Showing papers by "University of Oxford published in 1982"
TL;DR: It is reported that, in addition to a spatial discrimination impairment, total hippocampal lesions also cause a profound and lasting placenavigational impairment that can be dissociated from correlated motor, motivational and reinforcement aspects of the procedure.
Abstract: Electrophysiological studies have shown that single cells in the hippocampus respond during spatial learning and exploration1–4, some firing only when animals enter specific and restricted areas of a familiar environment. Deficits in spatial learning and memory are found after lesions of the hippocampus and its extrinsic fibre connections5,6 following damage to the medial septal nucleus which successfully disrupts the hippocampal theta rhythm7, and in senescent rats which also show a correlated reduction in synaptic enhancement on the perforant path input to the hippocampus8. We now report, using a novel behavioural procedure requiring search for a hidden goal, that, in addition to a spatial discrimination impairment, total hippocampal lesions also cause a profound and lasting placenavigational impairment that can be dissociated from correlated motor, motivational and reinforcement aspects of the procedure.
6,143 citations
TL;DR: A questionnaire measure of self-reported failures in perception, memory, and motor function, the most plausible view is that cognitive failure makes a person vulnerable to showing bad effects of stress, rather than itself resulting from stress.
Abstract: This paper describes a questionnaire measure of self-reported failures in perception, memory, and motor function. Responses to all questions tend to be positively correlated, and the whole questionnaire correlates with other recent measures of self-reported deficit in memory, absent-mindedness, or slips of action. The questionnaire is however only weakly correlated with indices of social desirability set or of neuroticism. It is significantly correlated with ratings of the respondent by his or her spouse, and accordingly does have some external significance rather than purely private opinion of the self. The score is reasonably stable over long periods, to about the same extent as traditional measures of trait rather than state. Furthermore, it has not thus far been found to change in persons exposed to life-stresses. However, it does frequently correlate with the number of current psychiatric symptoms reported by the same person on the MHQ; and in one study it has been found that CFQ predicts subsequent MHQ in persons who work at a stressful job in the interval. It does not do so in those who work in a less stressful environment. The most plausible view is that cognitive failure makes a person vulnerable to showing bad effects of stress, rather than itself resulting from stress.
2,491 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the Yang-Mills functional over a Riemann surface is studied from the point of view of Morse theory, and the main result is that this is a perfect 9 functional provided due account is taken of its gauge symmetry.
Abstract: The Yang-Mills functional over a Riemann surface is studied from the point of view of Morse theory. The main result is that this is a ‘perfect9 functional provided due account is taken of its gauge symmetry. This enables topological conclusions to be drawn about the critical sets and leads eventually to information about the moduli space of algebraic bundles over the Riemann surface. This in turn depends on the interplay between the holomorphic and unitary structures, which is analysed in detail.
2,298 citations
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: This paper is a rough precis of a recent book concerned with the question: what are the brain structures which mediate the psychology as well as the neurology of anxiety?
Abstract: This paper is a rough precis of a recent book (GRAY, 1982). It is concerned with the question: what are the brain structures which mediate the psychology as well as the neurology of anxiety? It is clear that, once you start asking questions about the brain, you have to work with animals for reasons that are familiar to everybody. But it is very difficult to start studying emotions in animals, because it is difficult to know what emotions animals experience and whether these are the same as the human emotions. So the first thing one has to look for is a kind of crutch or bridge to get you across from the human domain on one side to the animal domain on the other. Now in the case of anxiety we are quite fortunate in that there are certain drugs which are clinically very effective in controlling anxiety in human subjects. So one can take those drugs and apply them to animals to study their behavioral effects.
1,810 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1982TL;DR: GRAY as mentioned in this paper discusses the brain structures which mediate the psychology as well as the neurology of anxiety in animals and proposes a kind of crutch or bridge to get across from the human domain on one side to the animal domain on the other.
Abstract: This paper is a rough precis of a recent book (GRAY, 1982). It is concerned with the question: what are the brain structures which mediate the psychology as well as the neurology of anxiety? It is clear that, once you start asking questions about the brain, you have to work with animals for reasons that are familiar to everybody. But it is very difficult to start studying emotions in animals, because it is difficult to know what emotions animals experience and whether these are the same as the human emotions. So the first thing one has to look for is a kind of crutch or bridge to get you across from the human domain on one side to the animal domain on the other. Now in the case of anxiety we are quite fortunate in that there are certain drugs which are clinically very effective in controlling anxiety in human subjects. So one can take those drugs and apply them to animals to study their behavioral effects.
1,804 citations
TL;DR: Findings indicate that explanations in terms of arousal, emotional or motor reactions, simple visual feature sensitivity or receptive fields are insufficient to account for the selective responses to faces and face features observed in this population of STS neurones.
Abstract: Of 497 single neurones recorded in the cortex in the fundus of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) of three alert rhesus monkeys, a population of at least 48 cells which were selectively responsive to faces had the following response properties: (1) The cells' responses to faces (real or projected, human or rhesus monkey) were two to ten times as large as those to gratings, simple geometrical stimuli or complex 3-D objects. (2) Neuronal responses to faces were excitatory, sustained and were time-locked to the stimulus presentation with a latency of between 80 and 160 ms. (3) The cells were unresponsive to auditory or tactile stimuli and to the sight of arousing or aversive stimuli. (4) The magnitude of the responses of 28 cells tested was relatively constant despite transformations, such as rotation, so that the face was inverted or horizontal, and alterations of colour, size or distance. (5) Rotation to profile substantially reduced the responses of 21 cells (31 tested). (6) Masking out or presenting parts of the face (i.e. eyes, mouth or hair) in isolation revealed that different cells responded to different features or subsets of features. (7) For several cells, responses to the normal organisation of cut-out or line-drawn facial features were significantly larger than to jumbled controls. These findings indicate that explanations in terms of arousal, emotional or motor reactions, simple visual feature sensitivity or receptive fields are insufficient to account for the selective responses to faces and face features observed in this population of STS neurones. It appears that these neurones are part of a system specialised to code for faces or features present in faces, and it is suggested that damage to this system is related to prosopagnosia, or difficulty in face recognition, in man and to the tameness and social disturbances which follow temporal lobe damage and are part of the Kluver-Bucy syndrome in the monkey.
1,304 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that the increase in T-1(2) with increasing blood deoxygenation arises from diffusion of water through these field gradients, which increases the volume magnetic susceptibility within the erythrocytes and thus creates local fieldgradients around these cells.
1,100 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the adjoint action of G on its Lie algebra L(G) was considered and it was shown that W-orbits in L(T) correspond to G-orbit in L (G).
Abstract: The converse was proved by A. Horn [5], so that all points in this convex hull occur as diagonals of some matrix A with the given eigenvalues. Kostant [7] generalized these results to any compact Lie group G in the following manner. We consider the adjoint action of G on its Lie algebra L(G). If T is a maximal torus of G and W its Weyl group, then it is well known that W-orbits in L(T) correspond to G-orbits in L(G). Now fix a G-invariant metric on L(G), so that we can define orthogonal projection. Then Kostant's result isf
1,068 citations
TL;DR: The high rate of CO2 production from butyrate should be a worthwhile means of examining the functional activity of the colonic mucosa clinically and in vivo.
1,061 citations
TL;DR: An operational antigenic map of the hemagglutinin of influenza virus A/PR/8/34 indicates the presence of five immunodominant antigenic regions exhibiting various degrees of operational linkage.
993 citations
TL;DR: The buffered picric acid paraformaldehyde fixative has been supplemented with glutaraldehyde and used as primary fixative for the perfusion of rat brains and it is suggested that the procedure may be useful for electron-microscopic sampling of immunoreactive structures occurring infrequently over a large area or for the electron- microscopically classified neurons.
TL;DR: The amino acid sequences of mouse brain Thy-1 glycoproteins are shown to be homologous to those of variable-region immunoglobulin domains, and preliminary evidence for an invertebrate Thy- 1 homolog supports this possibility.
Abstract: The amino acid sequences of mouse brain Thy-1 glycoproteins are shown to be homologous to those of variable-region immunoglobulin domains. There is also good homology with constant domains and beta 2-microglobulin; overall the results suggest that Thy-1 may be like the primordial immunoglobulin domain. Preliminary evidence for an invertebrate Thy-1 homolog supports this possibility.
TL;DR: The authors pointed out that there has been little theoretical analysis of the behaviour of trade unions, and that the problem of trade union analysis has proved to be virtually intractable, and pointed out the need for theoretical explanations of unions' behaviour.
Abstract: Professional interest in the economics of trade unions seems to be re-awakening. Yet a fairly recent survey article, Johnson (1975), points out that there has been little theoretical analysis of the behaviour of trade unions. ’The problem’, in Johnson’s words, ’ ... has proved to be virtually intractable’.
TL;DR: It is reported that Chara cells have a low free Ca2+ concentration, comparable with those of animal cells, and that action potentials which inhibit cytoplasmic streaming increase this Ca2- concentration substantially.
Abstract: Plant cells, like those of animals, contain the Ca2+-binding protein calmodulin1–4. By analogy with animal cells it has thus been suggested that the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration may have an important role in the regulation of plant cell activities. This suggestions has been supported by various physiological experiments, but so far direct evidence, invol ving measurements of intracellular Ca2+ levels, has not been obtained. We describe here measurements of intracellular Ca2+ in the giant alga Chara by microinjection of the protein aequorin, which emits blue light in proportion to Ca2+ concentration. Chara exhibit an ATP-dependent cytoplasmic streaming shown to be inhibited by Ca2+ (refs 5, 6). We report that Chara cells have a low free Ca2+ concentration, comparable with those of animal cells, and that action potentials which inhibit cytoplasmic streaming7 increase this Ca2+ concentration substantially.
TL;DR: An attempt is made to account for the ability of severely amnesic patients to learn and retain certain tasks but not others, and it is suggested that at the functional level, a "cognitive mediational memory system" and a semantic memory system are disconnected in the amnesia patient.
TL;DR: Using the holomorphic geometry of the space of straight lines in Euclidean 3-space, it was shown in this article that every static monopole of chargek can be constructed canonically from an algebraic curve by means of the Atiyah-Ward Ansatz π(A_k) π-approximation.
Abstract: Using the holomorphic geometry of the space of straight lines in Euclidean 3-space, it is shown that every static monopole of chargek may be constructed canonically from an algebraic curve by means of the Atiyah-Ward Ansatz\(A_k \).
TL;DR: Changes in the shape of food led to a specific decrease in the pleasantness of the shape eaten and to a significant enhancement of food intake when three shapes were offered compared with intake of the subject's favorite shape.
TL;DR: A rat Ia (RT‐1B) antigen equivalent to the mouse I‐A product has been defined with mouse monoclonal antibodies and an IgG antibody was obtained and used to purify a molecule which had a similar structure to the Ia‐A antigen and reacted with anti‐Ia alloantibodies.
Abstract: A rat Ia (RT-1B) antigen (called Ia-A) equivalent to the mouse I-A product has been defined with mouse monoclonal antibodies (W. R. McMaster and A. F. Williams, Eur. J. Immunol. 1979. 9: 426). To identify other Ia antigens mouse monoclonal antibodies were raised against rat spleen glycoproteins depleted of the Ia-A antigen. An IgG antibody (called MRC OX17) was obtained and used to purify a molecule which had a similar structure to the Ia-A antigen and reacted with anti-Ia alloantibodies. There was no cross-reaction between the two Ia glycoproteins in assays with mouse monoclonal antibodies, alloantibodies or rabbit antibodies. In one alloantiserum almost all the detectable anti-Ia antibodies reacted with a mixture of the two Ia glycoproteins. The MRC OX17 antibody did not bind to mouse cells, but rabbit antibodies to the pure rat glycoprotein cross-reacted and recognized determinants mapping to the mouse I-E region. In the thymus the rat Ia-E antigen was on cortical epithelial and medullary reticular cells. An IgG monoclonal antibody (MRC OX18) to isotypic determinants of rat histocompatibility RT-1A antigens was also produced and used to analyze these antigens on thymus cells. The heavily labeled thymocytes were those with characteristics of mature T lymphocytes. Cortical epithelial cells and medullary dendritic-like cells were also RT-1A positive.
TL;DR: It is shown here that the dendrites of ganglion cells around the depleted area are preferentially directed towards this region, and it is suggested that during normal development, dendrite compete for their afferents.
Abstract: At present little is known of the rules regulating dendritic morphology. Several studies have demonstrated that the shape of the dendritic tree depends on its afferent supply1,2. The ganglion cells of the retina provide a particularly useful cell type for the study of neurone development as they develop independently of afferents from other brain regions. If the ganglion cells alone are destroyed in a small patch of the developing retina, it is possible to examine how the absence of neighbouring neurones of the same type influences the development of the ganglion cells around the depleted area. The development of the normal laminar pattern of the retina is not disturbed by the loss of these cells3. We show here that the dendrites of ganglion cells around the depleted area are preferentially directed towards this region. The orientation of ganglion cell dendrites is strongly influenced by neighbouring cells and we suggest that during normal development, dendrites compete for their afferents.
TL;DR: In this paper, the nature of the microscopic stress tensor in an inhomogeneous fluid is discussed, with emphasis on the statistical mechanics of drops, and a particular radial distortion of a drop leads to statistical mechanical expressions for the pressure difference across the surface of the drop.
Abstract: The nature of the microscopic stress tensor in an inhomogeneous fluid is discussed, with emphasis on the statistical mechanics of drops. Changes in free energy for isothermal deformations of a fluid are expressible as volume integrals of the stress tensor ‘times’ a strain tensor. A particular radial distortion of a drop leads to statistical mechanical expressions for the pressure difference across the surface of the drop. We find that the stress tensor is not uniquely defined by the microscopic laws embodying the conservation of momentum and angular momentum and that the ambiguity remains in the ensemble average, or pressure tensor, in regions of inhomogeneity. This leads to difficulties in defining statistical mechanical expressions for the surface tension of a drop.
TL;DR: It is concluded that the presence of axo-axonic cells in all the species and cortical areas examined suggests their association with the structural design of pyramidal cells, wherever the latter occur, and with their participation in the information processing of pyramsidal cells.
TL;DR: In this paper, the first of a set of three review papers on the flow of granular materials is presented, where the experimental results for hopper discharge rates and the correlations of these results are discussed.
TL;DR: It is suggested that infants in the first year of life are sensitive to certain spatiotemporal event configurations and that this sensitivity could be regarded as at least a required component of a perception of causality.
Abstract: The problem of the origins of the perception of causality in infancy has received relatively little attention in the literature despite its obvious importance. Two experiments with infants 4 1/2 and 8 months old are reported which seek to investigate sensitivity to spatiotemporal continuity in simple causal events with a differential dishabituation-of-looking technique. In the first experiment inanimate events of the familiar 'billiard-ball launching' type were used, while in the second animate events involving a hand/object pick-up were presented. The results suggest that both age groups of infants were sensitive to certain changes in spatiotemporal continuity in both types of event, although in the case of the inanimate stimuli the younger infants reacted less positively. It is suggested that infants in the first year of life are sensitive to certain spatiotemporal event configurations and that this sensitivity could be regarded as at least a required component of a perception of causality.
TL;DR: Autoxidizing cysteine disrupts the integrity of hepatocytes causing release of glutathione, adenosine triphosphate and lactate dehydrogenase indicating that it is of little use as a therapeutic agent.
TL;DR: It is found that Ro 15-1788 not only opposes the actions of BDZs but also is an effective antagonist of β-CCE in both systems, suggesting that it may be a partial agonist at the BDZ receptor site.
Abstract: Two compounds have recently been described which act as potent benzodiazepine (BDZ) antagonists in vivo and which, in vitro, show high affinity and selectivity for the BDZ receptor of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). One, ethyl β-carboline-3-carboxylate (β-CCE), was extracted from human urine and may be related to an endogenous ligand for the BDZ receptor1–3. It reverses the effects of BDZs in vivo4,5 and in vitro6, but also has intrinsic activity, as it lowers the seizure threshold to drugs antagonistic to the action of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)5,7. The other compound, an imidazodiazepine (Ro 15-1788), which is also a potent and specific antagonist of BDZ binding in vivo and in vitro8, blocked the sedative, hypnotic and anticonvulsant actions of conventional BDZs, without demonstrating any intrinsic activity9,10. Because of the different profiles of action of these two BDZ ‘antagonists’, we have here investigated their interactions in two well established systems for assessing BDZ activity: seizure thresholds in vivo11 and the action of GABA on cervical sympathetic ganglia in vitro12. We find that Ro 15-1788 not only opposes the actions of BDZs but also is an effective antagonist of β-CCE in both systems. At high doses it has BDZ-like activity, suggesting that it may be a partial agonist at the BDZ receptor site.
TL;DR: Comparison of the human zeta- and alpha-globin gene sequences reveals that the embryonic and adult alpha-like genes began to diverge from each other relatively early in vertebrate evolution.