Showing papers by "University of Oxford published in 1979"
1,110 citations
01 Jan 1979
981 citations
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TL;DR: In this view, the primary topic of ethics is the concept of right conduct, and the nature and justification of principles of behaviour as mentioned in this paper, whereas the point of engaging in ethical reflection still lies in the interest of the question "How should one live?",1 that question is necessarily approached via the notion of a virtuous person.
Abstract: 1. Presumably the point of, say, inculcating a moral outlook lies in a concern with how people live. It may seem that the very idea of a moral out look makes room for, and requires, the existence of moral theory, conceived as a discipline which seeks to formulate acceptable principles of conduct. It is then natural to think of ethics as a branch of philosophy related to moral theory, so conceived, rather as the philosophy of science is related to science. On this view, the primary topic of ethics is the concept of right conduct, and the nature and justification of principles of behaviour. If there is a place for an interest in the concept of virtue, it is a secondary place. Virtue is a disposi tion (perhaps of a specially rational and self-conscious kind) to behave rightly; the nature of virtue is explained, as it were, from the outside in. My aim is to sketch the outlines of a different view, to be found in the philosophical tradition which flowers in Aristotle's ethics. According to this different view, although the point of engaging in ethical reflection still lies in the interest of the question "How should one live?",1 that question is necessarily approached via the notion of a virtuous person. A conception of right conduct is grasped, as it were, from the inside out.
848 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an attempt is made to remove some of the uncertainty surrounding the sensitivity of an NMR experiment involving human samples, and it is shown that noise may be associated not only with the receiving coil resistance, but also with dielectric and inductive losses in the sample.
761 citations
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TL;DR: The closed-loop properties of various classes of self tuner, convergence concepts and results, and some of the technical problems involved with implementing self tuners on small computers or microprocessors are discussed.
Abstract: Self tuning is an important new branch of control which is attracting increasing theoretical and practical interest. The objective of self tuning is to control systems with unknown constant or slowly varying parameters, so theoretical interest is concerned with the stability, performance and convergence of the recursive algorithms involved, while practical interest derives from its potential as a simple controller commissioning tool, both as a method for controlling time-varying or nonlinear plant over a range of operating points, and for dealing with batch problems where the plant or materials vary over successive batches. This paper summarises and expands previous work on the design of self-tuning controllers. It discusses the closed-loop properties of various classes of self tuner, convergence concepts and results, and some of the technical problems involved with implementing self tuners on small computers or microprocessors.
707 citations
TL;DR: A fraction of la‐like glycoproteins was prepared from rat thymocytes by lentil lectin affinity chromatography and gel filtration in deoxycholate, and the purified Ia glycoprotein partially inhibited the binding to thoracic duct lymphocytes of an alloantiserum which detects Ia antigens linked to the major histocompatibility complex.
Abstract: A fraction of la-like glycoproteins was prepared from rat thymocytes by lentil lectin affinity chromatography and gel filtration in deoxycholate. Spleen cells from mice immunized with this preparation were fused with myeloma cells to produce antibody-secreting hybrid cell lines. Antibody from four lines called MRC OX, 3, 4, 5, 6 reacted with the la-like glycoproteins, and MRC OX 3 antibody recognized an antigenie determinant polymorphic in the rat. All four antibodies also bound to mouse spleen cells and all detected polymorphisms. Studies on recombinant mouse strains suggest that the determinants are coded by the I-A subregion of the H-2 complex. MRC OX 3 correlates with Ia specificity 9, while MRC OX 4, 5, 6 correlate with specificity 17 or 18. MRC OX 4 monoclonal antibody was used for affinity chromatography to purify Ia glycoproteins from rat spleen. The rat Ia glycoprotein complex was composed of two noncovalently linked polypeptide chains of apparent mol. wt. (unreduced) 30 000 and 24 000 as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The purified Ia glycoprotein partially inhibited the binding to thoracic duct lymphocytes of an alloantiserum which detects Ia antigens linked to the major histocompatibility complex. The monoclonal anti-la antibodies bound to the majority of peripheral B lymphocytes and 18% of thymocytes, but did not significantly bind to peripheral T lymphocytes. There were on average 150000 molecules of Ia glycoprotein per la-positive B lymphocyte, and 45 000 molecules per la-positive thymocyte.
From the same fusion, another cell line was prepared called MRC OX 2 which secretes monoclonal antibody to a previously undefined thymus glycoprotein of apparent mol. wt. 60000. Preliminary studies showed that the antigen was expressed on all thymocytes and on peripheral B lymphocytes in smaller amounts. It was also present in brain, but not liver or kidney homogenate.
645 citations
567 citations
TL;DR: It is found that an additional current, if, is activated within the range of voltage where the pacemaker depolarisation occurs: this could be important both in normal pacemaking and in adrenaline-induced acceleration.
Abstract: THE way in which adrenaline acts on the sinoatrial (SA) node to accelerate the heart rate has hitherto been obscure. However, in various other parts of the heart adrenaline increases the slow inward (Ca2+/Na+) current1–4, and voltage-recording experiments have indicated that adrenaline also has this action in the sinus region5–7. In the voltage-clamp experiments reported here, we find that adrenaline does indeed increase the slow inward current in the SA node of the rabbit, but that it also augments the outward current which would tend to decelerate pacemaker depolarisation. We find that an additional current, if, is activated within the range of voltage where the pacemaker depolarisation occurs: this could be important both in normal pacemaking and in adrenaline-induced acceleration.
547 citations
TL;DR: The capacity of these cells to differentiate in vitro is investigated and it is reported here that they are induced by haemin to synthesise large amounts of haemoglobin; preliminary analysis indicates that this is predominantly of the embryonic type.
Abstract: STUDIES of the regulation of human erythropoiesis and haemoglobin synthesis at different phases of development are hampered by the lack of a self-sustaining culture in which erythroid differentiation can be examined, and by difficulties in obtaining erythropoietic tissue in embryonic and early fetal life1. New insights into the regulation of murine erythropoiesis have been obtained by the study of established cultures of erythro-leukaemic cells (Friend cells) which can be induced to differentiate in vitro2. Recently, Andersson et al. 3,4 have reported that the K562 human cell line, obtained from a patient with an acute transformation of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) has properties in common with erythroid cells. In particular, cells of this line contain glycophorin and spectrin in their membranes and synthesise minute amounts of haemoglobin, detectable by radioimmunoassay. We have investigated the capacity of these cells to differentiate in vitro and report here that they are induced by haemin to synthesise large amounts of haemoglobin; preliminary analysis indicates that this is predominantly of the embryonic type.
490 citations
TL;DR: Spleen cells from a BALB/c mouse that had been immunized with human thymocytes were fused with the myeloma line P3‐NS1/1Ag 4.1 and one of the resulting hybrid clones secreted an antibody that was highly specific for humanThymocytes, designated HTA1.
Abstract: Spleen cells from a BALB/c mouse that had been immunized with human thymocytes were fused with the myeloma line P3-NS 1/1 Ag 4.1. One of the resulting hybrid clones (NA 1/34) secreted an antibody that was highly specific for human thymocytes. Eighty-five % of thymocytes expressed the antigen designated HTA1. There were an estimated 15 x 10(4) molecules of HTA 1 per cell, and it is therefore a major surface molecule. The expression of this antigen on thymocytes appears to be reciprocal to HLA, as recognized by another monoclonal antibody W6/32. Immunoprecipitated material from [125I]-labeled thymocyte membranes was analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate which disclosed a single component of 45,000 molecular weight.
TL;DR: It is shown that intraspecific food-stealing is effectively the same behaviour as kleptoparasitism, which is likely to involve frequency-dependent selection and may be an example of an evolutionarily stable strategy.
TL;DR: The fitting of sequenced peptides to a high-resolution X-ray map of phosphoglycerate kinase has yielded the complete sequence and structure of the horse muscle enzyme.
Abstract: The fitting of sequenced peptides to a high-resolution X-ray map of phosphoglycerate kinase has yielded the complete sequence and structure of the horse muscle enzyme. Metal ADP and ATP substrates are bound to one of the two widely separated domains in an environment that seems unsuitable for phosphoglycerate binding. The most plausible binding site for the phosphoglycerate substrate is on the other domain about 10 A from the ATP, which implies the possibility of a large scale hinge-bending of the domains to bring the two substrates together in a water-free environment for catalysis.
TL;DR: It is concluded that protein mobility may play a significant part in biological activity and that X-ray crystallography can contribute to its analysis.
Abstract: The patterns of atomic displacements in the crystals of hen and human lysozyme derived from independent crystallographic refinement are broadly similar. Analysis of the pattern indicates a close correlation with molecular structure, strongly suggestive of intramolecular motion. The active site of lysozyme is located in a region of high displacement. It is concluded that protein mobility may play a significant part in biological activity and that X-ray crystallography can contribute to its analysis.
TL;DR: Iron absorption was strikingly increased and there was a progressive iron loading with increasing age and balance studies indicated that by the time many of these patients reach the third or fourth decades their total iron loads may be of a similar magnitude to those of transfusion-dependent β-thalassaemia homozygotes.
TL;DR: It is shown that BBS also suppresses food intake, and its action with that of CCK is compared.
Abstract: Bombesin (BBS) is a tetradecapeptide originally isolated from amphibian skin1. BBS-like irnmunoactivity is widely distributed in mammalian gut2–5, and plasma levels have been shown to rise sharply following feeding (ref. 6 and V. Erspamer, personal communication). The physiological actions of BBS are unknown. We have previously shown that the classic gut hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) is a powerful and specific suppressor of food intake7–9. Although CCK and BBS lack common amino acid sequences, they have certain common actions on gut viscera10,11. We have now shown that BBS also suppresses food intake, and we compare its action with that of CCK.
TL;DR: The results, together with those of previous studies, suggest that the entire foetus, including its endodermal components, is formed from the primitive ectoderm, and that primitive endoderm forms only extra-embryonicendoderm of the conceptus.
Abstract: Two distinct patterns of chimaerism were found in conceptuses produced by injecting dissociated 4.5-day inner cell mass cells into genetically dissimilar blastocysts. Pattern 1: donor cells were found in the endoderm layer of the visceral yolk sac, but not in the adjacent mesoderm layer of this organ or in the foetus itself. Pattern 2: donor cells were found in the mesoderm layer of the visceral yolk sac and/or foetus, but never in the yolk-sac endoderm as well. Primitive endoderm cells of donor inner cell masses are responsible for the first pattern and primitive ectoderm cells for the second. These results, together with those of previous studies, suggest that the entire foetus, including its endodermal components, is formed from the primitive ectoderm, and that primitive endoderm forms only extra-embryonic endoderm of the conceptus.
TL;DR: The theory of kin selection is much misunderstood as discussed by the authors, and many of the commonest misunderstandings of the theory are discussed in this paper, for example: "Kin selection is a special, complex kind of natural selection, as opposed to 'individual selection'", "Kin Selection is a form of group selection", "All species members share the majority of their genes, so selection should favour universal altruism", "individuals should tend to inbreed, simply because that brings close relatives into the world", "inbreed should bring close relatives to the world" and "
Abstract: Hamilton's theory of kin selection is much misunderstood. This paper lists and refutes 12 of the commonest misunderstandings, for example: “Kin selection is a special, complex kind of natural selection, as opposed to ‘individual selection’”; “Kin selection is a form of group selection”; “All species members share the majority of their genes, so selection should favour universal altruism”; “Kin selection only works for rare genes”; “Individuals should tend to inbreed, simply because that brings close relatives into the world”. The exposing of common errors such as these is a constructive, not a destructive, exercise.
Zusammenfassung
Aus Hamilton's Theorie der Verwandtenselektion (kin selection) wurden verschiedentlich falsche Folgerungen gezogen, und das hat zu Mistrauen gegenuber der Theorie Anlas gegeben. Hier werden — ohne die Mathematik zu bemuhen — zwolf haufige Irrtumer besprochen und richtiggestellt:
(1) Verwandtenselektion ist eine besondere Form der naturlichen Selektion. — (2) Verwandtenselektion ist eine Form der Gruppenselektion. — (3) Verwandtenselektion erfordert erstaunliche Berechnungsfahigkeiten der Tiere. — (4) Ein „Gen fur Altruismus” ist schwer vorstellbar. — (5) Alle Artgenossen haben die Mehrzahl ihrer Gene gemeinsam, also sollte die Selektion einen universellen Altruismus fordern. — (6) Verwandtenselektion funktioniert nur bei seltenen Genen. — (7) Altruismus ist notwendigerweise zu fordern unter genetisch gleichen Klon-Mitgliedern. — (8) Sterile Arbeiterinnen sorgen fureinander, weil sie besonders nah miteinander verwandt sind. — (9) Trivers' Theorie vom Eltern-Kind-Konflikt gilt nicht fur monogame Arten. — (10) Individuen sollten zur Inzucht tendieren, weil das besonders nahe Verwandte in die Welt setzt. — (11) Wenn Verwandtschaft eher probabilistisch exakt erfast ist, dann werden Altruisten diejenigen Verwandten bevorzugen, die ihnen am meisten gleichen. — (12) Tiere sollten ihren Altruismus entsprechend dem jeweiligen Grad der Verwandtschaft auf ihre Verwandten verteilen.
TL;DR: Hadron jets produced in e+e− annihilation between 13 GeV and 31.6 GeV in c.m. energy at PETRA are analyzed in this article, showing that the broadening of the jets is not uniform in azimuthal angle around the quark direction but tends to yield planar events with large and growing transverse momenta in the plane and smaller transverse momentsa normal to the plane.
TL;DR: The chemiosmotic and local proton hypotheses are tested and results from the measurement of chromatophores and submitochondrial particles suggest that the proton-proton coupling in electron transport phosphorylation is driven by proton starvation.
TL;DR: The Tversky-Kahneman argument is based on the assumption that the human mind has only one legitimate framework within which to reason about uncertain predictions, i.e., the calculus of chance.
TL;DR: It was found that when an electromagnetically operated wide-aperture shutter opened to reveal food or non-food objects, hypothalamic neurones responded with a latency of 150--200 msec to the food objects, and did not respond to the non- food objects.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used land rents as a measure of the benefits from public goods and concluded that competitive attainability of a Pareto optimal distribution of economic activity is NP-hard.
Abstract: I. An example, 473.—II. The generality of the Henry George Theorem, 477.—III. On using land rents as a measure of the benefits from public goods, 490.—IV. Competitive attainability of a Pareto optimal distribution of economic activity, 496.—V. Concluding comments, 498.
TL;DR: A monoclonal anti‐β2‐microglobulin antibody was produced by cell fusion between the mouse myeloma, P3‐X 63‐Ag8, and spleen cells from a BALB/c mouse immunized with Molt 4, a human T cell line, and was cytotoxic in complement‐dependent lysis and of the IgG class.
Abstract: A monoclonal anti-beta 2-microglobulin (BBM.1 antibody) was produced by cell fusion between the mouse myeloma, P3-X63-Ag8, and spleen cells from a BALB/c mouse immunized with Molt 4, a human T cell line. BBM.1 antibody was fully inhibited by soluble beta 2-microglobulin and purified HLA-A, B antigens and reacted with human-mouse somatic cell hybrids only if they had chromosome 15 and expressed human beta 2-microglobulin. It was cytotoxic in complement-dependent lysis and of the IgG class. BBM.1 and a monoclonal anti-HLA-A, B, C glycoprotein antibody, W6/32 (Barnstable, C. J. et al., Cell 1978. 14:9.), were used to quantitate relative amounts of beta 2-microglobulin and HLA-A, B, C glycoproteins on different human cell types. Thymocytes and the Molt 4 cell line showed a considerable excess of beta 2-microglobulin over HLA-A, B, C glycoproteins, as measured by W6/32 reactivity. B cell lines, peripheral blood lymphocytes, fibroblasts, a HeLa cell derivative, and HSB2, another T cell line, had equal amounts. Immunological cross-reactions between HLA-A, B, C antigens and beta 2-microglobulin and their homologues in other species were detected with the BBM.1 and W6/32 antibodies. The W6/32 antigenic determinant appears to be more highly conserved than that recognized by the BBM.1 antibody.
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TL;DR: Three experiments examined the effects of aging on comprehension of spoken language and showed that old subjects were less well able to extract and retain gist information than younger subjects, interpreted as reflecting a limitation in processing capacity.
TL;DR: The authors compared the two types of processing in four different ways, for stimuli with many and with few local elements (i.e., differing sparsities) and found that global processing precedes local processing of a visual scene even when the local and the global aspects are similar in nature (e.g., both alphabetic).
Abstract: It has recently been proposed that global processing precedes local processing of a visual scene even when the local and the global aspects are similar in nature (e.g., both alphabetic). The two types of processing were compared here in four different ways, for stimuli with many and with few local elements (i.e., differing sparsities). These methods consisted of assessing naming latency, intrastimulus Stroop-like interference, intermodality Stroop-like interference, and phenomenal judgment. The results of four experiments were consistent in demonstrating global processing priority for many-lement stimuli but local processing priority for few-element stimuli.
TL;DR: Comparison of subjects with and without diverticular disease in the vegetarian and non-vegetarian groups provided some further evidence that a low intake of cereal fibre is associated with the presence of diverticular Disease.