Showing papers by "University of Oregon published in 2003"
TL;DR: This study suggests that efforts to mobilize S&T for sustainability are more likely to be effective when they manage boundaries between knowledge and action in ways that simultaneously enhance the salience, credibility, and legitimacy of the information they produce.
Abstract: The challenge of meeting human development needs while protecting the earth's life support systems confronts scientists, technologists, policy makers, and communities from local to global levels. Many believe that science and technology (S&T) must play a more central role in sustainable development, yet little systematic scholarship exists on how to create institutions that effectively harness S&T for sustainability. This study suggests that efforts to mobilize S&T for sustainability are more likely to be effective when they manage boundaries between knowledge and action in ways that simultaneously enhance the salience, credibility, and legitimacy of the information they produce. Effective systems apply a variety of institutional mechanisms that facilitate communication, translation and mediation across boundaries.
2,934 citations
Massachusetts Institute of Technology1, University of California, Riverside2, University of Oregon3, University of Edinburgh4, Celera Corporation5, Texas A&M University6, University of New Mexico7, University of Colorado Denver8, University of Kansas9, University of Florida10, Hebrew University of Jerusalem11, University of Düsseldorf12, Rockefeller University13, Technische Universität München14, University of Kentucky15, University of Texas at Austin16, J. Craig Venter Institute17, University of California, Berkeley18, University of California, Los Angeles19, Sapienza University of Rome20, Flinders University21, Ohio State University22, University of Arizona23, University of Missouri–Kansas City24, Dartmouth College25, University of Leeds26, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona27, Oregon Health & Science University28
TL;DR: A high-quality draft sequence of the N. crassa genome is reported, suggesting that RIP has had a profound impact on genome evolution, greatly slowing the creation of new genes through genomic duplication and resulting in a genome with an unusually low proportion of closely related genes.
Abstract: Neurospora crassa is a central organism in the history of twentieth-century genetics, biochemistry and molecular biology. Here, we
report a high-quality draft sequence of the N. crassa genome. The approximately 40-megabase genome encodes about 10,000
protein-coding genes—more than twice as many as in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe and only about 25% fewer
than in the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster. Analysis of the gene set yields insights into unexpected aspects of Neurospora biology
including the identification of genes potentially associated with red light photobiology, genes implicated in secondary metabolism,
and important differences in Ca21 signalling as compared with plants and animals. Neurospora possesses the widest array of
genome defence mechanisms known for any eukaryotic organism, including a process unique to fungi called repeat-induced
point mutation (RIP). Genome analysis suggests that RIP has had a profound impact on genome evolution, greatly slowing the
creation of new genes through genomic duplication and resulting in a genome with an unusually low proportion of closely related
genes.
1,659 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the STIRPAT model is augmented with measures of ecological elasticity, which allows for a more precise specification of the sensitivity of environmental impacts to the forces driving them.
1,628 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that many of these modifications emerged passively in response to the long-term population-size reductions that accompanied increases in organism size, and provided novel substrates for the secondary evolution of phenotypic complexity by natural selection.
Abstract: Complete genomic sequences from diverse phylogenetic lineages reveal notable increases in genome complexity from prokaryotes to multicellular eukaryotes. The changes include gradual increases in gene number, resulting from the retention of duplicate genes, and more abrupt increases in the abundance of spliceosomal introns and mobile genetic elements. We argue that many of these modifications emerged passively in response to the long-term population-size reductions that accompanied increases in organism size. According to this model, much of the restructuring of eukaryotic genomes was initiated by nonadaptive processes, and this in turn provided novel substrates for the secondary evolution of phenotypic complexity by natural selection. The enormous long-term effective population sizes of prokaryotes may impose a substantial barrier to the evolution of complex genomes and morphologies.
1,521 citations
TL;DR: The Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised (IBQ-R) as discussed by the authors was developed to measure parent-reported measures of infant temperament, including nine new scales and minor modifications of the seven scales of the IBQ.
Abstract: This study describes a revision of a widely used parent-report measure of infant temperament, the Infant Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ; Rothbart, 1981 ). A rationally derived instrument was developed that included nine new scales and minor modifications of the seven scales of the IBQ. Parents of 360 infants, equally distributed over three age groups: 3–6 months; 6–9 months; and 9–12 months of age, participated. Conceptual and item analyses provided support for 14 of the 16 proposed scales, demonstrating satisfactory internal consistency. Inter-rater reliability was evaluated, with evidence of moderate agreement between primary and secondary caregivers. Monomethod discriminant validity was demonstrated through an examination of correlations among the Infant Behavior Questionnaire—Revised (IBQ-R) scale scores. Results of the factor analytic procedure were consistent with three broad dimensions of Surgency/Extraversion, Negative Affectivity, and Orienting/Regulation. Developmental and gender differences were also noted for a number of the IBQ-R scales. Specifically, older infants received higher scores on Approach, Vocal Reactivity, High Intensity Pleasure, Activity, Perceptual Sensitivity, Distress to Limitations, and Fear, whereas younger infants’ scores were higher for Low Intensity Pleasure, Cuddliness/Affiliation, and Duration of Orienting. Male infants obtained higher scores on Activity and High Intensity Pleasure, and female infants were rated higher on the Fear scale.
1,078 citations
TL;DR: This study compiled available information on the dispersal distance of the propagules of benthic marine organisms and used this information in the development of criteria for the design of marine reserves, suggesting that reserves be designed large enough to contain the short-distance dispersing propagules and be spaced far enough apart that long-distance dispersed propagules released from one reserve can settle in adjacent reserves.
Abstract: This study compiled available information on the dispersal distance of the propagules of benthic marine organisms and used this information in the development of criteria for the design of marine reserves. Many benthic marine organisms release propagules that spend time in the water column before settlement. During this period, ocean currents transport or disperse the propagules. When considering the size of a marine reserve and the spacing between reserves, one must consider the distance which propagules disperse. We could find estimates of dispersal distance for 32 taxa; for 25 of these, we were also able to find data on the time the propagules spent dispersing. Dispersal distance ranged from meters to thousands of kilometers, and time in the plankton ranged from minutes to months. A significant positive correlation was found between the log-transformed duration in the plankton and the log-transformed dispersal distance ( r 5 0.7776, r 2 5 0.60, df 5 1, 25, P 5 0.000); the more time propagules spend in the water column the further they tend to be dispersed. The frequency distribution of the log-transformed dispersal distance is bimodal (kurtosis 52 1.29, t 52 4.062, P , 0.001) with a gap between 1 and 20 km. Propagules that dispersed ,1 km spent less time in the plankton (,100 h), or if they remained in the plankton for a longer period, they tended to remain in the waters near the bottom. Propagules that dispersed .20 km spent more than 300 h in the plankton. The bimodal nature of the distribution suggests that evolutionary constraints may reduce the likelihood of evolving mid-range dispersal strategies (i.e., dispersal between 1 and 20 km) resulting in two evolutionarily stable dispersal strategies: dispersal , 1k m or.;20 km. We suggest that reserves be designed large enough to contain the short-distance dispersing propagules and be spaced far enough apart that long-distance dispersing propagules released from one reserve can settle in adjacent reserves. A reserve 4-6 km in diameter should be large enough to contain the larvae of short-distance dispersers, and reserves spaced 10- 20 km apart should be close enough to capture propagules released from adjacent reserves.
901 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it is argued that forgetting is not a passive side effect of storing new memories, but results from inhibitory control mechanisms recruited to override prepotent responses, and the relation between this executive control theory of forgetting and classical accounts of interference is discussed.
839 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors test overreaction theories of short-run momentum and long-run reversal in the cross section of stock returns and find that macroeconomic factors are unable to explain momentum profits after simple methodological adjustments to take account of microstructure concerns.
Abstract: We test overreaction theories of short-run momentum and long-run reversal in the cross section of stock returns. Momentum profits depend on the state of the market, as predicted. From 1929 to 1995, the mean monthly momentum profit following positive market returns is 0.93 percent, whereas the mean profit following negative market returns is negative 0.37 percent. The up-market momentum reverses in the long-run. Our results are robust to the conditioning information in macroeconomic factors. Moreover, we find that macroeconomic factors are unable to explain momentum profits after simple methodological adjustments to take account of microstructure concerns.
788 citations
New England Biolabs1, New York State Department of Health2, Columbia University3, Wayne State University4, University of Basel5, University of Toledo6, University of Edinburgh7, University of Alabama8, University of Portsmouth9, Moscow State University10, University of Illinois at Chicago11, University of Bristol12, University of Rochester13, Duke University14, University of Sheffield15, Vilnius University16, University of Giessen17, University of Copenhagen18, Hungarian Academy of Sciences19, North Carolina State University20, University of Tokyo21, Humboldt University of Berlin22, Brookhaven National Laboratory23, University of Massachusetts Medical School24, National Institutes of Health25, Indian Institute of Science26, University of Warsaw27, University of California, Santa Barbara28, State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR29, University of Oregon30, The Chinese University of Hong Kong31, University of Maryland, College Park32, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center33, University of Wisconsin-Madison34, University of Nebraska–Lincoln35, University of Lisbon36
TL;DR: In this article, a nomenclature for restriction endonucleases, DNA methyltransferases, homing endon nucleases and related genes and gene products is described.
Abstract: A nomenclature is described for restriction endonucleases, DNA methyltransferases, homing endonucleases and related genes and gene products. It provides explicit categories for the many different Type II enzymes now identified and provides a system for naming the putative genes found by sequence analysis of microbial genomes.
710 citations
TL;DR: An extensive catalogue of the mitochondrial proteome using highly purified mitochondria from normal human heart tissue and subsequent detection by mass spectrometry and rigorous bioinformatic analysis yielded 615 distinct protein identifications.
Abstract: To gain a better understanding of the critical role of mitochondria in cell function, we have compiled an extensive catalogue of the mitochondrial proteome using highly purified mitochondria from normal human heart tissue. Sucrose gradient centrifugation was employed to partially resolve protein complexes whose individual protein components were separated by one-dimensional PAGE. Total in-gel processing and subsequent detection by mass spectrometry and rigorous bioinformatic analysis yielded a total of 615 distinct protein identifications. All protein pI values, molecular weight ranges, and hydrophobicities were represented. The coverage of the known subunits of the oxidative phosphorylation machinery within the inner mitochondrial membrane was >90%. A significant proportion of identified proteins are involved in signaling, RNA, DNA, and protein synthesis, ion transport, and lipid metabolism. The biochemical roles of 19% of the identified proteins have not been defined. This database of proteins provides a comprehensive resource for the discovery of novel mitochondrial functions and pathways.
696 citations
TL;DR: In a human cognitive control task, it was found that it was not the stimulus-independent level of conflict that was responsible for the conflict-adaptation effect but rather an episodic memory phenomenon: stimulus-specific priming.
Abstract: According to the 'conflict-monitoring' model, a leading theory of cognitive control1,2,3,4, information-processing conflict registered in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) triggers the prefrontal cortex to reduce conflict susceptibility. Here we show that the existing empirical support for an online modulation of susceptibility to conflict through immediately preceding conflict, the 'conflict-adaptation effect'1,5, needs to be reevaluated. In a human cognitive control task, we found that it was not the stimulus-independent level of conflict that was responsible for the conflict-adaptation effect but rather an episodic memory phenomenon: stimulus-specific priming6.
TL;DR: The behavioral and fMRI results taken together seem to argue against a single unified network for processing conflict, but instead support either distinct networks for each conflict task or a single network that monitors conflict with different sites used to resolve the conflict.
TL;DR: Subacromial impingement syndrome is the most common disorder of the shoulder, resulting in functional loss and disability in the patients that it affects, and evidence exists to support the presence of the anatomical factors of inflammation of the tendons and bursa.
TL;DR: These findings indicate that SRs are extremely ancient and widespread, having diversified from a primordial gene before the origin of bilaterally symmetric animals, and that this ancient receptor had estrogen receptor–like functionality.
Abstract: Receptors for sex and adrenal steroid hormones are absent from fully sequenced invertebrate genomes and have not been recovered from other invertebrates. Here we report the isolation of an estrogen receptor ortholog from the mollusk Aplysia californica and the reconstruction, synthesis, and experimental characterization of functional domains of the ancestral protein from which all extant steroid receptors (SRs) evolved. Our findings indicate that SRs are extremely ancient and widespread, having diversified from a primordial gene before the origin of bilaterally symmetric animals, and that this ancient receptor had estrogen receptor-like functionality. This gene was lost in the lineage leading to arthropods and nematodes and became independent of hormone regulation in the Aplysia lineage.
TL;DR: Children's performance on the eye-movement task was correlated with performance and reaction time on spatial tasks, and both were related to aspects of effortful control and negative affect as measured in children's parent-reported temperament.
Abstract: Studies of temperament from early childhood to adulthood have demonstrated inverse relationships between negative affectivity and effortful control. Effortful control is also positively related to the development of conscience and appears as a protective factor in the development of behavior disorders. In this study, the development of attentional mechanisms underlying effortful control was investigated in 2- to 3-year-old children, as indexed by their performance in a) making anticipatory eye movements to ambiguous locations and b) resolving conflict between location and identity in a spatial conflict task. The ability to make anticipatory eye movements to ambiguous locations within a sequence was clearly present at 24 months. By 30 months, children could also successfully perform a spatial conflict task that introduced conflict between identity and location, and at that age, children's success on ambiguous anticipatory eye movements was related to lower interference from conflict in the spatial conflict task. Children's performance on the eye-movement task was correlated with performance and reaction time on spatial tasks, and both were related to aspects of effortful control and negative affect as measured in children's parent-reported temperament.
TL;DR: In this paper, a Monte Carlo program for calculating three-jet observables at next-to-leading order accuracy is presented. But the authors do not describe the theoretical formalism of such a calculation with sufficient detail.
Abstract: The production of three jets in hadron-hadron collisions is the first complex process which allows us to define a branch of variables in order to make more precise measurements of the strong coupling and the parton distribution function of the proton. This process is also suitable for studying the geometrical properties of the hadronic final state at hadron colliders. This requires a next-to-leading order prediction of the three-jet observables. In this paper we describe the theoretical formalism of such a calculation with sufficient detail. We use the dipole method to construct a Monte Carlo program for calculating three-jet observables at next-to-leading order accuracy. We present a theoretical prediction for inclusive and exclusive cross sections and for some relevant event shape variables such as the transverse thrust, transverse jet broadening, and ${E}_{t3}$ variable.
TL;DR: The authors examined the operating performance and other characteristics of firms that for a five-year period held more than one-fourth of their assets in cash and cash equivalents, and found that high cash holdings are accompanied by greater investment, particularly R&D expenditures, and by greater growth in assets.
Abstract: Conservative financial policies are often criticized as serving the interests of managers rather than the interests of stockholders. We test this argument by examining the operating performance and other characteristics of firms that for a five-year period held more than one-fourth of their assets in cash and cash equivalents. Following the five-year period, operating performance of high cash firms is comparable to or greater than the performance of firms matched by size and industry or by a measure of proclivity to hold substantial cash. In addition, proxies for managerial incentive problems, such as ownership and board characteristics, are not unusual and do not explain differences in operating performance among high cash firms. We find that high cash holdings are accompanied by greater investment, particularly R&D expenditures, and by greater growth in assets. For firms that persistently hold large cash reserves, we conclude that such policies support investment without hindering corporate performance.
TL;DR: Zebularine is a stable DNA demethylating agent and the first drug in its class able to reactivate an epigenetically silenced gene by oral administration.
Abstract: Background: Gene silencing by abnormal methylation of promoter regions of regulatory genes is commonly associated with cancer. Silenced tumor suppressor genes are obvious targets for reactivation by methylation inhibitors such as 5-azacytidine (5-Aza-CR) and 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine (5Aza-CdR). However, both compounds are chemically unstable and toxic and neither can be given orally. We characterized a new demethylating agent, zebularine [1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-2-one], which is a chemically stable cytidine analog. Methods: We tested the ability of zebularine to reactivate a silenced Neurospora crassa gene using a hygromycin gene reactivation assay. We then analyzed the ability of zebularine to inhibit DNA methylation in C3H 10T1/2 Cl8 (10T1/2) mouse embryo cells as assayed by induction of a myogenic phenotype and in T24 human bladder carcinoma cells, using the methylation-sensitive single nucleotide primer extension (Ms-SNuPE) assay. We also evaluated the effects of zebularine (administered orally or intraperitoneally) on growth of EJ6 human bladder carcinoma cells grown in BALB/c nu/nu mice (five mice per group) and the in vivo reactivation of a methylated p16 gene in these cells. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: In N. crassa, zebularine inhibited DNA methylation and reactivated a gene previously silenced by methylation. Zebularine induced the myogenic phenotype in 10T1/2 cells, which is a phenomenon unique to DNA methylation inhibitors. Zebularine reactivated a silenced p16 gene and demethylated its promoter region in T24 bladder carcinoma cells in vitro and in tumors grown in mice. Zebularine was only slightly cytotoxic to T24 cells in vitro (1 mM zebularine for 48 hours decreased plating efficiency by 17% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 12.8% to 21.2%]) and to tumor-bearing mice (average maximal weight change in mice treated with 1000 mg/kg zebularine = 11% [95% CI = 4% to 19%]). Compared with those in control mice, tumor volumes were statistically significantly reduced in mice treated with high-dose zebularine administered by intraperitoneal injection (P<.001) or by oral gavage (P<.001). Conclusions: Zebularine is a stable DNA demethylating agent and the first drug in its class able to reactivate an epigenetically silenced gene by oral administration. [J Natl Cancer Inst 2003;95:399–409]
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors invert 115 differential interferograms derived from 47 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) scenes for a time-dependent deformation signal in the Santa Clara valley, California.
Abstract: [1] We invert 115 differential interferograms derived from 47 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) scenes for a time-dependent deformation signal in the Santa Clara valley, California. The time-dependent deformation is calculated by performing a linear inversion that solves for the incremental range change between SAR scene acquisitions. A nonlinear range change signal is extracted from the ERS InSAR data without imposing a model of the expected deformation. In the Santa Clara valley, cumulative land uplift is observed during the period from 1992 to 2000 with a maximum uplift of 41 ± 18 mm centered north of Sunnyvale. Uplift is also observed east of San Jose. Seasonal uplift and subsidence dominate west of the Silver Creek fault near San Jose with a maximum peak-to-trough amplitude of ∼35 mm. The pattern of seasonal versus long-term uplift provides constraints on the spatial and temporal characteristics of water-bearing units within the aquifer. The Silver Creek fault partitions the uplift behavior of the basin, suggesting that it acts as a hydrologic barrier to groundwater flow. While no tectonic creep is observed along the fault, the development of a low-permeability barrier that bisects the alluvium suggests that the fault has been active since the deposition of Quaternary units.
TL;DR: Results suggest that action regulation by the cingulate gyrus may require the entrainment of multiple structures of the Papez corticolimbic circuit.
Abstract: The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is believed to be involved in the executive control of actions, such as in monitoring conflicting response demands, detecting errors, and evaluating the emotional significance of events. In this study, participants performed a task in which evaluative feedback was delayed, so that it was irrelevant to immediate response control but retained its emotional value as a performance indicator. We found that a medial frontal feedback-related negativity similar to the error-related negativity (ERN) tracked affective response to the feedback and predicted subsequent performance. Source analysis of the feedback-related negativity and ERN revealed a common dorsomedial ACC source and a rostromedial ACC source specific to the ERN. The oscillatory nature of these sources provides further evidence that the ERN reflects ongoing theta activity generated in the mediofrontal regions. These results suggest that action regulation by the cingulate gyrus may require the entrainment of multiple structures of the Papez corticolimbic circuit.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors observed a narrow state near 2.32 GeV/c(2) in the inclusive D(+)(s)pi(0) invariant mass distribution from e(+)e(-) annihilation data at energies near 10.6 GeV.
Abstract: We have observed a narrow state near 2.32 GeV/c(2) in the inclusive D(+)(s)pi(0) invariant mass distribution from e(+)e(-) annihilation data at energies near 10.6 GeV. The observed width is consistent with the experimental resolution. The small intrinsic width and the quantum numbers of the final state indicate that the decay violates isospin conservation. The state has natural spin-parity and the low mass suggests a J(P)=0(+) assignment. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 91 fb(-1) recorded by the BABAR detector at the SLAC PEP-II asymmetric-energy e(+)e(-) storage ring.
Lund University1, Max Planck Society2, University of Alaska Fairbanks3, University of Oregon4, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research5, Komarov Botanical Institute6, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research7, University of Washington8, University of Southampton9, Norwegian University of Science and Technology10, Russian Academy of Sciences11
TL;DR: In this paper, a unified circumpolar classification recognizing five types of tundra was developed, including the position of the forest limit and the distributions of the tundras types, using a small set of plant functional types embedded in the biogeochemistry-biogeography model BIOME4.
Abstract: Large variations in the composition, structure, and function of Arctic ecosystems are determined by climatic gradients, especially of growing-season warmth, soil moisture, and snow cover. A unified circumpolar classification recognizing five types of tundra was developed. The geographic distributions of vegetation types north of 55degreesN, including the position of the forest limit and the distributions of the tundra types, could be predicted from climatology using a small set of plant functional types embedded in the biogeochemistry-biogeography model BIOME4. Several palaeoclimate simulations for the last glacial maximum (LGM) and mid-Holocene were used to explore the possibility of simulating past vegetation patterns, which are independently known based on pollen data. The broad outlines of observed changes in vegetation were captured. LGM simulations showed the major reduction of forest, the great extension of graminoid and forb tundra, and the restriction of low- and high-shrub tundra (although not all models produced sufficiently dry conditions to mimic the full observed change). Mid-Holocene simulations reproduced the contrast between northward forest extension in western and central Siberia and stability of the forest limit in Beringia. Projection of the effect of a continued exponential increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration, based on a transient ocean-atmosphere simulation including sulfate aerosol effects, suggests a potential for larger changes in Arctic ecosystems during the 21st century than have occurred between mid-Holocene and present. Simulated physiological effects of the CO2 increase (to >700 ppm) at high latitudes were slight compared with the effects of the change in climate.
TL;DR: QST is a potentially useful tool for measuring sensory impairment for clinical and research studies, however, it should not be the sole criteria used to diagnose pathology and is not currently useful for the purpose of resolving medicolegal matters.
Abstract: Objective: This assessment evaluates the clinical utility, efficacy, and safety of quantitative sensory testing (QST). Methods: By searching MEDLINE, Current Contents, and their personal files, the authors identified 350 articles. Selected articles utilized computer operated threshold systems, manually operated threshold systems, and electrical threshold devices. The authors evaluated the use of normal values and the degree of reproducibility between the same and different systems. Articles were rated using a standard classification of evidence scheme. Results: Because of differences between systems, normal values from one system cannot be transposed to others. Reproducibility of results was also an important concern, and there is no consensus on how it should be defined. The authors identified no adequately powered class I studies demonstrating the effectiveness of QST in evaluating any particular disorder. A number of class II and III studies demonstrated that QST is probably or possibly useful in identifying small or large fiber sensory abnormalities in patients with diabetic neuropathy, small fiber neuropathies, uremic neuropathies, and demyelinating neuropathy. Conclusions: QST is a potentially useful tool for measuring sensory impairment for clinical and research studies. However, QST results should not be the sole criteria used to diagnose pathology. Because malingering and other nonorganic factors can influence the test results, QST is not currently useful for the purpose of resolving medicolegal matters. Well-designed studies comparing different QST devices and methodologies are needed and should include patients with abnormalities detected solely by QST.
TL;DR: The authors theorize that 2 neurocognitive sequence-learning systems can be distinguished in serial reaction time experiments, one dorsal (parietal and supplementary motor cortex) and the other ventral (temporal and lateral prefrontal cortex), which are relevant to issues of attentional effects on learning.
Abstract: The authors theorize that 2 neurocognitive sequence-learning systems can be distinguished in serial reaction time experiments, one dorsal (parietal and supplementary motor cortex) and the other ventral (temporal and lateral prefrontal cortex). Dorsal system learning is implicit and associates noncategorized stimuli within dimensional modules. Ventral system learning can be implicit or explicit It also allows associating events across dimensions and therefore is the basis of cross-task integration or interference, depending on degree of cross-task correlation of signals. Accordingly, lack of correlation rather than limited capacity is responsible for dual-task effects on learning. The theory is relevant to issues of attentional effects on learning; the representational basis of complex, sequential skills; hippocampal-versus basal ganglia-based learning; procedural versus declarative memory; and implicit versus explicit memory.
TL;DR: The types of decisions that consumers and patients are making, the barriers to using information effectively in choice, and the evidence for the efficacy of different presentation strategies are delineated to propose an initial framework for evaluating and choosing comparative information presentation approaches.
Abstract: ▪ Abstract To make informed choices and navigate within a complex health care system, consumers must have easily available, accurate, and timely information, and they must use it. Contrary to the consumer-driven approach, however, the evidence demonstrates that having an abundance of information does not always translate into its being used to inform choices. The challenge is not merely to communicate accurate information to consumers, but to understand how to present and target that information so that it is actually used in decision-making. This paper reviews what is known from studies of human judgment and decision-making and discusses their implications for supporting informed consumer choice. We delineate the types of decisions that consumers and patients are making, the barriers to using information effectively in choice, and draw upon the evidence for the efficacy of different presentation strategies to propose an initial framework for evaluating and choosing comparative information presentation ap...
TL;DR: The BTB-containing protein MEL-26 is identified as a component required for degradation of MEI-1 in vivo and in vitro, and displays properties of a substrate-specific adaptor in Cul3-based E3-ubiquitin ligases.
Abstract: Many biological processes, such as development and cell cycle progression are tightly controlled by selective ubiquitin-dependent degradation of key substrates. In this pathway, the E3-ligase recognizes the substrate and targets it for degradation by the 26S proteasome. The SCF (Skp1–Cul1–F-box) and ECS (Elongin C–Cul2–SOCS box) complexes are two well-defined cullin-based E3-ligases1, 2, 3. The cullin subunits serve a scaffolding function and interact through their C terminus with the RING-finger-containing protein Hrt1/Roc1/Rbx1, and through their N terminus with Skp1 or Elongin C, respectively. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the ubiquitin-ligase activity of the CUL-3 complex is required for degradation of the microtubule-severing protein MEI-1/katanin at the meiosis-to-mitosis transition4. However, the molecular composition of this cullin-based E3-ligase is not known. Here we identified the BTB-containing protein MEL-26 as a component required for degradation of MEI-1 in vivo. Importantly, MEL-26 specifically interacts with CUL-3 and MEI-1 in vivo and in vitro, and displays properties of a substrate-specific adaptor. Our results suggest that BTB-containing proteins may generally function as substrate-specific adaptors in Cul3-based E3-ubiquitin ligases.
TL;DR: In this article, the degree of association of three specific self-variables (selfefficacy, goal orientation, and fear of failure) with school engagement for high school students was examined.
Abstract: Lack of school engagement among adolescents in this country remains a problem that can have very serious consequences including increased risk for school dropout, substance use, teenage pregnancy, and criminal activity. Clearly, identification of psychological variables (self-variables) of individuals that facilitate or hinder adolescents' levels of school engagement would contribute greatly to the understanding of how to increase adolescents' psychological well-being and their achievement motivation and associated school engagement. The present study examined the degree of association of three specific self-variables (self-efficacy, goal orientation, and fear of failure) with school engagement for high school students. The results and implications for intervention and future research are addressed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 40: 417–427, 2003.
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TL;DR: In this paper, an upper cluster algebra, defined as an intersection of certain Laurent polynomial rings, is proposed and shown to coincide with its upper counterpart and is finitely generated.
Abstract: We continue the study of cluster algebras initiated in math.RT/0104151 and math.RA/0208229. We develop a new approach based on the notion of an upper cluster algebra, defined as an intersection of certain Laurent polynomial rings. Strengthening the Laurent phenomenon from math.RT/0104151, we show that, under an assumption of "acyclicity", a cluster algebra coincides with its "upper" counterpart, and is finitely generated. In this case, we also describe its defining ideal, and construct a standard monomial basis. We prove that the coordinate ring of any double Bruhat cell in a semisimple complex Lie group is naturally isomorphic to the upper cluster algebra explicitly defined in terms of relevant combinatorial data.
TL;DR: In this paper, four challenges to the claim of ecological modernization theory (EMT) that continued modernization is necessary for ecological sustainability are raised. But, they do not address the issues of sustainability.
Abstract: We raise four challenges to the claim of ecological modernization theory (EMT) that continued modernization is necessary for ecological sustainability. First, EMT needs to go beyond merely demonstr...
TL;DR: It is shown that trimethylated H3 Lys9, but not dimethylatedH3 Lys 9, marks chromatin regions for cytosine methylation and that DIM-5 specifically creates this mark.
Abstract: Besides serving to package nuclear DNA, histones carry information in the form of a diverse array of post-translational modifications. Methylation of histones H3 and H4 has been implicated in long-term epigenetic 'memory'. Dimethylation or trimethylation of Lys4 of histone H3 (H3 Lys4) has been found in expressible euchromatin of yeasts and mammals. In contrast, methylation of Lys9 of histone H3 (H3 Lys9) has been implicated in establishing and maintaining the largely quiescent heterochromatin of mammals, yeasts, Drosophila melanogaster and plants. We have previously shown that a DNA methylation mutant of Neurospora crassa, dim-5 (defective in methylation), has a nonsense mutation in the SET domain of an H3-specific histone methyltransferase and that substitutions of H3 Lys9 cause gross hypomethylation of DNA. Similarly, the KRYPTONITE histone methyltransferase is required for full DNA methylation in Arabidopsis thaliana. We used biochemical, genetic and immunological methods to investigate the specific mark for DNA methylation in N. crassa. Here we show that trimethylated H3 Lys9, but not dimethylated H3 Lys9, marks chromatin regions for cytosine methylation and that DIM-5 specifically creates this mark.