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Showing papers by "University of Oregon published in 2001"


Journal ArticleDOI
27 Jul 2001-Science
TL;DR: Paleoecological, archaeological, and historical data show that time lags of decades to centuries occurred between the onset of overfishing and consequent changes in ecological communities, because unfished species of similar trophic level assumed the ecological roles of over-fished species until they too were overfished or died of epidemic diseases related to overcrowding as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Ecological extinction caused by overfishing precedes all other pervasive human disturbance to coastal ecosystems, including pollution, degradation of water quality, and anthropogenic climate change. Historical abundances of large consumer species were fantastically large in comparison with recent observations. Paleoecological, archaeological, and historical data show that time lags of decades to centuries occurred between the onset of overfishing and consequent changes in ecological communities, because unfished species of similar trophic level assumed the ecological roles of overfished species until they too were overfished or died of epidemic diseases related to overcrowding. Retrospective data not only help to clarify underlying causes and rates of ecological change, but they also demonstrate achievable goals for restoration and management of coastal ecosystems that could not even be contemplated based on the limited perspective of recent observations alone.

5,411 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The CBQ scales demonstrate adequate internal consistency, and may be used in studies requiring a highly differentiated yet integrated measure of temperament for children in this age range, and also appears to be reliably recovered in ratings of children in other cultures.
Abstract: This article reviews evidence on the reliability and validity of the Children's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ), and presents CBQ data on the structure of temperament in childhood. The CBQ is a caregiver report measure designed to provide a detailed assessment of temperament in children 3 to 7 years of age. Individual differences are assessed on 15 primary temperament characteristics: Positive Anticipation, Smiling/Laughter, High Intensity Pleasure, Activity Level, Impulsivity, Shyness, Discomfort, Fear, Anger/Frustration, Sadness, Soothability, Inhibitory Control, Attentional Focusing, Low Intensity Pleasure, and Perceptual Sensitivity. Factor analyses of CBQ scales reliably recover a three-factor solution indicating three broad dimensions of temperament: Extraversion/Surgency, Negative Affectivity, and Effortful Control. This three-factor solution also appears to be reliably recovered in ratings of children in other cultures (e.g., China and Japan). Evidence for convergent validity derives from confirmation of hypothesized relations between temperament and socialization-relevant traits. In addition, parental agreement on CBQ ratings is substantial. The CBQ scales demonstrate adequate internal consistency, and may be used in studies requiring a highly differentiated yet integrated measure of temperament for children in this age range.

2,112 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that IC may be a crucial enabling factor for ToM development, possibly affecting both the emergence and expression of mental state knowledge.
Abstract: This research examined the relation between individual differences in inhibitory control (IC; a central component of executive functioning) and theory-of-mind (ToM) performance in preschool-age children. Across two sessions, 3- and 4-year-old children ( N � 107) were given multitask batteries measuring IC and ToM. Inhibitory control was strongly related to ToM, r � .66, p � .001. This relation remained significant controlling for age, gender, verbal ability, motor sequencing, family size, and performance on pretend-action and mental state control tasks. Inhibitory tasks requiring a novel response in the face of a conflicting prepotent response (Conflict scale) and those requiring the delay of a prepotent response (Delay scale) were significantly related to ToM. The Conflict scale, however, significantly predicted ToM performance over and above the Delay scale and control measures, whereas the Delay scale was not significant in a corresponding analysis. These findings suggest that IC may be a crucial enabling factor for ToM development, possibly affecting both the emergence and expression of mental state knowledge. The implications of the findings for a variety of executive accounts of ToM are discussed.

1,829 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Examination of internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors of 55- to 97-month-olds suggests that emotion and regulation are associated with adjustment in systematic ways and that there is an important difference between effortful control and less voluntary modes of control.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the relation of different types of negative emotion and regulation and control to 55- to 97-month-olds' internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors. Parents and teachers provided information on children's (N = 214) adjustment, dispositional regulation and control, and emotion, and children's regulation was observed during several behavioral tasks. Internalizing was defined in two ways: as social withdrawal (to avoid overlap of items with measures of emotionality) or, more broadly, as anxiety, depression, and psychosomatic complaints. In general, children with externalizing problems, compared with children with internalizing problems and nondisordered children, were more prone to anger, impulsivity, and low regulation. Children with internalizing symptoms were prone to sadness, low attentional regulation, and low impulsivity. Relations between internalizing problems and emotionality were more frequent when the entire internalizing scale was used. Findings suggest that emotion and regulation are associated with adjustment in systematic ways and that there is an important difference between effortful control and less voluntary modes of control.

1,456 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evidence supporting the view that this process of visual selection is a key component of rehearsal in spatial working memory is presented, suggesting that spatial rehearsal recruits top-down processes that modulate the earliest stages of visual analysis.

1,138 citations


Book
19 Mar 2001
TL;DR: In this article, the authors considered the properties of orthogonal polynomials on the unit sphere, root systems and Coxeter groups, and the Summability of Orthogonal expansions.
Abstract: Preface to the second edition Preface to the first edition 1. Background 2. Orthogonal polynomials in two variables 3. General properties of orthogonal polynomials in several variables 4. Orthogonal polynomials on the unit sphere 5. Examples of orthogonal polynomials in several variables 6. Root systems and Coxeter groups 7. Spherical harmonics associated with reflection groups 8. Generalized classical orthogonal polynomials 9. Summability of orthogonal expansions 10. Orthogonal polynomials associated with symmetric groups 11. Orthogonal polynomials associated with octahedral groups and applications References Author index Symbol index Subject index.

1,026 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
15 Nov 2001-Nature
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that recombinant DIM-5 protein specifically methylates histone H3 and that replacement of lysine 9 in hist one H3 with either a leucine or an arginine phenocopies the dim-5 mutation, concluding that DNA methylation depends on histone methylation.
Abstract: DNA methylation is involved in epigenetic processes such as X-chromosome inactivation, imprinting and silencing of transposons. We have demonstrated previously that dim-2 encodes a DNA methyltransferase that is responsible for all known cytosine methylation in Neurospora crassa. Here we report that another Neurospora gene, dim-5, is required for DNA methylation, as well as for normal growth and full fertility. We mapped dim-5 and identified it by transformation with a candidate gene. The mutant has a nonsense mutation in a SET domain of a gene related to histone methyltransferases that are involved in heterochromatin formation in other organisms. Transformation of a wild-type strain with a segment of dim-5 reactivated a silenced hph gene, apparently by 'quelling' of dim-5. We demonstrate that recombinant DIM-5 protein specifically methylates histone H3 and that replacement of lysine 9 in histone H3 with either a leucine or an arginine phenocopies the dim-5 mutation. We conclude that DNA methylation depends on histone methylation.

1,008 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
15 Mar 2001-Nature
TL;DR: It is shown that executive control processes not uniquely tied to trauma may provide a viable model for repression, and that this cognitive act has enduring consequences for the rejected memories.
Abstract: Freud proposed that unwanted memories can be forgotten by pushing them into the unconscious, a process called repression1. The existence of repression has remained controversial for more than a century, in part because of its strong coupling with trauma, and the ethical and practical difficulties of studying such processes in controlled experiments. However, behavioural and neurobiological research on memory and attention shows that people have executive control processes directed at minimizing perceptual distraction2,3, overcoming interference during short and long-term memory tasks3,4,5,6,7 and stopping strong habitual responses to stimuli8,9,10,11,12,13. Here we show that these mechanisms can be recruited to prevent unwanted declarative memories from entering awareness, and that this cognitive act has enduring consequences for the rejected memories. When people encounter cues that remind them of an unwanted memory and they consistently try to prevent awareness of it, the later recall of the rejected memory becomes more difficult. The forgetting increases with the number of times the memory is avoided, resists incentives for accurate recall and is caused by processes that suppress the memory itself. These results show that executive control processes not uniquely tied to trauma may provide a viable model for repression.

926 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evaluating the effect of electrode-scalp impedance on EEG data quality found no significant amplitude change in any EEG frequency bands as scalp-electrode impedance increased, suggesting that high-quality EEG can be recorded without skin abrasion.

900 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
04 May 2001-Science
TL;DR: Vibrational studies that selectively probe molecular structure at CCl4/H2O and hydrocarbon/h2O interfaces show that the hydrogen bonding between adjacent water molecules at these interfaces is weak, in contrast to generally accepted models of water next to fluid hydrophobic surfaces that suggest strong hydrogen bonding.
Abstract: Vibrational studies that selectively probe molecular structure at CCl4/H2O and hydrocarbon/H2O interfaces show that the hydrogen bonding between adjacent water molecules at these interfaces is weak, in contrast to generally accepted models of water next to fluid hydrophobic surfaces that suggest strong hydrogen bonding. However, interactions between these water molecules and the organic phase result in substantial orientation of these weakly hydrogen-bonded water molecules in the interfacial region. The results have important implications for understanding water adjacent to hydrophobic surfaces and the penetration of water into hydrophobic phases.

882 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, two intense dust storms were generated over the Gobi desert by springtime low-pressure systems descending from the northwest, and the windblown dust was detected and its evolution followed by its yellow color on SeaWiFS satellite images, routine surface-based monitoring and through serendipitous observations.
Abstract: On April 15 and 19, 1998, two intense dust storms were generated over the Gobi desert by springtime low-pressure systems descending from the northwest. The windblown dust was detected and its evolution followed by its yellow color on SeaWiFS satellite images, routine surface-based monitoring, and through serendipitous observations. The April 15 dust cloud was recirculating, and it was removed by a precipitating weather system over east Asia. The April 19 dust cloud crossed the Pacific Ocean in 5 days, subsided to the surface along the mountain ranges between British Columbia and California, and impacted severely the optical and the concentration environments of the region. In east Asia the dust clouds increased the albedo over the cloudless ocean and land by up to 10–20%, but it reduced the near-UV cloud reflectance, causing a yellow coloration of all surfaces. The yellow colored backscattering by the dust eludes a plausible explanation using simple Mie theory with constant refractive index. Over the West Coast the dust layer has increased the spectrally uniform optical depth to about 0.4, reduced the direct solar radiation by 30–40%, doubled the diffuse radiation, and caused a whitish discoloration of the blue sky. On April 29 the average excess surface-level dust aerosol concentration over the valleys of the West Coast was about 20–50 μg/m3 with local peaks >100 μg/m3. The dust mass mean diameter was 2–3 μm, and the dust chemical fingerprints were evident throughout the West Coast and extended to Minnesota. The April 1998 dust event has impacted the surface aerosol concentration 2–4 times more than any other dust event since 1988. The dust events were observed and interpreted by an ad hoc international web-based virtual community. It would be useful to set up a community-supported web-based infrastructure to monitor the global aerosol pattern for such extreme aerosol events, to alert and to inform the interested communities, and to facilitate collaborative analysis for improved air quality and disaster management.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper reviewed the literature on effective instructional methods for reading comprehension for students with learning disabilities and concluded that the increased use of socially mediated instruction, the need to teach multiple strategies to students to improve comprehension, and controversies in how important it is to explicitly teach specific strategies versus merely providing flexible frameworks to structure dialogue on texts read.
Abstract: We review the body of research on reading comprehension for students with learning disabilities. First, we describe the factors that lead to the comprehension difficulties of these students. Next we describe our procedures for reviewing the literature on effective instructional methods for this population. Next we review the body of studies involving instructional methods for improving the comprehension of narrative text. This is followed by the research on techniques for improving the comprehension of expository text. We conclude with a discussion of ongoing issues in the field—in particular, (a) the increased use of socially mediated instruction, (b) the need to teach multiple strategies to students to improve comprehension, and (c) controversies in how important it is to explicitly teach specific strategies versus merely providing flexible frameworks to structure dialogue on texts read.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The new understanding of iron metabolism in health and disease has been explosive, and that what is past is likely to be prologue to what is ahead.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, social competence is particularly salient for students who are classified into one of the high-incidence disability groups such as specific learning disabilities, mental retardation, emotional disturbance, or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Abstract: Social competence is particularly salient for students who are classified into one of the high-incidence disability groups such as specific learning disabilities, mental retardation, emotional disturbance, or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Among the most popular of the instructional approaches for these students has been social skills training (SST). Various meta-analyses of the literature suggest that SST has not produced large, socially important, long-term, or generalized changes in social competence of students with high-incidence disabilities. Probable explanations for the weak effects in some meta-analyses are discussed and specific recommendations are offered for designing and producing more effective SST interventions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: There are at least two independent mechanisms contributing to the rise in SkBF during nonpainful local heating: a fast-responding vasodilator system mediated by the axon reflexes and a more slowly responding vasodILator system that relies on local production of NO.
Abstract: The mechanisms underlying the skin blood flow (SkBF) response to local heating are complex and poorly understood. Our goal was to examine the role of axon reflexes and nitric oxide (NO) in the SkBF...


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Over the last 30 years, the genetically controlled photoperiodic response of the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii, has shifted toward shorter, more southern daylengths as growing seasons have become longer.
Abstract: To date, all altered patterns of seasonal interactions observed in insects, birds, amphibians, and plants associated with global warming during the latter half of the 20th century are explicable as variable expressions of plastic phenotypes. Over the last 30 years, the genetically controlled photoperiodic response of the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii, has shifted toward shorter, more southern daylengths as growing seasons have become longer. This shift is detectable over a time interval as short as 5 years. Faster evolutionary response has occurred in northern populations where selection is stronger and genetic variation is greater than in southern populations. W. smithii represents an example of actual genetic differentiation of a seasonality trait that is consistent with an adaptive evolutionary response to recent global warming.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a /spl Delta/spl Sigma/ topology with reduced sensitivity to opamp nonlinearities is described, which is effective even for very low oversampling ratios, and can be used for any modulation order.
Abstract: A /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ topology with reduced sensitivity to opamp nonlinearities is described. The technique is effective even for very low oversampling ratios, and can be used for any modulation order. Techniques for reducing other nonideal effects are also proposed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evidence suggests that aquatic and maritime adaptations played a significantly greater role in the demographic and geographic expansion of anatomically modern humans after about 150,000 years ago.
Abstract: Although aquatic resources are often seen as central to the development of post-Pleistocene cultural complexity, most models of human evolution have all but ignored the role of aquatic or maritime adaptations during the earlier stages of human history. When did aquatic resources, maritime adaptations, and seafaring first play a significant role in human evolution? I explore this fundamental question by (1) reviewing various theories on the subject; (2) discussing a variety of problems that prevent archaeologists from providing a clear answer; and (3) examining the archaeological record for evidence of early aquatic resource use or seafaring. I conclude that aquatic resources, wherever they were both abundant and relatively accessible, have probably always been used opportunistically by our ancestors. Evidence suggests, however, that aquatic and maritime adaptations (including seafaring) played a significantly greater role in the demographic and geographic expansion of anatomically modern humans after about 150,000 years ago. Another significant expansion occurred somewhat later in time, with the development of more sophisticated seafaring, fishing, and marine hunting technologies.

Book
25 May 2001
TL;DR: This chapter discusses how interventions for Behavioral, Emotional, and Psychosocial Concerns, as well as management Approaches for Cognitive Impairments, can be used in the context of recovery from mild Traumatic Brain Injury.
Abstract: I. Fundamentals for Practicing Cognitive Rehabilitation 1. Introduction 2. Neurological Disorders Associated with Cognitive Impairments 3. Variables Contributing to Neurological and Neurobehavioral Recovery 4. Assessment of Individuals with Cognitive Impairments II. Management Approaches for Cognitive Impairments 5. Management of Attention Disorders 6. Memory Theory Applied to Intervention 7. The Use of External Aids in Cognitive Rehabilitation 8. Management of Dysexecutive Symptoms 9. The Assessment and Management of Unawareness 10. Communication Issues III. Interventions for Behavioral, Emotional, and Psychosocial Concerns 11. Managing Challenging Behaviors 12. Management of Depression and Anxiety 13. Working Collaboratively with Families IV. Working with Special Populations 14. Rehabilitation Strategies of Children with Acquired Cognitive Impairments 15. Management Strategies for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors tested a beliefs-attitude-intentions hierarchy in the context of the corporate sponsorship of a major university's sports teams and found that attitude toward purchasing a sponsor's products was more highly related to purchase intentions for low identifiers than for high identifiers.
Abstract: Companies have increasingly turned to sponsorship as a marketing communications vehicle in the hopes that the goodwill that consumers feel toward an event, cause, or sports team will rub off on their brands. The current study tests a beliefs–attitude–intentions hierarchy in the context of the corporate sponsorship of a major university's sports teams. The direct and indirect effects of social identity with the university's teams (i.e., team identification) on intentions to purchase products from a corporate sponsor are also considered. A random-digit dialing methodology was used to collect data from 368 individuals. In general, the results supported the hypotheses. Of special interest was team identification's ability to moderate the effect of attitude on purchase intentions. As predicted, attitude toward purchasing a sponsor's products was more highly related to purchase intentions for low identifiers than for high identifiers. Specifically, among those with an unfavorable attitude, high identifiers had significantly more positive intentions to purchase than did low identifiers. For high identifiers, it appears that team identification acts as a heuristic that favorably predisposes them to want to buy products from a sponsor in spite of their evaluation of that action. Marketing implications are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Experimental and genetic evidence is provided that glypican Knypek acts during vertebrate gastrulation as a positive modulator of noncanonical Wnt signaling to establish polarized cell behaviors underlying convergent extension movements.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For example, this article showed that seismic waves, geodetic measurements, and numerical experiments can be used to predict the interior rupture of the Earth's interior, without directly observing it.
Abstract: Seismologists have never directly observed rupture in Earth’s interior. Instead, they glean information from seismic waves, geodetic measurements, and numerical experiments.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The crystal structure of DsRed, a red fluorescent protein from a corallimorpharian, has been determined at 2.0-A resolution by multiple-wavelength anomalous dispersion and crystallographic refinement.
Abstract: The crystal structure of DsRed, a red fluorescent protein from a corallimorpharian, has been determined at 2.0-A resolution by multiple-wavelength anomalous dispersion and crystallographic refinement. Crystals of the selenomethionine-substituted protein have space group P21 and contain a tetramer with 222 noncrystallographic symmetry in the asymmetric unit. The refined model has satisfactory stereochemistry and a final crystallographic R factor of 0.162. The protein, which forms an obligatory tetramer in solution and in the crystal, is a squat rectangular prism comprising four protomers whose fold is extremely similar to that of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein despite low (≈23%) amino acid sequence homology. The monomer consists of an 11-stranded β barrel with a coaxial helix. The chromophores, formed from the primary sequence -Gln-Tyr-Gly- (residues 66–68), are arranged in a ≈27 × 34-A rectangular array in two approximately antiparallel pairs. The geometry at the α carbon of Gln-66 (refined without stereochemical restraints) is consistent with an sp2 hybridized center, in accord with the proposal that red fluorescence is because of an additional oxidation step that forms an acylimine extension to the chromophore [Gross, L. A., Baird, G. S., Hoffman, R. C., Baldridge, K. K. & Tsien, R. Y. (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 11990–11995]. The carbonyl oxygen of Phe-65 is almost 90° out of the plane of the chromophore, consistent with theoretical calculations suggesting that this is the minimum energy conformation of this moiety despite the conjugation of this group with the rest of the chromophore.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This Annotation highlights recent research on the role of peer group and friendship factors in the development of psychopathology in childhood and adolescence, including the examination of heterogeneity in developmental processes, further investigation of gender-based norms, and the application of multi-level modeling techniques and gene-environment process models.
Abstract: This Annotation highlights recent research on the role of peer group and friendship factors in the development of psychopathology in childhood and adolescence. Several processes are considered, including peer rejection (e.g., exclusion and victimization), social withdrawal and avoidance of peer interaction, and the socialization of deviant behavior and internalizing problems. The mediating influences of several proximal components are examined, including cognitive-perceptual factors and emotion regulation. In addition, the moderating influences of close friendship, age, gender, ethnicity, and group norms are considered. Several promising avenues for future directions in research are highlighted, including the examination of heterogeneity in developmental processes, further investigation of gender-based norms, and the application of multi-level modeling techniques and gene-environment process models.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a novel scheme was introduced that enables natural silicic glasses to be projected into the synthetic system Qz-Ab-Or-H2O in order to relate variations in volcanic glass chemistry to changing pressure (P) and temperature (T) conditions in the subvolcanic system.
Abstract: We introduce a novel scheme that enables natural silicic glasses to be projected into the synthetic system Qz–Ab–Or–H2O in order to relate variations in volcanic glass chemistry to changing pressure (P) and temperature (T) conditions in the sub-volcanic magma system. By this means an important distinction can be made between ascent-driven and cooling-driven crystallisation under water-saturated or undersaturated conditions. In samples containing feldspar and a silica phase (quartz or tridymite), quantitative P–T estimates of the conditions of last equilibrium between crystals and melt can be made. Formation of highly silicic melts (i.e. >77 wt% SiO2) is a simple consequence of the contraction of the silica phase volume with decreasing pressure, such that high silica glasses can only form by crystallisation at low pressure. Resorption of quartz crystals appears to be a further diagnostic feature of decompression crystallisation. Groundmass and inclusion glasses in dacites from the 1980–1986 eruption of Mount St Helens volcano (WA) span a wide range in SiO2 (68–80 wt%, anhydrous). The compositions of the least evolved (SiO2-poor) inclusions in amphibole phenocrysts record entrapment of silicic liquids with ≤5.4 wt% water, corresponding to a water saturation pressure of ~200 MPa at 900 °C. The compositions of more evolved (higher SiO2) plagioclase-hosted inclusions and groundmass glasses are consistent with extensive ascent-driven fractional crystallisation of plagioclase, oxide and orthopyroxene phenocrysts and microlites to low pressures. During this polybaric crystallisation, plagioclase phenocrysts trapped melts with a wide range of dissolved water contents (3.5–5.7 wt%). Magmas erupted during the Plinian phase of the 18 May 1980 eruption were derived from a large reservoir at depths of ≥6 km. Subsequent magmas ascended to varying depths within the sub-volcanic system prior to extraction. From glass chemistry and groundmass texture two arrest levels have been identified, at depths of 0.5–1 and 2–4 km. A single dome sample from February 1983 contains groundmass plagioclase, tridymite and quartz, testifying to temperatures of at least 885 °C at 11 MPa. These shallow storage conditions are comparable to those in the cryptodome formed during spring 1980. The corresponding thermal gradient, ≤0.2 °C MPa–1, is consistent with near-adiabatic magma ascent from ~8 km. We argue that the crystallisation history of Mount St Helens dacite magma was largely a consequence of decompression crystallisation of hot magma beyond the point of water saturation. This challenges the conventional view that phenocryst crystallisation occurred by cooling in a large magma chamber prior to the 1980–1986 eruption. Because the crystallisation process is both polybaric and fractional, it cannot be simulated directly using isobaric equilibrium crystallisation experiments. However, calculation of the phase proportions in water-saturated 910±15 °C experiments by Rutherford et al. (1985) over the pressure range 220–125 MPa reproduces the crystallisation sequence and phenocryst modes of Mount St Helens dacites from 18 May 1980. By allowing for the effects of fractional versus equilibrium crystallisation, entrained residual source material, and small temperature differences between nature and experiment, phase compositions can also be matched to the natural samples. We conclude that decompression of water-saturated magma may be the dominant driving force for crystallisation at many other silicic volcanic centres.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Findings demonstrate that infants readily detect disruptions of the structure inherent in intentional action, and hence parse ongoing behavior with respect to such structure, a prerequisite to the development of genuine intentional understanding.
Abstract: As observers of human behavior, infants are faced with a complex flow of motion in which pauses are rare and only occasionally coincide with boundaries between intentional actions. Two studies investigated whether, despite such complexity, 10- to 11-month-old infants (N = 16 for each study) possess skills for parsing ongoing behavior along boundaries correlated with the initiation and completion of intentions. After being familiarized with digitized sequences of continuous everyday action, infants showed renewed interest in test versions in which motion paused in the midst of an actor's pursuit of intentions (interrupting test videos). In contrast, pauses that suspended motion at intention boundary points (completing test videos) sparked no such renewed interest on infants' part. Moreover, basic salience differences between the two types of test videos were not the source of infants' increased interest when intentions were interrupted (Study 2). These findings demonstrate that infants readily detect disruptions of the structure inherent in intentional action, and hence parse ongoing behavior with respect to such structure. Such parsing skill is likely a prerequisite to the development of genuine intentional understanding.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a path analysis of the relationship between intent to stay in the field and factors such as job satisfaction, commitment to special education teaching, and various aspects of job design is presented.
Abstract: This article presents findings from a study of factors that lead to special education teacher attrition and retention involving 887 special educators in three large urban school districts. We focus on a path analysis of the relationship between intent to stay in the field and factors such as job satisfaction, commitment to special education teaching, and various aspects of job design. Findings suggest several critical factors to consider in order to increase retention and commitment. A leading negative factor was stress due to job design. Perceived support by principals or other teachers in the school helped alleviate this stress. Another key factor was the sense that special educators were learning on the job, either formally or informally, through collegial networks.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Findings suggest that the current literature may be incorrect in its view that subclinical and clinical forms of eating disturbance represent the poles of a single continuum and call into question the belief that SES influences the development of eating pathology.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The effective diffusion coefficient for the overdamped Brownian motion in a tilted periodic potential is calculated in closed analytical form and Universality classes and scaling properties for weak thermal noise are identified near the threshold tilt where deterministic running solutions set in.
Abstract: The effective diffusion coefficient for the overdamped Brownian motion in a tilted periodic potential is calculated in closed analytical form. Universality classes and scaling properties for weak thermal noise are identified near the threshold tilt where deterministic running solutions set in. In this regime the diffusion may be greatly enhanced, as compared to free thermal diffusion with, for a realistic experimental setup, an enhancement of up to 14 orders of magnitude.