Showing papers by "University of Oregon published in 1988"
TL;DR: Four-day-old French and 2-month-old American infants distinguish utterances in their native languages from those of another language, and two experiments with low-pass-filtered versions of the samples replicated the main findings of discrimination of the native language utterances.
1,268 citations
TL;DR: The multiple-trace simulation model, MINERVA 2, was applied to a number of phenomena found in experiments on relative and absolute judgments of frequency, and forced-choice and yes-no recognition memory.
Abstract: The multiple-trace simulation model, MINERVA 2, was applied to a number of phenomena found in experiments on relative and absolute judgments of frequency, and forced-choice and yes-no recognition memory. How the basic model deals with effects of repetition, forgetting, list length, orientation task, selective retrieval, and similarity and how a slightly modified version accounts for effects of contextual variability on frequency judgments were shown. Two new experiments on similarity and recognition memory were presented, together with appropriate simulations; attempts to modify the model to deal with additional phenomena were also described. Questions related to the representation of frequency are addressed, and the model is evaluated and compared with related models of frequency judgments and recognition memory.
1,099 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the assimilation of technological innovations into organizations, a process unfolding in a series of decisions to evaluate, adopt, and implement new technologies, was conceptualized as a nine-step process and measured by tracking 300 potential adoptions through organizations during a six-year period.
Abstract: This study examined the assimilation of innovations into organizations, a process unfolding in a series of decisions to evaluate, adopt, and implement new technologies. Assimilation was conceptualized as a nine-step process and measured by tracking 300 potential adoptions through organizations during a six-year period. We advance a model suggesting that organizational assimilation of technological innovations is determined by three classes of antecedents: contextual attributes, innovation attributes, and attributes arising from the interaction of contexts and innovations.
815 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe some influences on the perceptual filtering processes that executives use as they observe and try to understand their environments, which may not help executives who are living amid current events.
Abstract: Retrospective explanations of past events encourage academics to overstate the contributions of executives and the benefits of accurate perceptions or careful analyses. Because retrospective analyses oversimplify the connections between behaviors and outcomes, prescriptions derived from retrospective understanding may not help executives who are living amid current events. The paper describes some influences on the perceptual filtering processes that executives use as they observe and try to understand their environments.
753 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the assimilation of innovations into organizations, a process unfolding in a series of decisions to evaluate, adopt, and implement new technologies, and found that assimilation was conceptuali...
Abstract: This study examined the assimilation of innovations into organizations, a process unfolding in a series of decisions to evaluate, adopt, and implement new technologies. Assimilation was conceptuali...
715 citations
TL;DR: A mutation has been found that dramatically shortens the period of the circadian locomotor rhythm of golden hamsters, and animals that carry the mutant alleles exhibit abnormal entrainment to 24-hour light:dark cycles or are unable to entrain.
Abstract: A mutation has been found that dramatically shortens the period of the circadian locomotor rhythm of golden hamsters. The pattern of inheritance of this mutation suggests that it occurred at a single, autosomal locus (tau). Wild-type animals have rhythms with free-running periods averaging about 24 hours; animals heterozygous for the mutation have periods of about 22 hours, whereas homozygous animals have rhythms with periods close to 20 hours. Animals that carry the mutant alleles exhibit abnormal entrainment to 24-hour light:dark cycles or are unable to entrain.
692 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that the lateral regions of the cerebellum are critical for the accurate functioning of an internal timing system.
Abstract: In a previous study (Ivry and Keele, in press), cerebellar patients were found to be impaired on both a motor and a perceptual task which required accurate timing. This report presents case study analyses of seven patients with focal lesions in the cerebellum. The lesions were predominantly in the lateral, hemispheric regions for four of the patients. For the remaining three patients, the lesions were centered near the medial zone of the cerebellum. The clinical evaluation of the patients also was in agreement with the different lesion foci: lateral lesions primarily impaired fine motor coordination, especially apparent in movements with the distal extremities and medial lesions primarily disturbed balance and gait. All of the patients were found to have increased variability in performing rhythmic tapping when tapping with an effector (finger or foot) ipsilateral to the lesion in comparison to their performance with a contralateral effector. Separable estimates of a central timekeeper component and an implementation component were derived from the total variability scores following a model developed by Wing and Kristofferson (1973). This analysis indicated that the poor performance of patients with lateral lesions can be attributed to a deficit in the central timing process. In contrast, patients with medial lesions are able to accurately determine when to make a response, but are unable to implement the response at the desired time. A similar dissociation between the lateral and medial regions has been observed on a time perception task in patients with cerebellar atrophy. It is concluded that the lateral regions of the cerebellum are critical for the accurate functioning of an internal timing system.
649 citations
508 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an involvement-commitment model is proposed and empirically assessed with LISREL and the results are consistent with the theoretical predictions that ego involvement influences purchase involvement, which influences brand commitment.
486 citations
TL;DR: The author proposes a family of heuristic algorithms for Stone's classic model of communicating tasks whose goal is the minimization of the total execution and communication costs incurred by an assignment, and augments this model to include interference costs which reflect the degree of incompatibility between two tasks.
Abstract: Investigate the problem of static task assignment in distributed computing systems, i.e. given a set of k communicating tasks to be executed on a distributed system of n processors, to which processor should each task be assigned? The author proposes a family of heuristic algorithms for Stone's classic model of communicating tasks whose goal is the minimization of the total execution and communication costs incurred by an assignment. In addition, she augments this model to include interference costs which reflect the degree of incompatibility between two tasks. Whereas high communication costs serve as a force of attraction between tasks, causing them to be assigned to the same processor, interference costs serve as a force of repulsion between tasks, causing them to be distributed over many processors. The inclusion of interference costs in the model yields assignments with greater concurrency, thus overcoming the tendency of Stone's model to assign all tasks to one or a few processors. Simulation results show that the algorithms perform well and in particular, that the highly efficient Simple Greedy Algorithm performs almost as well as more complex heuristic algorithms. >
424 citations
TL;DR: Early zebrafish embryos were injected with high concentrations of a linear bacterial plasmid, indicating that injected DNA can be integrated into the fish genome, that the resulting transgenic fish are mosaic and that some of these mosaic individuals give rise to stable lines of transgenicFish.
Abstract: To generate stable lines of transgenic fish, early zebrafish embryos were injected with high concentrations of a linear bacterial plasmid. After injection, the foreign DNA was converted into a high molecular weight form and then amplified approximately tenfold during the initial rapid cleavages characteristic of the early embryo prior to gastrulation. While most of this DNA was subsequently degraded during gastrulation, some of the foreign sequences survived the gastrula stage and could be found in most of the injected fish at 3 weeks of age. Only about 5% of fish analysed 4 months after the injection retained foreign DNA in their fins, usually at less than one copy per cell. One of these fish was also found to contain about 100 copies per cell of foreign DNA in a fraction of its germ cells. Approximately 20% of the F1 offspring from this germ-line-positive parent inherited the foreign DNA, whereas 50% of F2 progeny obtained from an identified F1 individual inherited these sequences. The 50% transmission rate in F2 progeny was as expected for a single, heterozygous genomic insert. These observations indicate that injected DNA can be integrated into the fish genome, that the resulting transgenic fish are mosaic and that some of these mosaic individuals give rise to stable lines of transgenic fish.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that cooperation in social dilemma situations is often explained in terms of egoistic incentives, such as explicit side payments in the form of rewards for cooperation and negative sanctions for defection, expectations of reciprocal altruism from others involved, and internalized positive utilities (e.g., an enhanced self-esteem) for doing the thing or negative ones for defecting.
TL;DR: In this paper, the theory of reasoned action and the low-involvement hierarchy model were tested using cross-lagged panel correlation and behavior was hypothesized and shown to influence habit for all individuals.
Abstract: The theory of reasoned action and the low-involvement hierarchy model were tested using cross-lagged panel correlation. It was proposed that the low-involvement hierarchy model would more accurately reflect the behavior of low-brand-committed individuals and that the theory of reasoned action would more accurately reflect the behavior of high-brand-committed individuals. Although the findings did not completely support these hypotheses, the general thrusts of the hypotheses appear to be supported. Additionally, behavior was hypothesized and shown to influence habit for all individuals.
TL;DR: This work investigates the following finding concerning the order in which participants are mentioned in sentences and suggests that it is the result of cognitive processes: Building a coherent mental representation requires first laying a foundation and then mapping subsequent information onto the developing representation.
TL;DR: A review of the current state of the field of optical second harmonic generation as it pertains to the study of interfacial phenomena can be found in this paper, where the experimental and theoretical studies discussed examine fundamental issues regarding the source of the nonlinear polarizability at the interface.
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of soft gluons in hard-inclusive hadron-hadron cross sections was clarified, emphasizing the mechanisms by which they decouple from the incoming hadrons and cancel.
TL;DR: Measurements of changes in structure and stability caused by 13 different substitutions for threonine 157 in phage T4 lysozyme show that the most stable lyso enzyme variants contain hydrogen bonds analogous to those in the wild-type enzyme.
Abstract: Measurements of changes in structure and stability caused by 13 different substitutions for threonine 157 in phage T4 lysozyme show that the most stable lysozyme variants contain hydrogen bonds analogous to those in the wild-type enzyme and that structural adjustments allow the protein to be surprisingly tolerant of amino-acid substitutions.
TL;DR: The statistical-mechanical selection theory is applied to analyze the base-pair statistics of the known recognition sequences for the cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP) and the theoretical predictions are found to be in reasonable agreement with binding data for those sequences for which experimental binding information is available, thus lending support to the basic assumptions of the selection theory.
TL;DR: The data indicate that the mean threshold irradiance for suppressing melatonin is between 1.6 and 5 microW/cm2, and individual variations in threshold responses to monochromatic light were observed among the volunteers.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present evidence that stockholder wealth declines on average when managers respond to attempted hostile takeovers with defensive changes in asset and ownership structure, and that these corporate restructurings are typically quite large and that many are attempts by managers to create barriers specific to the hostile bidder and /or to consolidate a block of voting securities in the hands of management allies.
TL;DR: It is concluded that sequence duplications, per se, trigger RIP.
Abstract: Transforming sequences are faithfully replicated in vegetative cells of Neurospora but are typically subject at high frequency to sequence alterations and methylation in the period between fertilization and nuclear fusion. Previous work showed a correlation between the occurrence of these radical changes, referred to by the acronym RIP, and the presence of sequence duplications resulting from the introduced DNA. Various possible causes for the RIP process were investigated. Introduction of a single copy of a DNA fragment containing the Neurospora am gene into a strain having a deletion of this DNA did not lead to RIP, whereas introduction of two or more copies of the same fragment did. A conventional cross of strains having single copies of am at unlinked chromosomal locations was used to build a strain duplicated for am. Both copies of the duplicated gene were subject to the RIP process in crosses of this strain. We conclude that sequence duplications, per se, trigger RIP.
TL;DR: The authors studied the constitutive function of talk in the activity of "calling for help" and explored how these occasions of talk can themselves become problematic events for members, showing how a seemingly aberrant event can be understood in terms of the natural language practices involved in its orderly, joint production by the actual parties to the call.
Abstract: This paper reports on research into the social organization of citizen phone calls to emergency service agencies, focusing on the constitutive function of talk in the activity of “calling for help.” We explore how these occasions of talk can themselves become problematic events for members. Our report centers on the detailed analysis of a single, very fateful conversation, showing how a seemingly aberrant event can be understood in terms of the natural language practices involved in its orderly, joint production by the actual parties to the call. This single case analysis also reveals when and how words can “fail”: it is the sequential context within which words are produced and the interactional treatment they thereby receive that is crucial for whatever status and consequences they come to have.
TL;DR: Development of new, more specific dynamic tests may be necessary before stronger rela tionships between clinical test results and patients' perceptions of knee status in the ACL reconstructed knee can be realized.
Abstract: Currently used measures of knee stability and function for ACL reconstructed knees have not gained universal acceptance. Clinical test results often are given more value than the patient's subjective evaluation of the surgical outcome. This study was designed to identify specific knee stability and function variables that were most predictive of the patient's rating of knee function following one of two types of combined (intraarticular and extraarticular) ACL reconstruction procedures. Individual measures of knee stability and function were also evaluated for differences between contralateral operated and nonoperated limbs. Postoperative and healthy contralateral knees of 51 male and female patients aged 18 to 49 years (mean, 23.7 years) were evaluated on a battery of tests at an average of 48.0 months after surgery (range, 24 to 101 months). All subjects possessed a normal contralateral knee for comparative purposes. The results of this retrospective study indicated that the variables selected were not highly correlated with, nor could they effectively predict, the patients' perceptions of postoperative knee status as measured by the Knee Function Rating Form (KFR). Statistically significant differences (P less than 0.001) between operated and nonoperated knees were found for 9 of 11 variables analyzed. The data suggest that patients' perceptions of postoperative knee status were independent of the results of static and dynamic clinical tests commonly used to assess knee stability and function. Postoperative deficits of up to 30% between the surgically reconstructed and normal contralateral knees on specific measures of knee stability and function did not greatly influence the patients' perceptions of knee function. Development of new, more specific dynamic tests may be necessary before stronger relationships between clinical test results and patients' perceptions of knee status in the ACL reconstructed knee can be realized.
TL;DR: The current state of the understanding of structural, thermodynamic and statistical rules that govern the binding of regulatory proteins to functional sites on the DNA genome are summarized here.
TL;DR: Observations suggest that early development in these regions of the CNS reflects a common segmental pattern, and that as more neurones differentiate, the initially similar patterning of the cells in these two regions diverges.
Abstract: In the ventral hindbrain and spinal cord of zebrafish embryos, the first neurones that can be identified appear as single cells or small clusters of cells, distributed periodically at intervals equal to the length of a somite. In the hindbrain, a series of neuromeres of corresponding length is present, and the earliest neurones are located in the centres of each neuromere. Young neurones within both the hindbrain and spinal cord were identified in live embryos using Nomarski optics, and histochemically by labelling for acetylcholinesterase activity and expression of an antigen recognized by the monoclonal antibody zn-1. Among them are individually identified hindbrain reticulospinal neurones and spinal motoneurones. These observations suggest that early development in these regions of the CNS reflects a common segmental pattern. Subsequently, as more neurones differentiate, the initially similar patterning of the cells in these two regions diverges. A continuous longitudinal column of developing neurones appears in the spinal cord, whereas an alternating series of large and small clusters of neurones is present in the hindbrain.
TL;DR: Molecular and physiological studies of the two receptors promise to yield important new insights into the mechanisms of drug-induced psychoses, and may yield clues about the pathogenesis of endogenous psychotic disorders.
TL;DR: This article found that principal behavior and attributes significantly influence individual student achievement, including instructional leadership (setting clear priorities and evaluating instructional programs, and organizing and participating in staff development programs) and conflict resolution (establishing a consensus on objectives and methods, maintaining effective discipline, and mediating personal disputes).
TL;DR: The early development of inhibited approach was studied through the observation of infants' reaching toward objects, with the exception of the relation between parent-reported fearfulness and latency to approach and grasp.
Abstract: The early development of inhibited approach was studied through the observation of infants' reaching toward objects. 48 infants were observed longitudinally at 6.5, 10, and 13.5 months as they reached for toys under high- and low-intensity/novelty conditions. It was predicted that if an approach system related to positive affect were in place by 6 months, infants should show relative interindividual stability across age in their latency to approach low-intensity/novelty toys. This latency would also be inversely related to temperamental positive affect, that is, children who smiled and laughed more would reach more quickly. It was also predicted that, if behavioral inhibition to high-intensity/novelty stimuli were developing over this period, relative instability of latency to grasp high-intensity/novelty toys would be found. This latency would also be positively related to temperamental ratings of fearfulness, that is, children who were more fearful, would grasp more slowly. These hypotheses were generally supported, with the exception of the relation between parent-reported fearfulness and latency to approach and grasp. In addition, sex differences in frequency of hesitations were found.