Showing papers by "University of Portsmouth published in 1993"
TL;DR: It is suggested that place, expressed as regional differences, may be less important than previously implied through a multi-level analysis of smoking and drinking behaviours recorded in a large-scale national survey.
275 citations
TL;DR: Inspection of the fold shows that the majority of conserved residue positions in the HMG box family are those involved in maintaining the tertiary structure and thus all homologous HMG boxes probably have essentially the same fold.
Abstract: We have determined the tertiary structure of box 2 from hamster HMG1 using bacterial expression and 3D NMR. The all alpha-helical fold is in the form of a V-shaped arrowhead with helices along two edges and one rather flat face. This architecture is not related to any of the known DNA binding motifs. Inspection of the fold shows that the majority of conserved residue positions in the HMG box family are those involved in maintaining the tertiary structure and thus all homologous HMG boxes probably have essentially the same fold. Knowledge of the tertiary structure permits an interpretation of the mutations in HMG boxes known to abrogate DNA binding and suggests a mode of interaction with bent and 4-way junction DNA.
257 citations
TL;DR: Water transfer between mucoadhesive formulations and mucus gels was investigated in this article, where water up-take by compacts and gels, measured in terms of weight gain, was evaluated at 37 ° C by placing each onto a section of dialysis membrane which was then placed in contact with a sample of porcine gastric mucus.
217 citations
TL;DR: It was concluded that the effects of enhancing chlorophyll levels produced by the seaweed extract were due, at least in part, to betaines.
Abstract: Seaweed extract, prepared by alkaline extraction of Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol., applied either to the soil or to the foliage of tomato plants, produced leaves with higher chlorophyll levels than those of control plants. The effects on leaf chlorophyll content were investigated using a cucumber bioassay procedure devised for cytokinins. The seaweed extract was shown to increase the chlorophyll levels of the cucumber cotyledons, but ‘peaks’ of activity were obtained when widely different concentrations were used. The possibility that these effects were the result of betaines present in the extract was considered. Glycinebetaine, γ-aminobutyric acid betaine and δ-aminovaleric acid betaine all produced significantly enhanced chlorophyll concentrations in the cotyledons. ‘Peaks’ of activity were observed for each betaine: for glycinebetaine at 10−6 and between 10−4 and 101 mg 1−1, for γ-aminobutyric acid betaine at 10−6, between 10−4 and 10−1, and 101 mg 1−1, and for δ-aminovaleric acid betaine between 10−5 and 101 mg 1−1. It was concluded that the effects of enhancing chlorophyll levels produced by the seaweed extract were due, at least in part, to betaines.
169 citations
162 citations
04 Feb 1993
TL;DR: This paper presents a method model for the integration of KBS and conventional information technology and discusses approaches to self-explanation and system visibility in the context of application tasks.
Abstract: 1. Consultant: providing advice for the machine learning toolbox 2. A method model for the integration of KBS and conventional information technology 3. KBS methodology as a framework for co-operative working 4. Project management for the evolutionary development of expert systems 5. The specification and development of rule based expert systems 6. Towards a method for multi-agent system design 7. Jigsaw: configuring knowledge acquisition tools 8. On the relationship between repertory grid and term subsumption knowledge structures: theory practice tools 9. Strategy maze: an on-line tool for support management of knowledge acquisition process 10. Concurrent engineering using truth maintenance systems 11. Ockham's razor as a gardening tool 12. A designer's consultant 13. Fairness of attribute selection in probabilistic induction 14. An application of case-based expert system technology to dynamic job-shop scheduling 15. Neural network design via LP 16. KEshell2: an intelligent learning database system 17. Approaches to self-explanation and system visibility in the context of application tasks 18. An object oriented approach to distributed problem solving 19. Intelligent user interface for multiple application systems 20. Combining qualitative and quantitative information for temporal reasoning.
146 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that the current model of viewing theory as informing and controlling practice should give way to a mutually enhancing model in which theory is derived from practice, and in turn influences future practice.
Abstract: Summary
•Despite the efforts of nursing theorists, educationalists and practitioners, the theory-practice gap continues to defy resolution. This paper argues that only by reconsidering the relation between theory and practice can the gap be closed.
•Drawing upon ideas from teaching and other practice-based disciplines, including nursing, the article suggests that the current model of viewing theory as informing and controlling practice should give way to a mutually enhancing model in which theory is derived from practice, and in turn influences future practice.
•This coming together of theory and practice is referred to as nursing praxis, and suggests that informal theory should be unique to each individual encounter with each patient.
•The clinical nurse is thus not only a practitioner, but a theorist and researcher, who responds to patients not according to some grand, inflexible theory, but by the process of reflection-in-action, drawing upon their expertise and a repertoire of past experiences and encounters.
102 citations
TL;DR: If the buccal route is to be used for the systemic delivery of large macromolecules, then a penetration enhancer incorporated into an adhesive dosage form may be a possible approach.
96 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the significance to be attached to the readings of a detector depends on the context in which it is used, and it is shown that the significance depends on how the detector is used.
84 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the space-averaged mass transport properties of the FM01 laboratory electrolyser, with and without six types of polymer mesh turbulence promoters, and reported that the presence of a turbulence promoter need not lead to a significant increase in the pressure drop over the reactor.
Abstract: Measurements of the mass transport limited current for the reduction of ferricyanide in 1M m potassium hydroxide and of copper(II) in 1.5 m sulphuric acid as a function of electrolyte flow rate are used to characterize the space-averaged mass transport properties of the FM01 laboratory electrolyser, with and without six types of polymer mesh turbulence promoters. In the absence of a promoter, the results followed the equation \(Sh{\text{ = }}0.22{\text{ Re}}^{0.71} {\text{ Sc}}^{0.33} {\text{ }}for 200 < Re < 1000\) For the cell with the preferred turbulence promoter, the corresponding equation is \(Sh{\text{ = }}0.74{\text{ Re}}^{0.62} {\text{ Sc}}^{0.33} {\text{ }}for 200 < Re < 1000\) Pressure drop data are also reported and it is confirmed that the presence of a turbulence promoter need not lead to a significant increase in the pressure drop over the reactor.
82 citations
TL;DR: It was concluded that it is the glycoprotein component of mucus which interacts with paa to produce gel strengthening, and this may increase the cohesive nature of the weakest component of a mucoadhesive joint, thus allowing prolonged mucosal adhesion.
TL;DR: This paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature related to the clinical assessment of core body temperature in adults and predominantly investigates the use of the three main sites of rectum, mouth and axilla.
Abstract: This paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature related to the clinical assessment of core body temperature in adults. It does not attempt to address temperature measurement in children. It considers temperature-taking instruments used in current practice, and predominantly investigates the use of the three main sites of rectum, mouth and axilla.
TL;DR: An assay based on inhibition of the restriction endonuclease BamHI that is capable of quantitative evaluation of the relative DNA-binding affinity of pyrrolo[2,1-c] [1,4]benzodiazepine (PBD) antitumour antibiotics reveals a trend between relative DNA -binding affinity and in vitro cytotoxicity for the PBDs in two tumour cell lines studied.
Abstract: An assay has been developed (restriction endonuclease digestion assay--RED100) based on inhibition of the restriction endonuclease BamHI that is capable of quantitative evaluation of the relative DNA-binding affinity of pyrrolo[2,1-c] [1,4]benzodiazepine (PBD) antitumour antibiotics. This method provides comparable results to those obtained from thermal denaturation and ethidium bromide displacement assays but is much more sensitive, discriminating between molecules of similar structure such as DC-81, iso-DC-81 and neothramycin. The results reveal a trend between relative DNA-binding affinity and in vitro cytotoxicity for the PBDs in two tumour cell lines studied.
TL;DR: Marine algal lectins can be extracted more readily from marine algae if the plant material is freeze-dried or frozen in liquid nitrogen prior to homogenisation and the addition of detergents, such as Tween 80, to the extraction medium and diluents, enhances extraction and detection of the lectins.
Abstract: Lectins can be extracted more readily from marine algae if the plant material is freeze-dried or frozen in liquid nitrogen prior to homogenisation. The addition of detergents, such as Tween 80, to the extraction medium and diluents, enhances extraction and detection of the lectins. Marine algal lectins can be isolated by affinity chromatography using a general affinity complex such as yeast mannan-Cellulofine which facilitates the isolation of purified lectin for biochemical characterisation. Red algal lectins exist as three types: low molecular weight molecules which bind glycoproteins, but not monosaccharides and have no requirement for divalent cations; lectins which bind monosaccharides and related small molecules,but have no divalent cation requirements; larger lectins (M.W. > 64000) which bind monosaccharides in the presence of divalent cations. No green algal lectin characterised so far requires divalent cations for haemagglutination. Possibly, only green algal lectins capable of forming oligomers have the capacity to bind monosaccharides.
TL;DR: The results suggest that an age-related reduction in energy requirement is not inevitable and support the hypothesis that the effects of ageing on physical activity, body composition, and hence energy requirements, are variable.
Abstract: There is a paucity of data on which to base estimates of the energy requirements of the elderly. In general, ageing appears to be associated with a reduction in energy requirement arising from a reduction in physical activity and loss of fat-free mass. The aim of the present study was to measure the total energy expenditure (TEE), basal metabolic rate (BMR), and energy expended on physical activity (calculated as TEE-BMR) in a group of healthy elderly women living in the community in Southampton. Mean rates of TEE (9.21 (SD 1.48) MJ/d) and energy expended on physical activity (4.12 (SD 1.19) MJ/d) were higher than those observed in some studies of younger adults in the UK, and higher than the factors used to estimate the average energy requirement for the elderly. The results suggest that an age-related reduction in energy requirement is not inevitable and support the hypothesis that the effects of ageing on physical activity, body composition, and hence energy requirements, are variable.
02 Jun 1993
TL;DR: In this paper, the phase noise stability measurement using complex demodulation and the approach to an unlocked spread spectrum communications probe is discussed, where the phase jitter and the frequency drift are small enough during the channel measurement period to obtain an accurate channel transmittance estimate.
Abstract: The authors review the technique of phase noise stability measurement using complex demodulation and the approach to an unlocked spread spectrum communications probe. This system has recently been developed to characterize a transhorizon communications channel at 11.6 GHz under both tropospheric scatter and anomalous propagation conditions. The receiver has a bandwidth of 31.25 MHz but has no carrier recovery and therefore no absolute phase reference. However, provided that the phase jitter and the frequency drift are small enough during the channel measurement period, it is possible to obtain an accurate channel transmittance estimate. The system has the capability of implementing time-domain signal averaging "on the fly", thus permitting high-speed channel identification under low SNR regimes. As the averaging period is increased (to improve the SNR), low phase jitter in the oscillators becomes imperative. The SNR improvement achieved is thus controlled by the maximum averaging period, which is a direct reflection of the stability of the oscillators. >
TL;DR: In this article, it is argued that previous research on spatial variations in domestic property prices has failed to consider the multi-level nature of the problem, and that it is important to describe underlying temporal trends and spatio-temporal patterns.
Abstract: It is argued that previous research on spatial variations in domestic property prices has failed to consider the multi-level nature of the problem. In describing underlying temporal trends and spat...
TL;DR: Sulfur inhibition and poisoning of supported palladium, rhodium and iridium catalysts for methane oxidation in air (350-600 °C) have been investigated in this article.
Abstract: Sulfur inhibition and poisoning of supported palladium, rhodium and iridium catalysts for methane oxidation in air (350–600 °C) have been investigated. All catalysts were affected substantially, but differed in both reduction of activity and subsequent recovery. Above 500°C, iridium showed reduced inhibition after being partially poisoned. At low temperatures, oxidation of H2S and accompanying oscillatory behaviour were observed. Sulphate (S6+) was detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on poisoned catalysts, and amounts decreased with increasing temperature. Observed charge transfer from palladium, rhodium and iridium is attributed to interactions with sulfate. The influence of adsorbed sulfate species on the catalysts' performance is considered.
TL;DR: Exhaustive extraction of mouse tissues with perchloric acid has been used together with reverse-phase HPLC and electrophoresis to quantify the amounts of chromosomal proteins HMG17, HMG14 and HMGI, showing that both are involved as post-translational-modified forms in the structure of the chromatin of neoplastic systems.
Abstract: Exhaustive extraction of mouse tissues with perchloric acid has been used together with reverse-phase HPLC and electrophoresis to quantify the amounts of chromosomal proteins HMG17, HMG14 and HMGI, relative to histone H1. Normal lung and thymus contain approximately 3% HMG17/HMG14 but only approximately 2% HMGI. In tumor tissues (Lewis lung carcinoma and lymphoma NQ35), the amount of HMG17/HMG14 is not greatly altered but HMGI levels rise considerably, reaching 10% in Lewis lung carcinoma. HMGI synthesis does not replace HMG17/HMG14 proteins, suggesting that HMGI proteins contribute to the structure of chromatin regions in a manner distinct from those of HMG17/HMG14. Ion-spray mass spectrometry has been used to determine the molecular masses of H1 subtypes from the same four mouse tissues. In addition to the six known species H1 zero, H1a, H1b, H1c, H1d and H1e, a newly defined subtype of mass 21,756 Da from Lewis lung carcinoma, named H1L was identified. Several phosphorylated H1 subtypes have also been defined by mass spectrometry. The combined use of reverse-phase HPLC and electrophoresis permitted quantification of these seven histone H1 subtypes in the four mouse tissues. Increased phosphorylation of H1 subtypes in tumors parallels the phosphorylation of HMGI proteins which are present in great amounts, showing that both are involved as post-translational-modified forms in the structure of the chromatin of neoplastic systems.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the steps involved in deriving the evaluation methodology and its use within the context of assessing the quality of learning design embedded within a range of multimedia courseware products that have been published on interactive compact disc.
Abstract: Learning design is an important aspect of multimedia courseware production since it significantly influences the quality of the courseware that is produced. In order to help formulate a model for learning design a wide range of courseware products have been examined using a standard method of assessment. The purpose of the evaluations was to try to identify any ‘hallmarks of quality’ that seemed to characterize good learning products. This paper describes the steps involved in deriving the evaluation methodology and its use within the context of assessing the quality of learning design embedded within a range of multimedia courseware products that have been published on interactive compact disc.
TL;DR: It has been shown that the spore germination disc consists of a 4-celled central element surrounded by 12 cells, and it is proposed that thin plants traditionally attributed to Fosliella be referred to as the FOSliella-state of Hydrolithon.
Abstract: Studies of the type of Fosliella (Corallinaceae, Rhodophyta), F. farinosa (Lamouroux) Howe, have shown that it possesses features considered characteristic of Hydrolithon. Tetrasporangial conceptacle pore canals are lined by conspicuous elongate cells arising from filaments interspersed amongst sporangial initials; these cells do not protrude laterally into the canal and are oriented more or less perpendicularly to the roof surface. This new information has led to the conclusion that Fosliella and Hydrolithon are congeneric. Thus, Fosliella Howe 1920 becomes a heterotypic synonym of Hydrolithon Foslie 1909 and Fosliella farinosa (Lamouroux) Howe is transferred to Hydrolithon as H. farinosum (Lamouroux) comb. nov. It has also been shown that the spore germination disc consists of a 4-celled central element surrounded by 12 cells, and it is proposed that thin plants traditionally attributed to Fosliella be referred to as the Fosliella-state of Hydrolithon. Recent changes to generic delimitation wit...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the deployment practice in one large provincial British police force to determine if there was evidence for systematic gender bias in the tasks assigned to men and women uniformed constables.
Abstract: This paper examined the deployment practice in one large provincial British police force to determine if there was evidence for systematic gender bias in the tasks assigned to men and women uniformed constables. The officers’ experience and the appropriateness of different skills were taken into account with respect to specific deployments. The sample comprised 32 policemen and 31 policewomen who had equivalent years of service and 32 sergeants who constitute first line management having responsibility for deployments. Findings indicate that physical presence was amongst the least often cited skill deemed appropriate when dealing with a range of deployment tasks. Men and women officers had similar skills profiles but did differ on several dimensions. There was evidence to suggest some gender bias in that officers of one gender tended to be more often deployed in circumstances where the appropriate skills were not gender specific. The direction of the bias was more likely to operate against women. Referenc...
TL;DR: An antibody recognising acetylated core histones was used to immunoprecipitate chromatin fragments from proliferating human K562 cells and from cells induced to differentiate with the phorbol ester 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate, implying that core histone acetylation is an essential precondition for transcription.
TL;DR: Analysis of the individual hair data revealed that light hair was much more difficult to evaluate than dark hair, and Caucasian subjects with light hair or dark skin subjects with dark hair should be excluded from studies employing phototrichograms.
Abstract: Quantitative evaluation of scalp hair requires techniques that are reproducible. The unit area trichogram is such a method but is unsuitable for large-scale clinical trials. An alternative may be the phototrichogram--a non-plucking, non-invasive method. Hair variables were evaluated in 12 Caucasian subjects employing both methods. The mean value for total hair density was significantly underestimated by the phototrichogram (181 versus 237 hairs/cm2); however, no significant difference was found between this phototrichogram value and the number of non-vellus hairs/cm2. Estimates for the percentage of anagen hairs were similar with both methods. Hair diameters from the phototrichogram were too unreliable to be of any practical use. Analysis of the individual hair data revealed that light hair was much more difficult to evaluate than dark hair. Consequently, Caucasian subjects with light hair or dark skin subjects with dark hair should be excluded from studies employing phototrichograms.
TL;DR: The systematics of the aquatic fern genusAzollaLam is revised at the supraspecific level, enabling a discussion of the putative evolutionary trends in the genus, and a revision of the current taxonomy.
Abstract: The systematics of the aquatic fern genusAzollaLam. is revised at the supraspecific level. Published morphological data are reviewed, and cytological and cladistic analyses of the genus conducted, enabling a discussion of the putative evolutionary trends in the genus, and a revision of the current taxonomy. A phylogenetically more acceptable subgeneric and sectional classification is proposed, viz. subg.Azolla sect.Azolla (comprisingA. filiculoidesLam.,A. rubraR. Br.,A caroliniana auct. nonWilld.,A. microphylla auct. nonKaulf. andA. mexicanaPresl), subg.Azolla sect.Rhizosperma (Mey.)Mett. (comprisingA. pinnataR. Br.), and subg.Tetrasporocarpia subg. nov. (comprisingA. niloticaDecne. exMett.).
TL;DR: It is shown that the rate of methylation of each adenine is increased at least 100 fold by prior methylation at the other site, which is accompanied by a significant decrease in the affinity of the methylase for these substrates according to competitive gel retardation assays.
Abstract: The type I DNA modification methylase M.EcoR124I binds sequence specifically to DNA and protects a 25bp fragment containing its cognate recognition sequence from digestion by exonuclease III. Using modified synthetic oligonucleotide duplexes we have investigated the catalytic properties of the methylase, and have established that a specific adenine on each strand of DNA is the site of methylation. We show that the rate of methylation of each adenine is increased at least 100 fold by prior methylation at the other site. However, this is accompanied by a significant decrease in the affinity of the methylase for these substrates according to competitive gel retardation assays. In contrast, methylation of an adenine in the recognition site which is not a target for the enzyme results in only a small decrease in both DNA binding affinity and rate of methylation by the enzyme.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present measurements, analysis, and modelling of path loss and duration of events obtained in a transhorizon experiment over the English Channel (La Manche, operated from 1987 to 1991, totalling 3708 valid data days and using five paths with three radiofrequencies at X-band.
Abstract: This article presents measurements, analysis, and modelling of path loss and duration of events obtained in a transhorizon experiment over the English Channel (La Manche, operated from 1987 to 1991, totalling 3708 valid data days and using five paths with three radiofrequencies at X-band. An overview of the equipment, operation and data acquisition, and processing is first given. The study reveals that the decibel path loss is normally distributed but exhibits three distinct regions of normality: path losses with probability of occurrence greater than about 1% reflect propagation dominated by several propagation mechanism. The second region, which can be clearly identified with probabilities of path loss below about 1%, reflects the various anomalous propagation mechanisms, and these are identified and discussed. The experimental median is compared with the value derived using several prediction methods, one of which is found to agree well with only a few decibels of difference. On the other hand, the existing CCIR prediction for small time percentages under values the strongest enhancements found. The continuous reduction of path loss below a given threshold L (decibels) constitutes an event with some duration. The analysis has shown that the conditional distribution Prob (D'>or=D/L' >
TL;DR: The linear relationship between pulmonary artery (PA) blood temperature, rectal temperature and axillary temperature for adult patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) was found to be affected by age, gender, number of temperature samples taken, post/non-operative admission or peripheral temperature.
TL;DR: In this article, inheritance poverty and life cycle poverty: Odiham, Hampshire, 1650-1850, were investigated and the authors found that the inherited poverty and cycle poverty are related.
Abstract: (1993). Inherited poverty and life‐cycle poverty: Odiham, Hampshire, 1650–1850. Social History: Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 339-355.
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In this article, a wide band experiment at 11.6 GHz was designed to analyze and model a transhorizon communications channel subject to both scattering and anomalous propagation conditions, and the salient features of the measurement equipment and the associated signal processing techniques were described.
Abstract: The authors give an overview of a wide band experiment at 11.6 GHz designed to analyze and model a transhorizon communications channel subject to both scattering and anomalous propagation conditions. The salient features of the measurement equipment and the associated signal processing techniques are described. The approach to remote sensing the propagation path is outlined and combines ray extraction and trajectory tracing. >