Showing papers by "University of Pennsylvania published in 1979"

Cognitive Therapy of Depression

Abstract: 1. An Overview 2. The Role of Emotions in Cognitive Therapy 3. The Therapeutic Relationship: Application to Cognitive Therapy 4. Structure of the Therapeutic Interview 5. The Initial Interview 6. Session by Session Treatment: A Typical Course of Therapy 7. Application of Behavioral Techniques 8. Cognitive Techniques 9. Focus on Target Symptoms 10. Specific Techniques for the Suicidal Patient 11. Interview with a Depressed Suicidal Patient 12. Depressogenic Assumptions 13. Integration of Homework into Therapy 14. Technical Problems 15. Problems Related to Termination and Relapse 16. Group Cognitive Therapy for Depressed Patients Steven D. Hollon and Brian F. Shaw 17. Cognitive Therapy and Antidepressant Medications 18. Outcome Studies of Cognitive Therapy Appendix: Materials *The Beck Inventory *Scale for Suicide Ideation *Daily Record of Dysfunctional Thoughts *Competency Checklist for Cognitive Therapists *Possible Reasons for Not Doing Self-Help Assignments *Research Protocol for Outcome Study at Center for Cognitive Therapy *Further Materials and Technical Aids

Solitons in polyacetylene

Abstract: We present a theoretical study of soliton formation in long-chain polyenes, including the energy of formation, length, mass, and activation energy for motion. The results provide an explanation of the mobile neutral defect observed in undoped ${(\mathrm{CH})}_{x}$. Since the soliton formation energy is less than that needed to create band excitation, solitons play a fundamental role in the charge-transfer doping mechanism.

Weak Interaction Singlet and Strong CP Invariance

Abstract: Strong $\mathrm{CP}$ invariance is automatically preserved by a spontaneously broken chiral ${\mathrm{U}(1)}_{4}$ symmetry. A weak-interaction singlet heavy quark $Q$, a new scalar meson ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{0}$, and a very light axion are predicted. Phenomenological implications are also included.

The Future of Operational Research is Past

Abstract: After a brief discussion of the diagnoses of others of OR's ailments, a detailed examination is made of the impacts of academic OR on its practice. These impacts include the dispersion of OR in organizations, the displacement of OR workers, and the dissolution of its interdisciplinarity. Then the changes in OR's environment which should have evoked adaptive responses from it, but didn't, are considered. The increasing inappropriateness of OR's methodology is discussed by focusing on the deficiencies of its concept and practice of optimization, and its pursuit of objectivity. These deficiencies, it is argued, can only be overcome by a comprehensive reconceptualization of the field, its methodology, the way it is practised, and the way students are educated to practise it.

Social Network Analysis For Organizations

Abstract: This article introduces the social network approach — its origins, key concepts, and methods. We argue for its use in organizational settings and apply the network approach in a comparative analysis of two organizations.

Microdetermination of Phosphorus

Abstract: Several different procedures are recommended for the determination of total phosphorus in biologic samples. The method described here has the greatest sensitivity, being able to demonstrate the presence of 0.10 μg phosphorus per ml. It is based on the reduction of phosphomolybdate complex with ascorbic acid. The procedure described here is essentially identical to the method published by Chen, Toribara and Warner (1956).

Retinotopic organization of areas 18 and 19 in the cat

Abstract: The location and retinotopic organization of areas 18 and 19 in cat cortex were determined using electrophysiological mapping techniques. These two areas each contain a single representation of the visual hemifield and each has a distinctive cytoarchitecture. The visual hemifield representations in these two areas are nearly mirror images of each other. Compared to area 17, areas 18 and 19 have less cortical surface area, have a lower cortical magnification factor, contain less of the visual field and contain second order instead of first order transformations of the visual hemifield. An unusual asymmetry was found between the representations of the upper and lower visual quadrants not seen before in maps of other areas of cat or other species. A considerable amount of variability in the retinotopic organization of these two areas was found among cats.

Implications of Malnutrition in the Surgical Patient

Abstract: • The substantial prevalence of malnutrition in the hospitalized patient population has only been recently recognized. Preoperative nutritional and immunological assessment was performed prospectively on admission in 64 consecutive surgical patients. Factors measured included weight loss, triceps skinfold, midarm muscle circumference, creatinine-height index, serum albumin level, serum transferrin level, total lymphocyte count, serum complement level, serum immunoelectrophoresis, lymphocyte T rosettes formation, neutrophil migration, and delayed hypersensitivity. Using these criteria for malnutrition, 97% of the patients had at least one abnormal measurement and 35% had at least three abnormal measurements. Patients were monitored for complications during their hospital course. Serum albumin level, serum transferrin level, and delayed hypersensitivity reactions were the only accurate prognostic indicators of postoperative morbidity and mortality. Substantial unrecognized malnutrition exists in the surgical patient population. An isolated indicator of malnutrition should be interpreted with caution. The visceral protein compartment (serum albumin and serum transferrin levels and delayed hypersensitivity) is the most accurate prognostic indicator of postoperative morbidity and mortality. Perioperative nutritional support may reduce operative morbidity and mortality in the malnourished operative candidate. ( Arch Surg 114:121-125, 1979)

Image Analysis of Human Motion Using Constraint Propagation

Abstract: A system capable of analyzing image sequences of human motion is described. The system is structured as a ·feedback loop between high and low levels: predictions are made at the semantic level, and verifications are sought at the image level. The domain of human motion lends itself to a model-driven analysis, and the system includes a detailed model of the human body. All information extracted from the image is interpreted through a constraint network based on the structure of the human model. A constraint propagation operator is defined and its theoretical,properties developed. An implementation of this operator is described, and results of the analysis system for a short image sequence are presented.

Biochemistry and metabolism of basement membranes.

Abstract: Publisher Summary Basement membranes or basal laminae are ubiquitous in the vertebrate and invertebrate world and constitute important structural and functional extracellular matrices. Basement membranes are composed of fine fibrils, 40–60 A in diameter, arranged randomly in a granular matrix. Three general functions are ascribed to basement membranes: they (1) act as a semipermeable filter, (2) provide support, and (3) serve as a boundary between cell types or between cell layers and the underlying connective tissue. Basement membranes are insoluble in buffers at neutral pH, although small amounts of material can be brought into solution with acid buffers. Complete solubilization can be accomplished by reduction and alkylation in the presence of denaturant or after limited proteolysis. Collagen molecules are present in basement membranes. These apparently exist as triple-helical procollagen molecules composed of identical pro-α chains. Collagenous peptides equivalent in size to α chains can be isolated from digests of basement membranes. Noncollagenous glycoproteins are present in the matrix of most basement membranes; they are linked to the procollagen molecules via disulfide bonds and lysine- or hydroxylysine-derived cross-links.

Broken-symmetric theory of gravity

Abstract: A theory of gravity incorporating the concept of spontaneous symmetry breaking is proposed. It is suggested that the same symmetry-breaking mechanism is responsible for breaking a unified gauge theory into strong, weak, and electromagnetic interactions.

Resurrecting the Future of Operational Research

Abstract: An alternative paradigm to that currently used in OR is proposed, one based on imbedding problem solving in planning. The operating principles and content required of an appropriate type of planning are presented, and the role and advantages of redesigning the system planned for are considered in some detail. Then the practice of OR is examined with suggestions made for fundamental changes in the relationship between servers and served, for returning to interdisciplinarity, and for involvement in the research of all those affected by it. A redesign of the role of professional societies is also proposed. Finally, a radical transformation of the way OR is taught and learned is described.

Operator Analysis of Nucleon Decay

Abstract: The operator structure of the effective Hamiltonian mediating nucleon decay is analyzed. Selection rules diagnostic of the underlying superunified theories are derived. A kinship hypothesis important in analyzing nucleon decay is formulated and tests of it are proposed.

Origin of the nonlinear second-order optical susceptibilities of organic systems

Abstract: An all-valence-electron self-consistent-field linear-combination-of-atomic-orbitals molecular-orbital procedure including configuration interactions for calculating the magnitude and sign of the nonlinear second-order molecular susceptibility components (hyperpolarizability) for substituted dipolar aromatic molecular systems is reported. Three fundamentally important examples, aniline, nitrobenzene, and $p$-nitroaniline, are considered. Analysis of the microscopic origin of their molecular second-order susceptibilities provides a direct means for understanding the macroscopic nonlinear optical response of organic molecular solids which have already been observed to possess exceptional nonlinear optical properties. The important excited states of aniline, nitrobenzene, and $p$-nitroaniline have been identified and examined in their relationship with the molecular second-order susceptibility-tensor components ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{\mathrm{ijk}}$. The detailed nature of the charge separation accompanying these states has been discussed in terms of both the configurations composing the excited states, and also the one-electron molecular orbitals which determine those configurations. These results demonstrate how the bond-additivity approximation is inappropriate for $p$-nitroaniline. Finally, the frequency dependence of the ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{\mathrm{ijk}}$ components in each case shows that the Kleinman relations are valid approximations only at relatively low frequencies.

Endometrial cancer and estrogen use. Report of a large case-control study.

Abstract: Our case-control study of the relation between estrogen use and endometrial cancer involved 451 cases and 888 controls. The overall risk of endometrial carcinoma was sixfold for estrogen users as compared with nonusers; long-term users (greater than five years) had a 15-fold risk. Excess risk was present for both diethylstilberstrol and conjugated estrogens. The risk associated with cyclic use was as great as that for continuous use. Increased risk was associated with estrogen use for all histologic grades of the tumor. The risk of advanced-stage carcinoma was fourfold for estrogen users, but rhe confidence interval was wide, and this question requires further study. Finally, this investigation contradicts the speculation that the association between this cancer and estrogen use can be explained by swifter diagnosis for estrogen users, misclassification of estrogen-related hyperplasia or treatment of early symptoms of the tumor with estrogen.

Adaptation, constraint, and compromise in avian postnatal development.

Abstract: Summary 1. This paper discusses factors that influence the evolution of growth rate and determine its variation among species of birds. Growth rate is related to evolutionary fitness through the use of time, energy, and nutrients. In addition, balances between factors favouring rapid growth and those favouring slow growth may be investigated directly by experiment and by comparative observation. 2. David Lack (1968) proposed that the growth rate of the young is the optimum balance between selection for rapid growth to reduce the vulnerable period of development and selection for slow growth to reduce the energy requirements of the young. 3. To test Lack's hypothesis, the growth rates of birds, estimated by fitting sigmoid equations to curves relating weight to age, were surveyed widely from the literature. Among all species examined, growth rate was inversely related to adult weight. Among birds of similar size, most variation in growth rate was related to the degree of maturity of the neonate. Altricial chicks, which depend upon their parents for food and warmth, grow more rapidly than precocial chicks, which are self-sufficient shortly after hatching. Lack's hypothesis, which predicts a direct relationship between growth rate and mortality rate, was not supported. 4. I propose that the key to understanding variation in growth rate among birds lies in the balance between rate of cell proliferation or cell growth, on one hand, and acquisition of mature function, on the other. This idea is consistent with principles of cellular and developmental biology. It is supported by comparisons of (a) the neonates of different species, (b) the individual over the course of the developmental period, and (c) tissues whose use is acquired at different stages of development, wherein more mature individuals or tissues grow more slowly than those with less developed function. 5. Species of birds that are classified as semi-precocial develop precocially but grow rapidly. Although these seemingly violate the general rule relating growth rate to precocity, a closer inspection of their development reveals that they too support the rule. In the Common Tern, the legs, which are the key organ in precocial development, grow at the expected slow rate. The body as a whole grows rapidly because the growth increment of the legs is small and their growth is completed quickly. 6. Growth rates of precocial birds do not decrease abruptly at hatching. This points more to gradual tissue differentiation than to the pattern of procurement and allocation of energy as the primary control for growth rate. 7. Precocious development is favoured when the chicks are capable of self-feeding or when food supplies are distant from the next site and travelling time between one and the other is long. Precocity of the neonates frees both parents to feed at a distant food source. 8. Some species having diets with low levels of protein or other nutrients may grow slowly in order to match nutrient requirements to their availability in the diet. This pattern is indicated especially among the Procellariiformes, which feed an oily diet to their young, and also among tropical fruit-eating birds. 9. Some tropical, pelagically-feeding sea-birds that rear only one offspring at a time may not be able to procure food sufficient to support rapid chick growth. Alternative explanations for slow growth among these species include difficulty in obtaining essential nutrients and more precocious development of activity than in related species having more rapid growth.

Cholecystokinin octapeptide: continuous picomole injections into the cerebral ventricles of sheep suppress feeding.

Abstract: Cholecystokinin octapeptide decreased food intake in a dose-related manner when injected continuously into the lateral cerebral ventricles of sheep that had been deprived of food for 2, 4, 8, or 24 hours In sheep deprived of food for 2 hours, as little as 001 picomole per minute suppressed feeding 35 percent 1 hour after beginning injection Pentagastrin also decreased feeding in the 2-hour group, but only at a much higher dose range Secretin had no effect These findings support the hypothesis that cholecystokinin octapeptide acts on central nervous system structures that are involved in control of food intake

On Strategic Assumption-Making: A Dialectical Approach to Policy and Planning

Abstract: This article attempts to develop a new methodology for dealing with ill-structured (i.e., ill-defined, messy) organizational problems, arguing that conflict, assumption surfacing, and assumption challenging are central to such a methodology. As such, the methodology for ill-structured problems is very different from that for well-structured ones. The methodology is illustrated through the analysis of an actual case.

An Alternative Conceptualization of Political Tolerance: Illusory Increases 1950s–1970s

Abstract: This article proposes an alternative conceptualization of political tolerance, a new measurement strategy consistent with that conceptualization, and some new findings based upon this measurement strategy. Briefly put, we argue that tolerance presumes a political objection to a group or to an idea, and if such an objection does not arise, neither does the problem of tolerance. Working from this understanding, we argue that previous efforts to measure tolerance have failed because they have asked respondents about groups preselected by the investigators. Those groups selected as points of reference in measuring tolerance have generally been of a leftist persuasion. Our measurement strategy allowed respondents themselves to select a political group to which they were strongly opposed. They were then asked a series of questions testing the extent to which they were prepared to extend procedural claims to these self-selected targets. Using this approach, we found little change between the 1950s and the 1970s in levels of tolerance in the United States, a result that contradicts much recent research on the problem.

Household Migration: Theoretical and Empirical Result

Abstract: A consumption theory of migration is developed which supplements the traditional job search models. Migration, seen as an equilibrating reaction to an initially non-optimal location, is analyzed using standard demand theory. When one groups goods into those that are traded between areas and those that are not (weather, racial discrimination, crime rates, etc.) it is clear that only changing demands for the non-traded goods will result in changing optimal locations (assuming supplies are fixed). Illustrating an increase in family income might lead to an increased demand for non-traded good ‘personal safety.’ This might result, for example, in the substitution (through migration) of a lower crime suburban neighborhood for a higher crime central city neighborhood. An empirically testable implication of the model is that the probability of migration should be positively related to changes in the absolute value of those exogenous variables which lead to altered demands for non-traded goods. This and other hypotheses were examined using cross-sectional data in a nonlinear maximum likelihood (prohibit) regression analysis. The results strongly support the model and its implications.

The Demonstration of Power: Violence Profile No. 10

Abstract: Annual progress report sums up findings suggesting that fear and inequity may be television's most pervasive lessons; 1978 Index shows violence up in children's hours.

The orientation and temperature dependence of the yield stress of Ni3 (Al, Nb) single crystals

Abstract: The flow stress of Ni3(Al, Nb) single crystals has been measured as a function of orientation in the temperature range 77 to 910 K. While the increasing flow stress behavior is similar to that observed in other Ni3Al-based alloys, the absolute value of the stress was found to be much higher. Also, the effect of orientation changes was to produce much greater changes in the temperature at which the peak flow stress occurs than has been previously observed. The operative slip systems were analyzed by two surface slip trace analysis. Primary octahedral slip was found to be predominant at temperatures below the peak stress temperature, while primary cube slip is prevalent above the peak temperature. The anomalous increase in the flow stress of Ni3(Al, Nb) with increasing temperature is generally consistent with the thermally activated cross-slip of a/2 dislocations from {111} planes onto {100} planes. The cross-slip is shown to be aided not only be the resolved shear stress on the {100} cross-slip plane but also by the stress tending to constrict the a/ Shockley partial dislocations on the primary glide plane.

Biological bulldozers and the evolution of marine benthic communities.

Abstract: During the Phanerozoic, the diversity of immobile suspension feeders living on the surface of soft substrata (ISOSS) declined significantly. Immobile taxa on hard surfaces and mobile taxa diversified. Extinction rates of ISOSS were significantly greater than in other benthos. These changes in the structure of benthic communities are attributed to increased biological disturbance of the sediment (bioturbation) by diversifying deposit feeders.