, characteristic ear shape, and normal intelligence that is transmitted by autosomal dominant inheritance have been identified in the literature and two additional kindreds described.
TL;DR: It was found that certain highly intense, highly polarized Raman bands from the totally symmetric, i.e., in‐plane, ring vibrations of the nucleic acid bases become less intense as the chains become more ordered in solution.
Abstract: The intensity of Raman scattering from the various Raman active vibrations of poly-(riboadenylic acid), poly(ribocytidylic acid), poly(ribouridylic acid), and poly(riboinosinic acid) in moderately dilute solutions were examined as the temperature was changed to alter their conformation. It was found that certain highly intense, highly polarized Raman bands from the totally symmetric, i.e., in-plane, ring vibrations of the nucleic acid bases become less intense as the chains become more ordered in solution. Since these vibrations occur at frequencies which are markedly different for each type of base, Raman spectroscopy appears to provide a new method for the characterizing of the average conformation of each of the bases in solution. A theory for the resonant Raman effect is given in which it is shown that, a decrease in resonant Raman intensity is to be expected if one obtains a decrease in the intensity of the corresponding ultraviolet absorption band with which the incident light is resonant. If it is assumed that certain Raman bands derive their intensity predominantly from the first few ultraviolet absorption intensities, then a qualitative explanation of our observed conformational dependence of the ordinary Raman intensities can be obtained.
TL;DR: The large quantity of immunologically reactive ACTH found in the tumor as well as marked fluctuations in blood ACTH levels support the view that the periodicity in adrenal steroid production which was observed was due toperiodicity in ACTH production by the tumor.
Abstract: Evidence for periodicity in adrenocortical production of cortisol and 17-ketosteroids was found during study of a patient with a very slow growing carcinoid-type malignant bronchial adenoma. The tumor caused adrenocortical hyperplasia and Cushing's syndrome as well as the superior vena caval syndrome. The large quantity of immunologically reactive ACTH found in the tumor as well as marked fluctuations in blood ACTH levels support the view that the periodicity in adrenal steroid production which was observed was due to periodicity in ACTH production by the tumor. The cyclical changes in cortisol production were of large magnitude and the peak-to-peak cycle length, as estimated during 2 cycles, was approximately 18 days. During the cycles, urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) varied from normal to as high as 150 mg/day. Cyclical variations in renal sodium excretion also occurred and were not related to the rate of 17-OHCS excretion or to aldosterone excretion. Aldosterone excretion rates wer...
TL;DR: In patients with skeletal metastases, prophylactic internal fixation has reduced the incidence of pathologic fractures in femora so affected by metastatic disease from 32% to 9%.
Abstract: Three hundred and thirty-eight patients with breast cancer have been reviewed. About half of the patients with skeletal metastases developed femoral involvement, usually bilateral. Certain impending femoral fractures can be presaged, and in these patients prophylactic internal fixation has reduced the incidence of pathologic fractures in femora so affected by metastatic disease from 32% to 9%.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of self-monitoring may be predictable and that self-observation may have important applications for behavior-change programs, and the results indicated that students who self observed study behavior achieved significantly higher grades during the latter part of the academic term than the control group of unaccepted volunteers.
TL;DR: Speech samples obtained from a group of adult males and females while they articulated the tone produced by a single-frequency electrolarynx were played to a panel of listeners who were asked to judge the quality of the speech.
Abstract: Speech samples obtained from a group of adult males and females while they articulated the tone produced by a single-frequency electrolarynx were played to a panel of listeners who were asked to de...
TL;DR: Many cells in the intermediate and deep gray layers of the superior colliculus of the cat respond to both auditory and visual stimuli.
Abstract: Many cells in the intermediate and deep gray layers of the superior colliculus of the cat respond to both auditory and visual stimuli. These cells have similar receptive fields for both modalities and are directionally selective for both modalities, requiring stimuli moving laterally away from the animal. Perhaps cells that integrate auditory and visual information participate in the control of orienting and following responses to stimuli of both modalities.
TL;DR: A new method for transhepatic portacaval shunting accomplished on a percutaneous basis by puncture of the jugular vein and by the use of a modified Ross needle-catheter system is described.
Abstract: A new method for transhepatic portacaval shunting accomplished on a percutaneous basis by puncture of the jugular vein and by the use of a modified Ross needle-catheter system is described. The shunt was accomplished in forty dogs and the technic was used successfully in cadavers. The shunt technic and its possible clinical application are discussed.
TL;DR: Gliding is an active movement displayed by a microorganism in contact with a solid substrate where there is no evidence of a motility organelle or of a conformational change in the organism.
Abstract: SUMMARY
Gliding is an active movement displayed by a microorganism in contact with a solid substrate where there is no evidence of a motility organelle or of a conformational change in the organism. Gliding may be accompanied by rotations, reversals, flectional activity, and mucilage sheath production, as well as linear translation. Previous explanations of the mechanism responsible did not consider all these aspects of behavior.
The gliding behavior and ultrastructure of the blue-green alga Oscillatoria princeps Vaucher were examined. O. princeps has a maximum observed gliding rate of 11.1 μm/sec. The trichomes can glide in either longitudinal direction following rapid and occasionally frequent reversals. Right-handed trichome rotation was always observed, which means that any surface point on these trichomes traces a 60-deg right-handed helix. A mucilage sheath envelopes the moving trichomes. The rate of gliding was reduced by viscous substrates, extreme pH, lysozyme, DNP, and cyanide, while sustained darkness had no inhibitory effect.
Ultrastructurally, the cell wall is composed of an L-1 layer which is 10 nm thick and often ill-defined. The L-2 layer which is outside this is 200 nm thick and participates in septum formation. The L-3 layer is outside the L-2 and is continuous over the trichome surface. The L-4 “membrane” lies outside the L-3 layer. Grazing surface sections and freeze-etch replicas show a parallel and tight array of 6–9 nm wide continuous fibrils in the cell wall on the surface of the distinctive L-2 layer. Isolated wall fragments were tightly coiled inside out with the fibrils on the inside. The angle of orientation for the fibrils was to the right in a helix with a pitch of 60 deg. O. animalis, a blue-green alga with a movement tracing a left-handed helix, showed a similar array of fibrils oriented in a left-handed helix with a pitch of 60 deg.
It is proposed that gliding is produced by unidirectional waves of bending in the fibrils which, act against the sheath or substrate, tints displacing the trichome.
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that an irrelevant visual perception interferes more with verbal learning by means of imagery than does an irrelevant auditory perception, and that the relative interfering effects of these perceptions were reversed in a verbal learning task involving highly abstract materials.
TL;DR: Home observations have beneficial consequences in that they immediately focus the therapist-patient interaction on behavioral and interpersonal problems, and provide a way of involving a significant part of the patient's environment in the treatment process.
Abstract: This paper describes the use of observation of the patient's interaction with his spouse and children in his own home as a part of the assessment and treatment of depression. Home observations are conducted during the beginning, middle, and ending phases of treatment. Interactions are coded in terms of the behaviors emitted by the patient and the social consequences of his behavior. The home observations are used to define treatment goals and to measure behavior change. In addition, home observations have beneficial consequences in that they (a) immediately focus the therapist-patient interaction on behavioral and interpersonal problems, and (6) provide a way of involving a significant part of the patient's environment in the treatment process. Some preliminary data are presented which are consistent with the hypothesis that a low rate of positive reinforcement is a critical antecedent condition for the occurrence of depressed behaviors. This is one of a series of reports describing the treatment of depression2 from a behavioral point of view (Lewinsohn & Atwood, 1969; Lewinsohn & Shaw, 1969; Lewinsohn, Weinstein, & Alper, 1970). The major assumptions underlying the approach are (a) a low rate of positive reinforcement acts as an eliciting stimulus for some depressive behaviors such as verbal statements of dysphoria, fatigue, and other somatic symptoms; (b) a low rate of positive reinforcement constitutes a sufficient explanation for other parts of the depressive syndrome such as the low rate of activity and verbal behavior. For the latter, the depressed person is considered to be on a prolonged extinction schedule; (c) the social environment provides reinforcement in the form of sympathy, interest, and concern which strengthens and maintains depressive behaviors; (d) a number of different environmental events (e.g.,
TL;DR: The vegetation of the Willamette Valley, Oregon, has been modified by man for centuries as mentioned in this paper, and the earliest white men described the vegetation as extensive prairies maintained by annual fires set by Indians.
Abstract: The vegetation of the Willamette Valley, Oregon, has been modified by man for centuries. The earliest white men described the vegetation as extensive prairies maintained by annual fires set by Indians. The cessation of burning in the 1850s allowed expansion of forest lands on the margins of the former prairies. Today some of these forest lands have completed a cycle of growth, logging, and regrowth. Much of the former prairie is now in large-scale grain and grass seed production and is still burned annually. The pasture lands of the Valley are still maintained as open lands with widely scattered oaks.
TL;DR: The ability of the bat to discriminate between targets which produce echoes that arrive at theBat's ears overlapping each other for 90 to 100% of their total duration demonstrates the effectiveness of the mechanisms in the bat's sonar for rejecting interference caused by multiple-target clutter.
Abstract: Bats of the species Eptesicus fuscus learned to discriminate differences in the size of targets, the shape of targets, and the distance to targets by means of sonar. Eptesicus can detect differences of as little as 17% in the surface area of triangular targets. Measurements of the echo properties of the targets suggest that the bats used differences in the overall intensity of the echoes to differentiate the larger triangle from the smaller. If so, the smallest detectable echo intensity difference for Eptesicus would be between 1.5 and 3.0 dB. In discriminating a tall, narrow triangle from a short, wide triangle the bats may have scanned the target shapes with the directional beam of their sonar to produce discriminable intensity differences between echoes.
Eptesicus can discriminate between targets differing by as little as 12 to 13 mm in distance. If echo travel time is providing the bat with target range information, then the bat evidently can detect echo arrival-time differences of as little as 70 to 75 μsec.
The ability of the bat to discriminate between targets which produce echoes that arrive at the bat's ears overlapping each other for 90 to 100% of their total duration demonstrates the effectiveness of the mechanisms in the bat's sonar for rejecting interference caused by multiple-target clutter.
TL;DR: Two physiological regulatory roles for acyl-GP-dehydrogenase in muscle are suggested, one function is the regulation of coenzyme activities and oxidation-reduction potential as the affinity of enzyme for NAD+ changes with degree of acylation, itself dependent on the metabolic state of the tissue.
TL;DR: H3RNA complementary to the major component of the DNA anneals to all nuclei and to all parts of the chromosomes and the nature of the centromeric heterochromatin and its role in the meiotic divisions are discussed.
Abstract: When DNA from blood or liver of Plethodon c. cinereus is centrifuged to equilibrium in cesium chloride it separates out into 2 components. The smaller or satellite component is relatively rich in G + C and is therefore heavy, and it amounts to about 2% of the total DNA. The heavy satellite does not include the ribosomal cistrons, and it is unrelated to the nucleolar organizer. When squash preparations of cells from the testis of P. c. cinereus are incubated in synthetic E3RNA complementary to the satellite DNA, the RNA anneals specifically to the centromeric heterochromatin of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids, and to the centromeric regions of all discernible chromosomes. RNA/DNA hybrids were located by autoradiography. H3RNA complementary to the major component of the DNA anneals to all nuclei and to all parts of the chromosomes. H3RNA complementary to nucleolar DNA from Xenopus laevis anneals specifically to the chromatin associated with nucleoli in nuclei at various stages of the meiotic divisions. The nature of the centromeric heterochromatin and its role in the meiotic divisions are discussed.
TL;DR: The use of formaldehyde as a chemical probe to study the dynamic structure of native calf thymus DNA at temperatures well below the melting transition zone is outlined and the possible biological significance of transiently open segments of this length in otherwise native DNA is considered.
TL;DR: Net RNA synthesis as measured by uptake of radioactive uracil appears normal, but phenotypic reversion experiments using 5-fluorouracil suggest that the synthesis of late messenger may be delayed in some of the mutants.
TL;DR: The data suggest that Listeria monocytogenes strains A4413 utilizes a split noncyclic citrate pathway which has an oxidative portion (citrate synthase, aconitate hydratase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase) and a reductive portion (malate dehydrogensase, fumarate hydr atase,and fumidate reductase) which is probably important in biosynthesis but not for a net gain in energy.
Abstract: The growth response of Listeria monocytogenes strains A4413 and 9037-7 to carbohydrates was determined in a defined medium. Neither pyruvate, acetate, citrate, isocitrate, α-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, nor malate supported growth. Furthermore, inclusion of any of these carbohydrates in the growth medium with glucose did not increase the growth of Listeria over that observed on glucose alone. Resting cell suspensions of strain A4413 oxidized pyruvate but not acetate, citrate, isocitrate, α-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, or malate. Cell-free extracts of strain A4413 contained active citrate synthase, aconitate hydratase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, fumarate hydratase, fumarate reductase, pyruvate dehydrogenase system, and oxidases for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. The α-ketoglutarate oxidation system, succinate dehydrogenase, isocitrate lyase, and malate synthase were not detected. Cytochromes were not detected. The data suggest that strain A4413, under these conditions, utilizes a split noncyclic citrate pathway which has an oxidative portion (citrate synthase, aconitate hydratase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase) and a reductive portion (malate dehydrogenase, fumarate hydratase, and fumarate reductase). This pathway is probably important in biosynthesis but not for a net gain in energy.
TL;DR: One stumptail and four rhesus monkeys were given free access to solutions of ethyl alcohol for 22 days and frequently appeared to drink to intoxication, similar to that previously seen with rats.
Abstract: One stumptail and four rhesus monkeys were given free access to solutions of ethyl alcohol (increasing from 7% to 20% v/v) for 22 days. A subsequent 6 days without alcohol produced a significant increase in alcohol consumption when it was first made available again. Such an “alcohol-deprivation effect” is similar to that previously seen with rats. Unlike the rats, the monkeys frequently appeared to drink to intoxication.
TL;DR: A relatively constant inter-ictal spike rate, interrupted every 80 to 120 min was shown for most patients during both day and night, and Nocturnally, the period of spike interruption coincided with rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and spike recurrence with slow wave sleep.