Showing papers by "University of Pittsburgh published in 1980"
TL;DR: The construction of a model of the neuroendocrine control system that governs the 28-day ovarian cycle of the rhesus monkey is discussed, which has three basic components: the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, the gonadotrophs of the pituitary gland, and the ovary.
Abstract: Publisher Summary
This chapter discusses the construction of a model of the neuroendocrine control system that governs the 28-day ovarian cycle of the rhesus monkey. This model has three basic components: the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, the gonadotrophs of the pituitary gland, and the ovary. The arcuate nucleus is the central component of the control system. The gonadotrophs respond to this unvarying pulsatile gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation by releasing pulses of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Immature follicles respond to this unvarying gonadotropic stimulus by increasing in size and secreting increasing quantities of estradiol, which achieve maxima near mid-cycle. This process occupies approximately 14 days. The magnitude of the response to each GnRH pulse is modulated by estradiol acting directly on the gonadotrophs. The characteristic duration of the rhesus monkey ovarian cycle is thus determined by the duration of follicular development. This can occur in the presence of an absolutely unvarying pattern of hypophysiotropic stimulation.
1,272 citations
Book•
03 Jul 1980TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a review of the book "The Politics of Regulation, edited by James Q. Wilson." The review is based on a survey of the issues addressed in the book.
Abstract: The article presents a review of the book “The Politics of Regulation,” edited by James Q. Wilson.
1,134 citations
TL;DR: The concepts of strategy and environment are integrated in that primary strategy concerns opportunities in the general environment and secondary strategy involves navigating within a task environment.
Abstract: An elaboration of the concepts of strategy and environment can be achieved by categorizing environment into its objective and perceived states, and by subdividing strategy according to content (outcomes) or process. The objective environment can be further categorized into “task” and “general.” An alternative subdivision of strategy is primary (domain selection) and secondary (competitive approach). The concepts of strategy and environment are integrated in that primary strategy concerns opportunities in the general environment and secondary strategy involves navigating within a task environment.
1,056 citations
TL;DR: The thrust of the paper is a discussion of a number of illustrative applications of the AHP covering the following areas: the portfolio decisions of a firm whose management is concerned with the determination of the desired target portfolio and allocation of resources among its components.
Abstract: Several marketing applications of the Analytic Hierarchy Process AHP are reviewed. The paper starts with a brief description of this process, which was developed by Thomas Saaty in 1971, including an eight-point outline of how to apply it. The thrust of the paper is a discussion of a number of illustrative applications of the AHP covering the following areas:
the portfolio decisions of a firm whose management is concerned with the determination of the desired target portfolio and allocation of resources among its components,
determination of the directions for new product development, and
generation and evaluation of marketing mix strategies.
Various suggestions for additional research on the AHP and its marketing applications are highlighted.
986 citations
TL;DR: There are ~eg:N ms:poets of aser~emt,xu{er ~rforma~ce tha~ sys*em designers sh~d sys~emarka{~ ~ e r.
945 citations
932 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that amphetamine and at least some stressors may be interchangeable in their ability to induce a sensitization, and the possibility that stress might be a common variable contributing to both amphetamine psychosis and some forms of schizophrenia is raised.
Abstract: In view of similarities between the behavioral, biochemical, and electrophysiological effects of amphetamine and stress, we tested the hypothesis that presentation of a stressor, mild tail pressure, can sensitize an animal to the later effects of amphetamine, and vice versa. Our findings supported this hypothesis and suggest that amphetamine and at least some stressors may be interchangeable in their ability to induce a sensitization. The data raise the possibility that stress might be a common variable contributing to both amphetamine psychosis and some forms of schizophrenia.
572 citations
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present hypotheses and relevant data regarding the determinants of the magnitude of indebtedness, along with a review of the relevant empirical literature, and in the fourth section, indebtedness is distinguished from the related concept of inequity.
Abstract: The obligation to repay a benefit has long been noted by observers of human interaction. Democritus, for one, offered the following advice in the fourth century B.C..: “Accept favors in the foreknowledge that you will have to give a greater return for them.” Four centuries later the Roman Seneca observed that “He who receives a benefit with gratitude, repays the first installment on his debt.” Although the idea of an obligation to repay benefits has been recognized for centuries, it is only in recent years that its antecedents and consequences have been investigated empirically. The purpose of this chapter is to clarify the theoretical and empirical status of the indebtedness concept, and to illuminate its utility for understanding social interaction. The first section is concerned with defining indebtedness; the second presents hypotheses and relevant data regarding the determinants of the magnitude of indebtedness; the third contains a discussion of the various modes for assessing the magnitude of indebtedness, along with a review of the relevant empirical literature; in the fourth section, indebtedness is distinguished from the related concept of inequity; and in the last section, indebtedness is examined from a cross-cultural perspective.
370 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors call attention to "organizational symbolism", an important aspect of all institutions that has been virtually ignored, and suggest questions for a comprehensive research program for studying this topic.
Abstract: Our basic purpose in this paper is twofold: (1) to call attention to “organizational symbolism,” an important aspect of all institutions that has been virtually ignored, and (2) to suggest questions for a comprehensive research program for studying this topic.
333 citations
Book•
01 Sep 1980TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the book "Organization Change and Development: A Systems View,” by Michael Beer, and found that it was a good book to read.
Abstract: The article reviews the book “Organization Change and Development: A Systems View,” by Michael Beer.
302 citations
TL;DR: The name Legionella pittsburgensis species nova is proposed for this organism, which resembles Legionella pneumophila and other Legionella-like organisms in requirements for growth and composition of fatty acids.
Abstract: Pittsburgh pneumonia agent (PPA) was recently cultivated from infected egg yold on charcoal yeast extract agar. PPA has now been isolated both from infected egg yolk and human lung tissue on charcoal yeast extract agar and on a new medium, buffered charcoal yeast extract agar. PPA resembles Legionella pneumophila and other Legionella-like organisms in requirements for growth and composition of fatty acids. It differs in genetic relatedness, antigenic composition, and colonial morphology and has distinctive characteristics that allow it to be identified. The name Legionella pittsburgensis species nova is proposed for this organism.
TL;DR: St stiffness and strength elevations/reductions were found in the regions traversed by the primary trabeculation system, although the modulus of the bone samples was substantially reduced when measured in directions other than those of habitual weight-bearing.
Abstract: Proximal femurs obtained at routine autopsy were sectioned into large numbers of 5 mm cubic specimens, in order to obtain detailed quantitative information about the spatial and directional variations of the material properties of the cancellous bone. Low strain rate compression tests were performed, evaluating the apparent elastic modulus and yield strength, in three perpendicular testing directions, for each cube. A computer contouring program was used to assemble the experimental data into smoothed distribution plots across sections of interest.The results revealed stiffness and strength elevations/reductions which clearly correspond to roentgenographic features. Especially prominent stiffness elevations (160 to 400 percent above the overall cancellous bone average) were found in the regions traversed by the primary trabeculation system, although the modulus of the bone samples was substantially reduced when measured in directions other than those of habitual weight-bearing. Similar but less pronounced...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors deal with linear models for which data have been aggregated over well-defined geographic areas, such data may be generated by spatial processes, and these may be represented in the fo...
Abstract: This article deals with linear models for which data have been aggregated over well-defined geographic areas. Such data may be generated by spatial processes, and these may be represented in the fo...
TL;DR: There is a need for systematic investigations of the relationship of social network characteristics to specific psychiatric disorders, particularly depression, and findings indicate that social networks may be particularly important in onset and course of depression.
TL;DR: An NMR technique for measuring the diffusion constant D in the presence of a large non-uniform background magnetic field gradient G0 is presented in this article, where a Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill of pulse train is used to attenuate the effects of diffusion due to the background gradient, interspersed with an alternating pulsed field gradient sequence (APFG) that attenuates the observed echo in presence of the known applied gradient.
TL;DR: There has arisen an altered concept of cancer biology during the past two decades and the National Surgical Adjuvant Project for Breast and Bowel Cancers has made a major contribution to the change through findings from a series of prospective randomized clinical trials.
Abstract: Disagreement about local-regional management of primary breast cancer is related to differences in perception of the biology of the disease. Other factors are secondary and obscure the reality that all treatment must be related to biological considerations; otherwise, the basis for therapy is relegated to speculation and to personal experience. As a result of extensive laboratory and clinical studies during the past two decades, there has arisen an altered concept of cancer biology. The National Surgical Adjuvant Project for Breast and Bowel Cancers (NSABP) has made a major contribution to the change through findings from a series of prospective randomized clinical trials. That group of American and Canadian investigators has implemented a series of trials aimed at answering biological as well as clinical questions. Those studies have not only been concerned with defining proper local-regional treatment but have also pointed out the need for, and value of, systemic therapy when used in conjunction with operation.
This report will provide an overview of past and present NSABP contributions and will consider those findings in relation to observations from other clinical trials of pertinence. It will emphasize that controversies concerning breast cancer management are related to biological issues that cannot be resolved by “populism” or appeals to emotion.
TL;DR: This article conducted a survey of attitudes toward police and police service among 273 citizens in 4 neighborhoods in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and found that personal history was a more signijicant determinant of general attitudes towards police than were all socioeconomic variables including race and income.
Abstract: This paper reports the results of a survey of attitudes toward police and police service among 273 citizens in 4 neighborhoods in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Extensive socioeconomic and personal history data were collected for all individuals. Results indicate that personal history. particularly respondents’ perceptions of the way in which specific officers have related to them personally in previous encounters. is a more signijicant determinant of general attitudes towards police than were all socioeconomic variables including race and income. Results thus suggest that positive styles of policing will significantly aflect police-community relations, and that police-community relations programs stressing officer-citizen interaction in a law enforcement context will have the highest probability of success.
TL;DR: The latency and error data for true and false items are used to develop a general theoretical system that incorporates assumptions about the form of item representation, working memory factors, and processing components and strategies in analogical reasoning tasks.
TL;DR: The findings support the idea that domain-related knowledge has a similar influence upon the processes of text generation and comprehension, that such processes may be viewed in terms of a problem-solving framework, and that HK—LK performance differences are due to differences in the respective problem spaces.
TL;DR: The authors showed that males tend to invest in their wives' children when paternal confidence is high and away from these children when it is low, suggesting that males should prefer to direct their investment elsewhere.
TL;DR: In this paper, a set of about 4000 data points has been used in a global search for a general optical model parameter prescription, and a successful 11-parameter potential of the conventional form fits all data analyzed to about 18% rms.
Abstract: A set of about 4000 data points has been used in a global search for a general optical model parameter prescription. This potential for deuteron-nucleus scattering was confined to remain within the range given by folding model calculations. The data set spans the energy range from 11.8 to 90 MeV and includes many targets ranging in mass from $^{27}\mathrm{Al}$ to $^{238}\mathrm{Th}$. The set includes 50 reaction cross sections, 13 angular distributions for vector polarization at and above 15 MeV, and 103 angular distributions for elastic scattering. A successful 11-parameter potential of the conventional form fits all data analyzed to about 18% rms. Two of these parameters, ${V}_{R}$ and ${a}_{I}$, are functions of proton number and target mass, while five (${V}_{R}$, ${a}_{o}$, ${W}_{S}$, ${W}_{D}$, ${V}_{\mathrm{LS}}$) are smooth functions of bombarding energy. The remainder (${r}_{o}$, ${r}_{I}$, ${r}_{c}$, ${r}_{\mathrm{LS}}$, ${a}_{\mathrm{LS}}$) are constants. A simple functional dependence for ${a}_{I}(A,Z)$ approximately reproduces the rapid changes in $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\theta})$ found experimentally for nuclei at or near neutron shell closure. A comparison with earlier work suggests that the optical model analyses furnish the rms radii for the real and imaginary potentials with little ambiguity. General agreement but with a somewhat larger scatter (10%) is also found for the real and the imaginary volume integrals deduced. However, little consistency is seen for the imaginary volume integral if the bombarding energy is below 15 MeV. The rms radii and volume integrals have a small but distinct energy dependence. It was found that the 11-parameter potential occasionally has difficulty delivering good simultaneous fits for cross sections and vector polarizations. This situation was improved by the addition of a small, three-parameter imaginary spin-orbit term, which in our global prescription required short range and very small diffuseness.
TL;DR: It is reported that repeated administration of both typical and atypical TCAs induces a progressive subsensitivity of DA autoreceptors, and that this gradual augmentation ofDA autoreceptor subsensitivity depends on the passage of time rather than daily TCA administration, suggesting that daily drug administration may not be therapeutically necessary.
Abstract: Dopamine (DA) has largely been ignored in considering possible mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of tricyclic anti-depressants (TCA). Most previous work done has focused on the ability of some TCAs to block the in vitro re-uptake of DA--an effect which unfortunately requires very high doses. Recently, however, Serra et al. proposed that TCAs may exert their therapeutic effects by inducing a subsensitivity of presynaptic receptors located on the dendrites and soma of DA neurones (DA autoreceptors). This hypothesis was directly tested by examining the influence of TCAs on the demonstrated ability of the DA agonist, apomorphine, to depress selectively the spontaneous activity of single DA cells. We now report that repeated administration of both typical and atypical TCAs induces a progressive subsensitivity of DA autoreceptors, and that this gradual augmentation of DA autoreceptor subsensitivity depends on the passage of time rather than daily TCA administration. The latter finding suggests that daily drug administration may not be therapeutically necessary.
TL;DR: Various preparations of purified CSFs of two different subclasses have been shown to stimulate a plasminogen‐dependent fibrinolytic activity from resident and starch‐induced mouse peritoneal macrophages, which could reflect a role for CSF in inflammatory processes.
Abstract: Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) stimulate granulocyte-macrophage praoduction from single hemopoietic progenitor cells. Various preparations of purified CSFs of two different subclasses have been shown here to stimulate a plasminogen-dependent fibrinolytic (plasminogen activator) activity from resident and starch-induced mouse peritoneal macrophages. Lymphocyte supernatants also stimulate macrophage plasminogen activator (PA) activity. Since they contain colony stimulating activity, it is possible that one or more subclasses of CSF in these supernatants is responsible for this effect. Since both colony-stimulating and macrophage growth activities have been detected at inflammatory sites, these findings could reflect a role for CSF in inflammatory processes.
TL;DR: In this paper, sufficient conditions for supersolvability of finite groups are given considering the maximal subgroups of Sylow subgroups, and an example is given to show that the conditions given are not necessary or sufficient.
Abstract: In this paper two sufficient conditions for supersolvability of finite groups are given considering the maximal subgroups of Sylow subgroups of the group. An example is given to show that the conditions given are not necessary for supersolvability.
TL;DR: An analysis was made of 346 cases of disseminated intravascular coagulation diagnosed by utilizing a combination of laboratory tests which reflect the pathophysiology of the syndrome, confirming the dismal prognosis previously associated with DIC.
Abstract: An analysis was made of 346 cases of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) diagnosed by utilizing a combination of laboratory tests which reflect the pathophysiology of the syndrome. The goals of the study were three fold: 1) to compare our clinical disease categories with those of other investigators, 2) to re-evaluate the diagnostic tests and, 3) most importantly, to report the results of tests infrequently performed when evaluating DIC. The patients fell into the following groups: 1) infection -- 26%, 2) malignancy -- 24%, 3) surgery and trauma -- 19%, 4) liver disease -- 8%, 5) miscellaneous -- 23%. Of the diagnostic tests, those for fibrin split products (FSP), fibrin monomer and antithrombin III were the most valuable. Of the clotting proteins, factors II, V, VII and X were the most frequently decreased. The factor VIII: C levels were in conflict with the prevailing dogma. Factor VIII:C levels were decreased in only 9% of patients studied and, in fact, were increased in the majority of cases. Factor VIIIR:Ag and F VIIIR:vW were elevated in 80% of the patients evaluated. An overall mortality of 68% further confirms the dismal prognosis previously associated with DIC.
TL;DR: The authors explored the interrelationship of several measures of causal attributions to assess their validity and to make recommendations concerning the selection of instruments to be used in future studies of causal attribution for success and failure events.
Abstract: Although a great deal of research based on Weiner et al.’s (1971) model of causal attributions for success and failure events has been published during the 1970s, relatively little attention has been given to the question of how causal attributions should best be measured (Deaux & Farris, 1977; Smith, 1977). Although a few articles (e.g., Elig & Frieze, 1975; Frieze, 1976; Weiner, 1974; McHugh, 1975) have referred to the variety of measures used for assessing attributions, there has been no formal study of the implications of using one attribution measure over another, and researchers have tended to be unsystematic in their selection and use of the common techniques. This article explores the interrelationship of several measures of causal attributions to assess their validity and to make recommendations concerning the selection of instruments to be used in future studies of causal attributions for success and failure events.
TL;DR: The vascular relationships of the trigeminal nerve root entry zone were examined bilaterally in 20 cadavers of individuals known to be free of facial pain, and data support the hypothesis that arterial compression of the grapheminal nerve is associated with trigeminals neuralgia.
Abstract: ✓ The vascular relationships of the trigeminal nerve root entry zone were examined bilaterally in 20 cadavers of individuals known to be free of facial pain. Fourteen of 40 nerves made contact with an artery, but only four of these showed evidence of compression or distortion of the nerve. In addition, the vascular relationships of 40 trigeminal nerves exposed surgically for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia were studied, and 31 nerves showed compression by adjacent arteries. Venous compression was seen in four of the cadaver nerves and in eight nerves from patients with trigeminal neuralgia. These data support the hypothesis that arterial compression of the trigeminal nerve is associated with trigeminal neuralgia.
TL;DR: Comparison of the results of exercise and other forms of weight control suggests the weight losses due to exercise are quite small, and assessment of energy balance shows persons do not typically lose as much weight as predicted by exercise, and thin persons show more energy compensation than heavy persons.
TL;DR: Multivariate analyses disclosed that both age and tumor differentiation are associated with the ER status, and considered a possible explanation for the dichotomy of response to adjuvant chemotherapy observed in pre and postmenopausal women.
Abstract: Estrogen receptor (ER) status was correlated with a large number of pathological and clinical characteristics of 178 invasive breast cancers. Positive ER was found to be significantly associated with high nuclear and low histologic grades, absence of tumor necrosis, presence of marked tumor elastosis, and older patients. These pathologic parameters enumerated are either directly or indirectly related to tumor differentiation suggesting that ER represents another index of this latter. Multivariate analyses disclosed that both age and tumor differentiation are associated with the ER status. Well-differentiated tumors were more frequently ER+ in older women. Inclusion of an estimate of tumor necrosis as well as patient age appears to allow for further discrimination of ER status in poorly differentiated lesions. Considerations relative to ER and tumor differentiation provide a possible explanation for the dichotomy of response to adjuvant chemotherapy observed in pre and postmenopausal women.