Showing papers by "University of Oregon published in 1994"

Analysis of population genetic structure with RAPD markers

Abstract: Recent advances in the application of the polymerase chain reaction make it possible to score individuals at a large number of loci The RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) method is one such technique that has attracted widespread interest The analysis of population structure with RAPD data is hampered by the lack of complete genotypic information resulting from dominance, since this enhances the sampling variance associated with single loci as well as induces bias in parameter estimation We present estimators for several population-genetic parameters (gene and genotype frequencies, within- and between-population heterozygosities, degree of inbreeding and population subdivision, and degree of individual relatedness) along with expressions for their sampling variances Although completely unbiased estimators do not appear to be possible with RAPDs, several steps are suggested that will insure that the bias in parameter estimates is negligible To achieve the same degree of statistical power, on the order of 2 to 10 times more individuals need to be sampled per locus when dominant markers are relied upon, as compared to codominant (RFLP, isozyme) markers Moreover, to avoid bias in parameter estimation, the marker alleles for most of these loci should be in relatively low frequency Due to the need for pruning loci with low-frequency null alleles, more loci also need to be sampled with RAPDs than with more conventional markers, and some problems of bias cannot be completely eliminated

Localization of a Neural System for Error Detection and Compensation

Abstract: Gehring, Goss, Coles, Meyer, and Donchin (1993) have reported electrophysiological evidence for a brain mechanism dedicated to monitoring performance and compensating for errors (see also Falkenstein, Hohnsbein, Hoormann, & Blanke, 1990). They have described a component of the human event-related potential, called the error-related negativity (ERN), which is characterized by a negative peak about 100 ms following the onset of electromyographic (EMG) activity when the subject is in error on that trial. The amplitude of the ERN is larger when the subject strives for response accuracy than when the subject concentrates on speed. It is also correlated with several error-compensation variables. The larger the ERN, the smaller the force with which the erroneous key is pressed, the higher the probability of correcting the error by immediately depressing the other key, and the slower the reaction time on the next trial. These correlations suggest that the neural system whose activity is reflected by the ERN is involved in the active inhibition and correction of an error as soon as it is detected. Gehring et aI. (1993) noted that the data from their study did not allow for the localization of this neural system in the brain. They recorded from five electrode sites and observed only that the ERN was largest over the front and middle of the scalp. They did, however, offer some speculation, based on animal evidence, pointing toward \"a system involving the anterior cingulate cortex and supplementary motor areas\" (p. 389). Our own data allow for a direct confirmation of this localization in humans. We recorded high-density event-related potentials using a 64-channel geodesic electrode net (Tucker, 1993), with an interelectrode spacing of about 4 cm. This methodology enabled us to fully characterize the scalp topography of the ERN in two different experiments. In the first experiment (Dehaene, 1994), 12 subjects were presented on each trial with a single Arabic or spelled-out numeral. They had to press one key with one hand if the target was larger than 5 and another key with the other hand if it was smaller than 5. In the second experiment (Dehaene, unpublished data), 12 other subjects were presented with lists of words, which they had to classify as belonging or not to a target semantic category (e.g., an-

Images of mind

Abstract: Covers brain-imaging methods which render certain aspects of thought visible as they occur. This book documents the way cognitive psychology and neuroscience are being combined to investigate questions about what happens to the brain when we read, write, speak and visualize.

Temperament and social behavior in childhood

Abstract: Relationships were explored between measures of temperament and the social behavior patterns of empathy, guilt/shame, aggression, help-seeking, and negativity for a group of 6- to 7-year-old children. For a subset of the sample, predictions of these social behavior patterns from infant laboratory observations were also reposed

Emotional, Social, and Academic Adjustment of College Students: A Longitudinal Study of Retention

Abstract: Prior to initial enrollment, undergraduates completed surveys assessing expectations about their college adjustment, and later completed a second survey assessing actual adjustment. Six years later inspection of academic transcripts revealed which students had dropped out and whether they had been in good academic standing or poor academic standing. Results indicated that two different sets of items best discriminated among good-standing students, the persisters (n=113) and the leavers (n=29), and among poor-standing students, persisters (n=36) and leavers (n=30). Generally, emotional and social adjustment items predicted attrition as well or better than academic adjustment items.

The Anderson-Mott transition

Abstract: The interacting disordered electron problem is reviewed with emphasis on the quantum phase transitions that occur in a model system and on the field-theoretic methods used to describe them. An elementary discussion of conservation laws and diffusive dynamics is followed by a detailed derivation of the extended nonlinear sigma model, which serves as an effective field theory for the problem. A general scaling theory of metal-insulator and related transitions is developed, and explicit renormalization-group calculations for the various universality classes are reviewed and compared with experimental results. A discussion of pertinent physical ideas and phenomenological approaches to the metal-insulator transition not contained in the sigma-model approach is given, and phase-transition aspects of related problems, like disordered superconductors and the quantum Hall effect, are discussed. The review concludes with a list of open problems.

Attention: the mechanisms of consciousness

Abstract: A number of recent papers and books discuss theoretical efforts toward a scientific understanding of consciousness. Progress in imaging networks of brain areas active when people perform simple tasks may provide a useful empirical background for distinguishing conscious and unconscious information processing. Attentional networks include those involved in orienting to sensory stimuli, activating ideas from memory, and maintaining the alert state. This paper reviews recent findings in relation to classical issues in the study of attention and anatomical and physical theories of the nature of consciousness.

Banach algebras and the general theory of *-algebras

Abstract: This is the second volume of a two-volume set that provides a modern account of basic Banach algebra theory including all known results on general Banach *-algebras. The author emphasizes the roles of *-algebra structure and explores the algebraic results which underlie the theory of Banach algebras and *-algebras. Proofs are presented in complete detail at a level accessible to graduate students. The books will become the standard reference for the general theory of *-algebras. This second volume deals with *-algebras. Chapter 9 develops the theory of *-algebras without additional restrictions. Chapter 10 proves nearly all the results previously known for Banach *-algebras and hermitian Banach *-algebras for *-algebras with various essentially algebraic restrictions. Chapter 11 restates the previous results in terms of Banach *-algebras and uses them to prove results explicitly involving the complete norm. Chapter 12 is devoted to locally compact groups and the *-algebras related to them.

Attention in Cognitive Science and Second Language Acquisition

Abstract: This paper examines how the cognitive notion of attention has been employed in SLA and how it is understood in cognitive science. It summarizes recent research on attention from cognitive and neuroscience approaches. Some reformulations of problems raised in SLA research related to attention are proposed. Current research offers detailed ideas about attention and its component processes. These ideas, elaborated theoretically and empirically in cognitive neuroscience, may help untangle some important but difficult issues in SLA. Early, coarse-grained conceptions of attention, such as the limited-capacity metaphor or the automatic versus controlled processing dichotomy, are recast into an integrated human attention system with three separate yet interrelated networks: alertness, orientation, and detection. This finer grained analysis of attention is employed in a model of the role of attention in SLA.

Antisocial Behavior in School: Strategies and Best Practices

Abstract: Antisocial Behaviour Patterns in Children and Youth: Behavioural Characteristics, Causal Factors and Long-Term Negative Outcomes. Issues, Guidelines and Procedural Recommendations Regarding the Implementation and Delivery of Intervention Strategies Within Public School Settings. Establishing a School-Wide Discipline Plan. Instructing and Managing the Classroom Environment. Managing the Antisocial Student in the Classroom Setting. Managing the Antisocial Student on the Playground. Parent Involvement in the Schooling of Antisocial Students. Social Skills: Universal and Selected Interventions. Case Study Applications of Best Practices with Antisocial Students. Appendix A: Empirical Foundations in Discriminating, Predicting and Changing Aggressive, Antisocial Behaviour in School and Home Settings. Exhibit 1: The Influence of Arrest Status and Special Education Certification on Adjustment Status for At-Risk Students: Markers for Negative Developmental Outcomes. Exhibit 2: Regular Classroom Behavioural Profiles of Negative/Aggressive Versus Acting Out/Disruptive Students in the Primary Grades. Exhibit 3: Comparisons of the School Adjustment Status of Middle School, At-Risk Boys Who Are: (1) Deviant in Two or More Settings, (2) Deviant in Only One Setting and (3) Deviant in No Settings. Exhibit 4: Adjustment Profiles of Antisocial and At-Risk Middle School Boys. Exhibit 5: Positive Versus Negative Social Behavior in Discriminating Antisocial and At-Risk Students Within Playground and Classroom Settings. Exhibit 6: Differential Parenting Profiles that Discriminate Antisocial and At-Risk Students. Exhibit 7: The Path from Failed Parenting to Antisocial Behaviour in School to Delinquency in Adolescence. Exhibit 8: Generalization of Antisocial Behaviour Patterns from Home to School. Exhibit 9: The Efficacy of Praise, Token Reinforcement and Cost Contingency in Reducing Negative-Aggressive Social Interactions Among Antisocial Boys. Exhibit 10: Regular Classroom Applications of Reinforcement and Cost Contingency in Reducing Negative-Aggressive Social Interactions. Exhibit 11: The Efficacy of a Response-Cost Intervention for Increasing Positive Social Interactions Within Free-Play Settings. Exhibit 12: Cost Contingency and Its Frequency of Use in Maintaining Behavioural Levels. Exhibit 13: External Replications of the RECESS Program for Aggressive Students.

Three-dimensional structure of beta-galactosidase from E. coli.

Abstract: The beta-galactosidase from Escherichia coli was instrumental in the development of the operon model, and today is one of the most commonly used enzymes in molecular biology. Here we report the structure of this protein and show that it is a tetramer with 222-point symmetry. The 1,023-amino-acid polypeptide chain folds into five sequential domains, with an extended segment at the amino terminus. The participation of this amino-terminal segment in a subunit interface, coupled with the observation that each active site is made up of elements from two different subunits, provides a structural rationale for the phenomenon of alpha-complementation. The structure represents the longest polypeptide chain for which an atomic structure has been determined. Our results show that it is possible successfully to study non-viral protein crystals with unit cell dimensions in excess of 500 A and with relative molecular masses in the region of 2,000K per asymmetric unit. Non-crystallographic symmetry averaging proved to be a very powerful tool in the structure determination, as has been shown in other contexts.

Temperament and the development of personality.

Abstract: We present a psychobiological approach to personality development, incorporating developmental principles outlined by R. B. Cairns (1979). We review individual differences in temperament and ask how a temperamental approach to personality might be congruent with these complex and flexible principles. We then illustrate the nature of temperamental processes by considering several developmental topics. We first consider the interaction of infant distress-proneness and maternal behavior in the development of attachment. We then describe the development of self-regulatory mechanisms, emphasizing development of conscience, aggression, and mastery motivation. Finally, we briefly review mechanisms of temperament and environment interaction, illustrating these processes through variable developmental pathways for risk of adolescent and adult psychopathology. Throughout, we stress the idea that temperamental models of personality development are dynamic, interactive, and fit well with Cairns's developmental principles.

Hu neuronal proteins are expressed in proliferating neurogenic cells

Abstract: We have utilized immunochemical techniques to investigate the developmental expression of the Hu proteins, a neuron-specific family of RNA binding proteins in vertebrates. Previous work suggests that these proteins may play an important role in neuronal development and maintenance. For the present study, we developed a monoclonal antibody (MAb 16A11) that binds specifically to an epitope present in gene products of all known Hu genes, including HuD, HuC, and Hel-N1. Using brief pulses (1-2 h) of the DNA precursor analog bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) in conjunction with MAb 16A11, we observed Hu+/BrdU+ cells in nascent sensory and sympathetic ganglia in vivo, and in populations of cultured neural crest cells. In addition, a few Hu+ cells were ambiguously BrdU+ in the neural tube. We conclude that Hu+ cells first appear in avian neurogenic populations immediately before neuronal birthdays in the peripheral nervous system, and at the time of withdrawal from the mitotic cycle in the central nervous system. Consistent with these conclusions, we have also observed neural crest-derived cells that are both Hu+ and in metaphase of the cell cycle. We suggest that Hu proteins function early in neurogenic differentiation.

Segment and cell type lineage restrictions during pharyngeal arch development in the zebrafish embryo.

Abstract: In zebrafish, the segmental series of pharyngeal arches is formed predominantly by two migratory cell types, neural crest and paraxial mesoderm, which arise in the early embryo. Neural crest cells migrate ventrally out of the neuroepithelium and into the arches to form cartilage, neurons, glia and pigment cells. Surrounding mesoderm generates muscles and endothelia. We labeled individual pharyngeal precursor cells with fluorescent dyes and found that their clonal progeny were confined to single segments and generated single cell types. When a neural crest or mesodermal cell was marked before migration into the pharynx, its progeny dispersed but generally remained confined to a single arch primordium. Such segmental restrictions arose first in the most rostral arches, mandibular and hyoid, and progressed caudally. The phenotypes of progeny generated by single cells were examined in the mandibular arch. Clones derived from premigratory neural crest cells generally did not contribute to more than one cell type. Further, the progenitors of some cell types were spatially separated in the premigratory crest. In particular, neurogenic crest cells were situated further laterally than cells that generate cartilage and connective tissues, while pigment and glial cell progenitors were more evenly distributed. Based on these results we suggest that arch precursors may be specified as to their eventual fates before the major morphogenetic movements that form the arch primordia. Further, cell movements are restricted during segmentation establishing a group of arch precursors as a unit of developmental patterning, as in the fashion of vertebrate rhombomeres or segmental lineage compartments in Drosophila.

Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America

Abstract: william cronon the trouble with wilderness or getting the trouble with wilderness or getting back to the wrong nature by william cronon print formatted version pdf in william cronon ed uncommon ground rethinking, jesse and frank james new world encyclopedia jesse woodson james was born in clay county missouri near the site of present day kearney his father robert james was a farmer and baptist minister, conqu te de l ouest wikip dia la conqu te de l ouest est le processus de colonisation par des populations essentiellement d origine europ enne et le gouvernement des tats unis au xix e, from inquiry to academic writing pdf free download this page intentionally left blank from inquiry to academic writing a text and reader aronson11e fm aronson11e fm 4

Risk of population extinction from fixation of new deleterious mutations.

Abstract: The fixation of new deleterious mutations is analyzed for a randomly mating population of constant size with no environmental or demographic stochasticity. Mildly deleterious mutations are far more important in causing loss of fitness and eventual extinction than are lethal and semilethal mutations in populations with effective sizes, Ne , larger than a few individuals. If all mildly deleterious mutations have the same selection coefficient, s against heterozygotes and 2s against homozygotes, the mean time to extinction, t¯, is asymptotically proportional to e4Nes/Ne for 4Ne s > 1. Nearly neutral mutations pose the greatest risk of extinction for stable populations, because the magnitude of selection coefficient that minimizes t¯ is about ŝ = 0.4/Ne . The influence of variance in selection coefficients among mutations is analyzed assuming a gamma distribution of s, with mean s¯ and variance σs2. The mean time to extinction increases with variance in selection coefficients if s¯ is near ŝ, but can decrease greatly if s¯ is much larger than ŝ. For a given coefficient of variation of s, c=σs/s¯, the mean time to extinction is asymptotically proportional to Ne1+1/c2 for 4Nes¯>1. When s is exponentially distributed, (c = 1) t¯ is asymptotically proportional to Ne2. These results in conjunction with data on the rate and magnitude of mildly deleterious mutations in Drosophila melanogaster indicate that even moderately large populations, with effective sizes on the order of Ne = 103 , may incur a substantial risk of extinction from the fixation of new mutations.

Development and self-regulatory structures of the mind

Abstract: From their early roots in embryology, parallels are drawn between the major psychological and biological foci of organismic theories. Neural plasticity and concepts of causality in developmental systems are discussed. Because the nature of the developmental process necessitates addressing the nonlinear dynamics of complex systems, it is theorized that causal explanations in neural development, just as is the case with psychological processes, should emphasize the individual's active strivings for self-organization as the major determinant of ontogenesis. Whether or not they cohere to form an integrated self, it is hypothesized that the homeostatic, self-regulatory structures of the mind are the major stabilities in the chaotic dynamics of psychological and neural development.

Molecular Catalysts for Multielectron Redox Reactions of Small Molecules: The “Cofacial Metallodiporphyrin” Approach

Abstract: The role of metalloenzymes in important biological transformations has attracted increasing attention over the past several decades. Of the many chemical transformations mediated by enzymes, few are as challenging as multielectron redox reactions. Recent studies have revealed a partial structural and mechanistic description of these redox-active metalloenzymes, but there is much still to be learned regarding the mechanisms of substrate transformation. Due to the complexity of the metalloenzyme systems, simplified model systems are employed to mimic structural or functional features of the enzyme. In multielectron redox enzymes, several metals are probably in-volved in both substrate binding and the subsequent redox reactions. Thus, functional mimics of multielectron redox enzymes might also need two or more metal centers to be efficacious. The roles of multiple metal centers are to (1) increase the substrate's affinity for the catalyst, (2) increase the rate of electron transfer to the bound substrate, (3) increase the reactivity of the bound substrate, and (4) inhibit deleterious side reactions. Deter-mining the importance of each factor may help in the development of these catalysts. Cofacial metallodiporphyrins, because of the control they provide over the geometric and electronic properties of the synthetic reaction center, are ideal bimetallic model complexes. The knowledge gained from model studies will help in understanding the mechanisms of metalloenzymes and can be used to design new homogeneous catalysts to effect multielectron transformations.

A genetic linkage map for the zebrafish

Abstract: To facilitate molecular genetic analysis of vertebrate development, haploid genetics was used to construct a recombination map for the zebrafish Danio (Brachydanio) rerio. The map consists of 401 random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) and 13 simple sequence repeats spaced at an average interval of 5.8 centimorgans. Strategies that exploit the advantages of haploid genetics and RAPD markers were developed that quickly mapped lethal and visible mutations and that placed cloned genes on the map. This map is useful for the position-based cloning of mutant genes, the characterization of chromosome rearrangements, and the investigation of evolution in vertebrate genomes.

Betrayal Trauma: Traumatic Amnesia as an Adaptive Response to Childhood Abuse

Abstract: Betrayal trauma theory suggests that psychogenic amnesia is an adaptive response to childhood abuse. When a parent or other powerful figure violates a fundamental ethic of human relationships, vict...

Regime design matters: intentional oil pollution and treaty compliance

Abstract: Whether a treaty elicits compliance from governments or nonstate actors depends upon identifiable characteristics of the regime's compliance systems. Within the international regime controlling intentional oil pollution, a provision requiring tanker owners to install specified equipment produced dramatically higher levels of compliance than a provision requiring tanker operators to limit their discharges. Since both provisions entailed strong economic incentives for violation and regulated the same countries over the same time period, the variance in compliance clearly can be attributed to different features of the two subregimes. The equipment requirements' success stemmed from establishing an integrated compliance system that increased transparency, provided for potent and credible sanctions, reduced implementation costs to governments by building on existing infrastructures, and prevented violations rather than merely deterring them.

Localization of calcium signals by a mobile calcium buffer in frog saccular hair cells

Abstract: A recent study (Roberts, 1993) of saccular hair cells from grass frogs (Rana pipiens) has suggested a mechanism by which the unusually high concentrations of calcium-binding proteins found in certain sensory receptors and neurons, particularly in the auditory system, can influence short-range intracellular calcium signaling. In frog saccular hair cells, the mechanism operates within arrays of calcium channels and calcium-activated potassium channels that are involved in the cells' electrical resonance and synaptic transmission. The present study tests the hypothesis that calbindin-D28k, one of the most abundant proteins in these cells, can serve as a mobile calcium buffer that reduces and localizes changes in the intracellular free-calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) by shuttling calcium away from the channel arrays. Based upon theoretical analysis and computer modeling, it is shown that [Ca2+]i near one or more open channels quickly reaches a steady-state level determined primarily by two properties of the buffer, the mean time (tau c) before it captures a free-calcium ion and a replenishment factor (R), which are related to the buffer's diffusional mobility (DBu), association rate constant (kon), and concentration (Bo) by tau c = (konB0)-1 and R = B0DBu. Simulation of calcium entry through a channel array showed that approximately 1.5 mM of a molecule with the diffusional and binding properties expected for calbindin-D28k (Bo approximately 8 mM calcium-binding sites) is needed to reproduce the previous experimental results. A lower concentration (B0 = 2 mM) was almost completely depleted within the channel array by a modest calcium current (8 pA = 12% of calcium channels open), but still had two important effects: it caused [Ca2+]i to fall steeply with distance outside the array (space constant < 50 nm), and returned [Ca2+]i quickly to the resting level after the channels closed. A high concentration of calbindin-D28k can thus influence the cell's electrical resonance and synaptic transmission. Its most important functions may be to localize regions of high [Ca2+]i and speed the return of [Ca2+]i toward the resting level.

Protein-protein interactions in the yeast pheromone response pathway: Ste5p interacts with all members of the MAP kinase cascade.

Abstract: We have used the two-hybrid system of Fields and Song to identify protein-protein interactions that occur in the pheromone response pathway of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Pathway components Ste4p, Ste5p, Ste7p, Ste11p, Ste12p, Ste20p, Fus3p and Kss1p were tested in all pairwise combinations. All of the interactions we detected involved at least one member of the MAP kinase cascade that is a central element of the response pathway. Ste5p, a protein of unknown biochemical function, interacted with protein kinases that operate at each step of the MAP kinase cascade, specifically with Ste11p (an MEKK), Ste7p (an MEK), and Fus3p (a MAP kinase). This finding suggests that one role of Ste5p is to serve as a scaffold to facilitate interactions among members of the kinase cascade. In this role as facilitator, Ste5p may make both signal propagation and signal attenuation more efficient. Ste5p may also help minimize cross-talk with other MAP kinase cascades and thus ensure the integrity of the pheromone response pathway. We also found that both Ste11p and Ste7p interact with Fus3p and Kss1p. Finally, we detected an interaction between one of the MAP kinases, Kss1p, and a presumptive target, the transcription factor Ste12p. We failed to detect interactions of Ste4p or Ste20p with any other component of the response pathway.

Absolute memory for musical pitch: Evidence from the production of learned melodies

Abstract: Evidence for the absolute nature of long-term auditory memory is provided by analyzing the production of familiar melodies. Additionally, a two-component theory of absolute pitch is presented, in which this rare ability is conceived as consisting of a more common ability,pitch memory, and a separate, less common ability,pitch labeling. Forty-six subjects sang two different popular songs, and their productions were compared with the actual pitches used in recordings of those songs. Forty percent of the subjects sang the correct pitch on at least one trial; 12% of the subjects hit the correct pitch on both trials, and 44% came within two semitones of the correct pitch on both trials. The results show a convergence with previous studies on the stability of auditory imagery and latent absolute pitch ability; the results further suggest that individuals might possess representations of pitch that are more stable and accurate than previously recognized.

Speed and cerebral correlates of syllable discrimination in infants.

Abstract: THE remarkable linguistic abilities of human neonates are well documented1–5 Young infants can discriminate phonemes even if they are not used in their native language2–4, an ability which regresses during the first year of life4,5 This ability to discriminate is often studied by repeating a stimulus for several minutes until some behavioural response of the infant habituates, and later examining whether the response recovers when the stimulus is changed6 This method, however, does not reveal how fast infants can detect phonetic changes, nor what brain mechanisms are involved We describe here high-density recordings of event-related potentials in three-month-old infants listening to syllables whose first consonants differed in place of articulation Two processing stages, corresponding to an increasingly refined analysis of the auditory input, were identified and localised to the temporal lobes A late frontal response to novelty was also observed The infant brain recognizes a phonetic change in less than 400 ms

Complex wave-field reconstruction using phase-space tomography.

Abstract: A method is proposed for the experimental determination of the amplitude and phase structure of a quasimonochromatic wave field in a plane normal to its propagation direction. The wave field may represent either a scalar electromagnetic (EM) field or the quantum mechanical (QM) wave function of a matter wave. For coherent EM fields or pure QM states, the method uniquely reconstructs the complex wave fields. For partially coherent EM fields or mixed QM states, it reconstructs the two-point correlation function or density matrix. The experiment uses only intensity measurements and refractive optics (lenses), and the data analysis algorithm is noniterative and requires no deconvolution.

Complex wave-field reconstruction by using phase-space tomography

Abstract: A new class of phase-retrieval methods for 2-D fields is introduced. Phase-space tomography can be used for the experimental determination of the amplitude and phase structure of a quasi-monochromatic wave field in a plane normal to its propagation direction. The wave field ψ(r) may represent either a scalar electromagnetic (EM) field or the quantum-mechanical (QM) wave function of a matter wave. The complex wave field may be coherent or partially coherent, in which case the method reconstructs the two-point spatial correlation function, Γ(r, r′) = ⟨ψ(r)ψ*(r′)⟩. (In the QM case, the analogous quantity is the density matrix.) The experiment uses only intensity measurements and refractive optics (lenses), and the data-analysis algorithm is noniterative and requires no deconvolution.